Education, Science & the Church at Mid-Century. I. New Reading Public (between 1850-1900 more people...
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![Page 1: Education, Science & the Church at Mid-Century. I. New Reading Public (between 1850-1900 more people than ever before learned to read and write) Advances.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022072015/56649ebf5503460f94bca6a8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Education, Science & the Church at Mid-Century
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I. New Reading Public
(between 1850-1900 more people than ever before learned to read and write)
• Advances in primary education
a) 1860s on govs assumed
b) focused on
c) WHY?• Voting• Help poor
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2. Reading material for the mass audiencea)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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II. Science at mid-century
1. Auguste Comte (The Positive Philosophy)
a) argued human thought developed in 3
stages:
1)
2)
3)
b) positive laws of social behavior =
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2. Charles Darwina) Origin of the Species (1859)b) natural selection
c) world a realm of
d) The Descent of Man (1871)
This was the biggest blow to human pride since Copernicus’ “sun centered” theory.
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3. Herbert Spencer – “Social Darwinism”
a) human society progresses thru _______
and only the ______ survive.
b) coined term
c) used theory to justify
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4. Thomas Henry Huxley
a) chief opponent of
b) struggle in nature held no ethical
implications BUT it did show how
humans ______________ behave.
c) Coined term “agnostic” – without
knowledge. Some claims, such as
“God” are simply unknowable.
d) Man WAS related to
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III. Christianity & Church Under Siege Intellectual attack on organized Christian
churches based on its:
1. historical credibility
2. scientific accuracy
3. pronounced morality
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1. Historical credibility
a) David Friedrich Strauss (Life of Jesus)
b) Questioned
c) Story of Jesus =
d) The Bible, as a book,
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2. Scientific accuracy
a) Charles Lyell
b) geology studies indicated
c) natural causes behind
d) Darwin’s theory cast doubt
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3. Pronounced morality
a)
b)
c)
d)
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e) Morality of the New Testament God:
f) Friedrich Nietzsche
1) Christianity as a religion of sheep that
2) War & courage
3) God is
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IV. Conflict b/t Church & State
1. Conflicts
a) liberals disliked
b) nation-states suspicious of
c) education: who should educate?
Church or State?
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2. Great Britain
a) Ed Act of 1870
b) Ed Act of 1902
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3. France
a)
b)
c)
d)
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4. Germany (most extreme ex of church/state conflict)
a) Bismarck felt
b) 1870-1871 secularized
c) “May Laws”
d) police
e) Kulturkampf (cultural struggle)