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Biosecurity in Shrimp Aquaculture
Eduardo M. LeañoNetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand
Why Shrimp?
Shrimp farming: not all tails (tales) have happy
ending!
Disease outbreaks are one of the serious causes of economic loss in many shrimp aquaculture operations around the region. Mainly a result of transboundary movement (trade) of live shrimps.
Shrimp Diseases
Prof. D.V. Lighnter
• It is now apparent that many of the introductions and movements of shrimps have been responsible for the introduction, establishment and spread of important pathogens into new geographic areas and hosts.
• Once established in natural waters (and often aquaculture facilities) and hosts, such pathogens are almost impossible to eradicate.
Trading and Movement
Briggs et al., 2005
Disease control strategies• No single risk: No single solution
• Preventive and prophylactic strategies
• SPF and SPR based aquaculture
• Rapid diagnostics
• Early warning surveillance
• Biosecurity programs
• Epidemiological approaches and risk management
• National/regional/international initiatives
BiosecurityA strategic and integrated approach that encompasses both policy and regulatory frameworks aimed at analyzing and managing the
RISKS of the sectors dealing with:
Food Safety
Plant life and health
Animal (incl. aquatic) life and health
In AQUACULTURE, it entails protection of fish or shellfish from infectious agents (viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic) as well as from invasive species.
Environment
Biosecurity means a set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of pathogenic agents to, from and within an aquatic animal population.
Biosecurity is the cost-effective management of risks posed by pathogenic agents to aquaculture through a strategic approach at enterprise, national and international levels with shared public-private responsibilities.
Progressive Management Pathway for Aquaculture Biosecurity (PMP/AB)Management Risk
D
HOST
ENVIRONMENT PATHOGEN
HOST
ENVIRONMENT
PATHOGEN
Biosecurityrequires
pathogen
exclusion
Disease development
Keep disease agents out!
Pathogen exclusion: NOT EASY
TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT of LIVE shrimps around the world.
D
HOST
ENVIRONMENT PATHOGEN
Healthy shrimps
Healthy farms
Biosecurity means a set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of pathogenic agents to, from and within an aquatic animal population.
Biosecurity
Incomplete Biosecurity Programme
• Biosecurity ensure prevention of pathogen and harmful agents' entry into the system as well as going out of the system
• Most common application: preventing pathogen entry into the system
• Pathogen and or harmful agent going out of system is overlooked/not included
Slide courtesy of U Win Latt (2019)
In case biosecurity is breached
Untreated discharge of water, infected organisms
Disease outbreak
Missing
Shrimp Production
Management with Holistic
Approach
Quality Inputs
Feed Management
Water Quality Management
Health Management
Waste Management
Traceability
Biosecurity
Environmental Quality
Sustainable Shrimp
Production
What is supposed to be….
Slide courtesy of U Win Latt (2019)
Why is there an increasing focus on
biosecurity?
Use of Biosecurity• Reduce risk of disease introduction• Minimize spread on-farm or to new areas• Promote fish health• Protect economic investment
– Reputation
• Protect against new diseases• Protect human health
– Zoonoses, Food safety
Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities,
2009Source: M. Reantaso
Major Goals of Biosecurity
• Animal management– Obtaining healthy stocks; optimizing health and immunity
• Pathogen Management– Preventing, reducing or eliminating pathogen
• People Management– Educating and managing staff/visitors
Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities,
2009Source: Yanong and Erlacher-Reid, 2012
Biosecurity Plans• No “one-size-fits-all” solution
– Varies with type of operation, species, life stage reared
• Range– Simple and quickly implemented
• Foot dips; disinfection; signs
– Other economic investmentor effort• Dedicated quarantine equipment or facilities
• Cost-Benefit
Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities,
2009
Basic Biosecurity Measures (for prevention of pathogen into and from the system)
• Water filtration and disinfection;• Optimum water quality;• Disinfection of culture facilities;• Personnel hygiene;• Production/use of pathogen free or
pathogen resistant stocks;• Proper feeding management and
monitoring;• Shrimp health monitoring
Broodstockfacilities
Hatcheries
Closed-culture system facilities (e.g. RAS)
Open Culture System (Grow-out Ponds)
• Water filtration cannot exclude pathogenic microorganisms;
• Environmental fluctuations occur daily;
• Maintaining optimum water quality is always a challenge;
• Feeding management is not as simple as 1-2-3;
• Entry of pathogen-carrier organisms.
Farmer Education is critical
Source: M. Reantaso
Throwing of dead shrimps into open water
Trading of diseased shrimps Discharge of contaminated water
Good record keeping; standard record for each aquaculture facility
Proper disposal of packing materials and other fomites
Examples of biosecurity measures
Provision of foot dips in aquaculture facilities
exclusion of wild organisms (possible pathogen carriers)
Examples of biosecurity measures
exclusion of wild organisms (possible pathogen carriers)
Examples of biosecurity measures
proper nutrition and feeding management
removal and proper disposal of dead shrimps from ponds
Examples of biosecurity measures
proper handling of shrimps
quarantine of incoming shrimp stocks (esp. broodstock)
reporting of abnormalities/mortalities and disease outbreaks
Examples of biosecurity measures
GAA
Examples of biosecurity measuresmaintaining good/optimum water quality
Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity
Shrimp Toilet: discharge of sludge wastes during grow-out culture operation
D. Kawahigashi (2016)
Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity
Shrimp Toilet: discharge of sludge wastes during grow-out culture operation
D. Kawahigashi (2016)
Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity
Biofloc System A biofloc floccule is a miniature, loosely held collection of materials (uneaten feed, faeces, detritus and other particles) and attached organisms (bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, phytoplankton and fungi) kept in suspension by strong agitation of water in a pond or tank.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305905355_Use_of_Bioflocs_in_Shrimp_Farming
Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity
Aquamimicry
https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/aquamimicry-a-revolutionary-concept-for-shrimp-farming/
Aquamimicry is a concept that strives to simulate natural estuarine conditions by creating zooplankton blooms (mainly copepods) as supplemental nutrition to the cultured shrimp and beneficial bacteria to maintain water quality.
Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity
Green Water System
Green water technology is a technique that cultures shrimps in water that is abundant in phytoplankton e.g. Chlorella, turning the water green hence, its name. It is usually produced from growing tilapia (either monocultured or co-cultured with shrimps).
How to prevent shrimp diseases and its spread??
Nutritious and appropriate foods/feeds;
Food supplements
Properly managed grow-
out culture operations
Healthy Hatchery Production
SPF SPR SPT
Healthy broodstock, PLs
Healthy harvest
BIOSECURITY
Enhanced
BIOSECURITY
Sustainable
development
Improved food
safety
More free market access
Environmental
protection
Genetic
improvement
Improved human
health
Maintenance of
biodiversity
Increased trade
Source: M. Reantaso