Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from
19
Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law Journal (forthcoming December 2006) Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity , NYU Law Review (forthcoming December 2006) The Achievement Gap Conference Harvard Kennedy School of Government June 19, 2006
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Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from Education, Equality, and National Citizenship , Yale Law Journal (forthcoming December 2006) Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity , NYU Law Review (forthcoming December 2006) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law adapted from
Education, Equality, and National Citizenship
Goodwin LiuBoalt Hall School of Law
adapted fromEducation, Equality, and National Citizenship, Yale Law Journal (forthcoming December 2006)Interstate Inequality in Educational Opportunity, NYU Law Review (forthcoming December 2006)
The Achievement Gap ConferenceHarvard Kennedy School of Government
June 19, 2006
Current expenditures per pupil, 2001-02
7,380Georgia
7,434California
7,496Virginia
7,642Oregon
7,734Indiana
7,736Minnesota
7,741Nebraska
7,844West Virginia
7,935New Hampshire
7,956Illinois
8,069Ohio
8,537Pennsylvania
8,634Wisconsin
8,645Wyoming
8,653Michigan
8,692Maryland
8,818Maine
9,284Delaware
9,563Alaska
9,703Rhode Island
9,806Vermont
10,232Massachusetts
10,577Connecticut
11,218New York
11,793New Jersey
4,900Utah
5,354Mississippi
5,959Tennessee
5,964Arizona
6,011Idaho
6,029Alabama
6,079Nevada
6,213Florida
6,229Oklahoma
6,276Arkansas
6,424South Dakota
6,501North Carolina
6,523Kentucky
6,567Louisiana
6,709North Dakota
6,771Texas
6,882New Mexico
6,941Colorado
7,017South Carolina
7,039Washington
7,062Montana
7,135Missouri
7,306Hawaii
7,338Iowa
7,339Kansas
6,588Oregon
6,630Virginia
6,696North Dakota
6,703New Hampshire
6,762Georgia
6,868Minnesota
6,986Ohio
7,038West Virginia
7,059Kansas
7,079Indiana
7,126Iowa
7,129Pennsylvania
7,158Rhode Island
7,282Michigan
7,440Nebraska
7,442Maryland
7,475Massachusetts
7,674Maine
7,731Wisconsin
7,808Delaware
8,029Connecticut
8,087Wyoming
8,268New York
8,481Vermont
8,697New Jersey
4,505Utah
4,982Arizona
5,010Mississippi
5,338Florida
5,414Tennessee
5,423Nevada
5,463California
5,564Alabama
5,589Idaho
5,647Oklahoma
5,813New Mexico
5,819Washington
5,852Texas
5,866North Carolina
5,945Louisiana
5,973Arkansas
6,091Colorado
6,122Kentucky
6,271Hawaii
6,334Missouri
6,387South Carolina
6,459Montana
6,474South Dakota
6,474Alaska
6,479Illinois
NOMINAL ADJUSTED
Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02
10th
(low)50th
(med)90th
(high)
Mississippi
North Carolina
Connecticut$6,477 $7,121 $8,855
$5,361 $5,972 $7,004
$4,391 $4,962 $5,933
$4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000
Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02
10th to 50th percentile districts
3,500 4,500 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500
ArizonaMississippi
Tennessee
FloridaUtah
CaliforniaArkansas
Illinois
AlabamaMissouri
Washington
OhioKentuckyOklahoma
Louisiana
KansasRhode Island
Iowa
NebraskaDelawareMaryland
VermontMaine
West Virginia
WisconsinConnecticut
New YorkNew J ersey
Wyoming
Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02
50th to 90th percentile districts
****
Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02
10th to 90th percentile districts
4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000
Wyoming
New Jersey
New York
Connecticut
Wisconsin
Vermont
Maryland
Delaware
California
Kentucky
Arizona
Illinois
Alabama
Mississippi
Tennessee
Florida
K-12 student demographics, 2001-02(percentages)
17.227.316.249.3 13.4
12.49.416.270.2 3.9
16.317.017.060.1 8.3
Bottom third
Top third
United States
PoorHispanicBlackWhite LEP
WY
WIWVWA
VAUT
TX
TN SD
SC
PA
OR
OKOH
ND
NC
NY
NM
NJ
NV
NE
MT
MO
MS
MN
MI
MA
MD
ME
LA
KY
KSIA
IN
IL
ID
HI
GA
FL
DE
CT
CO
CA
AR
AZ
AK
AL
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Percent “proficient” on NAEP
4th Grade Reading, 2005
Per
cent
“p
rofi
cien
t” o
n s
tate
tes
t
State standards = National standards
“Best fit” line(average standards)
National average
Percent “proficient” on NAEP
4th Grade Math, 2005
Per
cent
“p
rofi
cien
t” o
n s
tate
tes
t
AL
AKAZ
ARCA
CO
CTDE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MNMS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OKOR
PA
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Percent “proficient” on NAEP
8th Grade Reading, 2005
Per
cent
“p
rofi
cien
t” o
n s
tate
tes
t
WY
WIWVWA
VAUT
TX
TN SD
SC
PA
OR
OKOH
ND
NC
NY
NM
NJ
NV
NE
MT
MO
MS
MN
MI
MA
MD
ME
LA
KY
KSIA
IN
IL
ID
HI
GA
FL
DE
CT
CO
CA
AR
AZ
AK
AL
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Percent “proficient” on NAEP
8th Grade Math, 2005
Per
cent
“p
rofi
cien
t” o
n s
tate
tes
t
WIWV
WA
VA
UT
TX
TN
SD
SC
PAOR
OK
OH
ND
NC
NY
NM
NJ
NV
NE
MT
MO
MS
MN
MI
MA
MD
ME
LA
KY
KS
IA
IN
IL
ID
HI
GA
FL
DE
CTCO
CA
AR
AZ AKAL
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
REVENUE = CAPACITY × EFFORT
State/local (nonfederal)revenue per pupil
(cost adjustment, weighted pupils)
State personal income (SPI)State gross product (SGP)
Total taxable resources (TTR)per pupil
Capacity/Revenue
New Jersey 8,906 134 233,517 121 3.81 110
Vermont 8,801 133 183,494 95 4.80 138
Wyoming 8,770 132 235,231 122 3.73 107
Connecticut 8,393 127 254,776 132 3.29 95
New York 8,292 125 220,390 114 3.76 108
Wisconsin 8,022 121 202,675 105 3.96 114
Michigan 7,822 118 174,776 90 4.48 129
Maryland 7,764 117 238,353 123 3.26 94
Hawaii 7,741 117 205,404 106 3.77 109
Minnesota 7,740 117 214,846 111 3.60 104
Maine 7,701 116 173,205 89 4.45 128
Ohio 7,645 115 191,108 99 4.00 115
Massachusetts 7,583 115 231,755 120 3.27 94
Iowa 7,562 114 209,477 108 3.61 104
Indiana 7,556 114 197,808 102 3.82 110
Delaware 7,472 113 356,062 184 2.10 60
Pennsylvania 7,469 113 207,423 107 3.60 104
Nonfederal revenue per
pupil
Capacityper pupil
(TTR $000) Efforttop third 2001-02
Montana 6,135 93 159,272 82 3.85 111
Texas 5,966 90 162,666 84 3.67 106
Kentucky 5,900 89 184,717 95 3.19 92
Alaska 5,859 88 139,316 72 4.21 121
North Carolina 5,837 88 211,376 109 2.76 80
Arkansas 5,765 87 154,396 80 3.73 108
Louisiana 5,725 86 178,749 92 3.20 92
New Mexico 5,722 86 146,888 76 3.90 112
Alabama 5,643 85 162,612 84 3.47 100
Idaho 5,583 84 153,727 79 3.63 105
California 5,560 84 166,550 86 3.34 96
Arizona 5,439 82 160,091 83 3.40 98
Florida 5,386 81 198,904 103 2.71 78
Oklahoma 5,238 79 149,935 77 3.49 101
Tennessee 5,204 79 190,398 98 2.73 79
Utah 4,900 74 138,964 72 3.53 102
Mississippi 4,803 73 140,452 73 3.42 99
Nonfederal revenue per
pupil
Capacityper pupil
(TTR $000) Effortbottom third
2001-02
Measure of fiscal capacity
Correlation with state revenue per pupil, 2001-02
0.390.50 Effort
0.560.64 Capacity
Adjusted
TTRSPI
0.350.48 Effort
0.700.78 Capacity
Nominal
Title I aid allocation =
Poor children × State expenditure
102
103
105
105
106
108
112
113
117
117
118
118
118
121
125
126
134
137
140
147
149
157
196
208
239
% U.S. avg
74
76
78
83
84
86
86
86
88
88
88
89
91
91
93
94
94
94
95
95
97
97
99
100
101
% U.S. avg
1,299
1,320
1,339
1,341
1,359
1,382
1,433
1,442
1,492
1,496
1,512
1,513
1,515
1,550
1,595
1,612
1,715
1,747
1,790
1,886
1,910
2,010
2,508
2,666
3,060
Adjusted
944
971
995
1,060
1,074
1,101
1,102
1,106
1,120
1,124
1,130
1,133
1,160
1,166
1,186
1,200
1,205
1,208
1,211
1,211
1,235
1,236
1,269
1,281
1,297
Adjusted
1,341Illinois
1,353Pennsylvania
1,697Alaska
1,300Virginia
1,290Missouri
1,251South Carolina
1,650New Jersey
1,590Rhode Island
1,337West Virginia
1,527Maryland
1,340Nebraska
1,742Connecticut
1,588New Hampshire
1,574Michigan
1,426Kansas
1,582Minnesota
1,925New York
2,048Massachusetts
1,627Montana
1,929Delaware
1,873Maine
1,716South Dakota
2,139North Dakota
2,637Vermont
2,803Wyoming
Nominal
936Arizona
893Idaho
948Nevada
1,012Utah
1,027Florida
1,142Washington
1,087Colorado
964Arkansas
1,022Tennessee
1,004Alabama
1,019Oklahoma
1,039North Carolina
1,037Kentucky
1,100Texas
1,324California
1,186Ohio
1,127Indiana
1,205Hawaii
1,056Mississippi
1,083Louisiana
1,181Wisconsin
1,090Iowa
1,226Oregon
1,190New Mexico
1,208Georgia
Nominal
Title I aid per eligible child, 2003
$115,000,000111,985Oklahoma
$159,000,000109,965Massachusetts
$193,000,000193,358North Carolina
$353,000,000200,757Michigan
Title I aid, 2003(cost-adjusted)
# poor children
Michigan gets 83% more than North Carolina
Massachusetts gets 37% more than Oklahoma
Policy recommendations
National standards
Federal school finance reform
• Fix Title I
• National foundation plan
Minimum state effort
Federal aid inversely proportional to state capacity
