Idealism, The Philosophy of the Matrix and the True Nature of Matter.
Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM
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Transcript of Educational Philosophy: IDEALISM; POSITIVISM
IDEALISM IDEALISM VS.VS. EmpiricismEmpiricism
POSITIVISMPOSITIVISM
Discussant: Ms. Rose Katherine H. Javier
Why do you believe what
you believe to be is true?
EmpiricismEmpiricism
Empiricism is a philosophical belief
that states your knowledge of the world
is based on your experiences,
particularly your sensory experiences.
Empiricists tend to be skeptical that anything
can be known for certain, and therefore they tend not to believe in dogmas
or absolute truths.
Classical EmpiricismClassical empiricism is
characterized by a rejection of innate, in-born knowledge or
concepts. John Locke, well known as an empiricist, wrote
of the mind being a tabula rasa, a “blank slate”, when we enter
the world.
Radical EmpiricismIn its most radical forms,
empiricism holds that all of our knowledge is derived from the
senses. This position leads naturally to the verificationist principle that the meaning of
statements is inextricably tied to the experiences that would
confirm them.
Radical EmpiricismAccording to this principle, it
is only if it is possible to empirically test a claim that the claim has meaning. As all
of our information comes from our senses, it is
impossible for us to talk about that which we have not
experienced.
Radical EmpiricismThis principle, which was
associated with a now unpopular position called logical positivism, renders
religious and ethical claims literally nonsensical. No
observations could confirm religious or ethical claims, therefore those claims are
meaningless.
Moderate Empiricism
More moderate empiricists, however, allow that there may
be some cases in which the senses do not ground our
knowledge, but hold that these are exceptions to a general rule.
EMPIRICISTS
He said that we gain knowledge by being affected by what he called the sensible form of things. For Aristotle
this meant that our soul takes on formal aspects of these things itself.
Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method.
The basic idea of his empiricism theory is that human knowledge stems solely from experience, and that we are born with essentially empty minds that are filled once we begin to perceive the world around us. (“Tabula rasa”)
In Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912), he argued for a pluralistic universe, denying that the world can be explained in terms of an absolute force or scheme that determines the interrelations of things and events.
William James
John Dewey
The process of thinking, in his philosophy, is a means of planning action, of removing the obstacles between what is given and what is wanted. Truth is an idea that has worked in practical experience.
EmpiricismEmpiricism vs.vs.
Idealism Idealism
EMPIRICISM IDEALISMEmpiricism uses
experiments and tests to see if hypotheses are false.
An empiricist tests his idea in order to prove if it’s wrong or correct.
Idealism is a notion that objective knowledge is really subjective.
An idealist can never know if their idea is wrong because they refuse to test it.
EMPIRICISM IDEALISMEmpiricists tend to
be skeptical that anything can be known for certain, and therefore they tend not to believe in dogmas or absolute truths.
Idealism bases itself on the premise that ideas are most important in life and that people should focus their thoughts on ideas, which are perfect.
EMPIRICISM IDEALISMEmpiricism,
specifically Radical empiricism requires the abandonment of religious and ethical discourse and belief.
To the idealist, the only ultimate reality is mental and spiritual thought.
Empiricism beats Idealism by default. It works. Empiricism is
the old-fashioned notion that you need to observe and
measure reality before knowing it. For some reason, Empiricists
create machines with moving parts, while Idealists cannot.
POSITIVISMPOSITIVISM
A philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is
capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics
and theism.
Any philosophical system that confines itself to the data of
experience, excludes a priori or metaphysical speculations, and emphasizes the achievements of
science.
Comte argued that an empirical study of historical processes, particularly of the
progress of the various interrelated sciences, reveals a law of three stages
that govern human development.He analyzed these stages in his major
work, the six-volume Course of Positive Philosophy (1830-42; trans. 1853).
COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES: :
Universal Rule in relation to Universal Rule in relation to society and its developmentsociety and its development
COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES
(1) THE THEOLOGICAL - The theological phase deals with humankind's accepting the doctrines of the church (or place of worship) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence.
(2) The metaphysical - Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the Enlightenment, a time steeped in logical rationalism, to the time right after the French Revolution.
COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES
(3) The positive - The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person.
COMTE’S STAGESCOMTE’S STAGES
Enlightenment thinkers such as Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825), Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827) and Auguste Comte (1798-1859) believed the scientific method,
the circular dependence of theory and observation, must replace metaphysics in the history of thought. Émile Durkheim
(1858-1917) reformulated sociological positivism as a foundation of social
research.