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Transcript of EDU 528 Notes EDU 528 Notes Information collection of materials Information collection of materials.
EDU 528 NotesEDU 528 Notes
Information collection of materialsInformation collection of materials
Introduction to ComputersIntroduction to Computers
►What is a computer?What is a computer?►A computer is an electronic machine, A computer is an electronic machine,
operating under the control of operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data, manipulate the that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results produce results, and store the results for future use.for future use.
Intro to ComputersIntro to Computers
Data and InformationData and Information GOOGLEGOOGLE Data is a collection of raw unprocessed Data is a collection of raw unprocessed
facts, figures, and symbols. Computers facts, figures, and symbols. Computers process data to create information.process data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, Information is data that is organized, meaningful and useful.meaningful and useful.
Intro to ComputersIntro to Computers Inside a ComputerInside a Computer Two main components on the mother Two main components on the mother
board are the central processing unit and board are the central processing unit and memory. The CPU also called a processor memory. The CPU also called a processor is the electronic device that interprets and is the electronic device that interprets and carries out the basic instructions that carries out the basic instructions that operate the computer.operate the computer.
During processing, the processor places During processing, the processor places instructions to be executed and data instructions to be executed and data needed by those instructions into memory. needed by those instructions into memory. MemoryMemory is a temporary holding place for is a temporary holding place for data and instructions. data and instructions.
Intro to ComputersIntro to Computers
Hard DriveHard Drive – consists of several – consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called inflexible, circular disks, called platters. A platter in a hard disk platters. A platter in a hard disk is made of aluminum, glass or is made of aluminum, glass or ceramic and is coated with a ceramic and is coated with a material that allows data to be material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on its magnetically recorded on its surface.surface.
Intro to Computers• Operating System – Contains
instructions that coordinate all of the activities of the hardware devised in a computer. The operating system must be loaded from the hard disk into the computer’s memory. Each time you start your computer the operating system is loaded or copied into memory from the computer’s hard disk.
DIGITAL STUDENTS: WHO THEY ARE AND HOW THEY LEARNDIGITAL STUDENTS: WHO THEY ARE AND HOW THEY LEARN
Today’s youth are media centric. It is Today’s youth are media centric. It is believed that the brains of today’s youths believed that the brains of today’s youths have actually become rewired to have actually become rewired to accommodate the thousands of hours they accommodate the thousands of hours they spend in front of a computer screen spend in front of a computer screen watching and creating video, listening to watching and creating video, listening to music and playing computer games.music and playing computer games.
Communications NetworksCommunications NetworksDigital vs. analog signalsDigital vs. analog signals– ModemModem
ExternalExternal
InternalInternal
– Network Interface CardsNetwork Interface Cards
Local Area Network (LAN)Local Area Network (LAN)– Covers limited geographical areaCovers limited geographical area– Server manages resourcesServer manages resources
Wide Area Networks (WAN)Wide Area Networks (WAN)– Covers large geographical areaCovers large geographical area– Can consist of several LANsCan consist of several LANs
• Home networks– Connects multiple computers in home– Share internet access
• School network server• Example Classroom
– 3 Macintosh computers– 1 printer
• Example school network– Classrooms– Administration– Computer Lab
• High speed or Broadband Access– Gov’t works to provide high speed Internet access to
classrooms– Broadband technology transmits signals at much faster
speeds
What is the Internet?
Worldwide group of connected networks that allow public access to information and services
No single organization owns or controls Estimated over one billion users Variety of users The world’s largest network is the Internet, which is a
worldwide collection of networks that link together millions of businesses, governments, educational institutions, and individuals.
History of the Internet
Started as a network of four computers at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1969
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) – ARPANET
More than 200 million computers today Backbone first provided by National
Science Foundation (NSF) – NSFnet In the case of nuclear holocaust,
government wanted a way to communicate if need of nuclear war occurred
Backbone now provided by a variety of corporations
Various organizations help define standards
Internet2 (I2) Extremely high-speech network Develop and test latest Internet technologies Members include over 190 universities in the
United States, along with 60 companies and the United States government
How the Internet WorksHow the Internet Works• Data is divided into packetsData is divided into packets• Routers send packets across the InternetRouters send packets across the Internet• Packet switchingPacket switching• Transmission control protocol/Internet Transmission control protocol/Internet
protocol (protocol (TCP/IPTCP/IP) is the communications ) is the communications protocol used by the Internetprotocol used by the Internet
• Internet AddressesInternet Addresses– Numeric addressesNumeric addresses– Domain nameDomain name
•Domain type abbreviationsDomain type abbreviations•Country code abbreviationsCountry code abbreviations
The World Wide WebThe World Wide WebStarted in the early 1990sStarted in the early 1990sHyperlinksHyperlinksUniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Hypertext transfer protocolHypertext transfer protocolHow a Web Page WorksHow a Web Page Works
HypertextHypertextHyperlinksHyperlinks
TargetTargetRelativeRelativeAbsoluteAbsolute
Information Overload
The amount of information available to people is growing every day – as scientists uncover new facts; physicians develop improved treatments; technology firms design unprecedented products; and journalists record history in the making. Technologies such as digital media CDs, DVDs, and digital media on the World Wide Web make this vast – some say overwhelming – amount of information easily available to teachers and students. As a result of this potential information overload, experts worry that students might be spending more time sifting through information than actually applying and utilizing information. What do you think? Can there ever be too much information? Why or why not? How could too much information adversely affect teachers and students? What can be done about information overload? How can teachers help students avoid this?
What is Curriculum?The knowledge, skills, and
performance standards students are expected to acquire in particular grade levels
The Learning Curve plagues the teacher consistentlyLearn a lot of information in a small amount of time
Plan or written document
What is Curriculum?
Curriculum Standards and BenchmarksCurriculum standard
Defines what a student is expected to know at certain stages of education
BenchmarkSpecific, measurable learning objective
What is Technology Integration?
Combining of all technology parts, such as hardware and software, together with each subject-related area of curriculum to enhance learning
Establish connections between subject matter and the real world
What is Technology Integration? Curriculum drives technology Classroom integration versus Traditional
Computer Labs Computer Labs
A designated classroom filled with computers
Teachers schedule time to use the labs for many purposes
Point of InstructionTeachable moments
The Classroom in Action
Introduction to Mr. Balado’s classroom Five student computers networked to the
school’s local area network and the World Wide Web
Instructional computer with access to the Web and connected to a large television set
Allows Mr. Balado to access vast amounts of information
Integrating Technology Integrating Technology into the Classroominto the Classroom
• Technology can motivate students and increase class attendance
• Technology must be integrated into the curriculum– Identify goals– Develop innovative ways to teach a
diverse population of learners with different learning styles
Changing Instructional Changing Instructional StrategiesStrategies
• Teachers are shifting from being the dispenser of knowledge to being the facilitator of learning– Students can accomplish learning with
the teachers’ assistance– Learning is not just storage of
knowledge, but includes problem solving
Wellivers Instructional Wellivers Instructional Transformation ModelTransformation Model
• Familiarization – Teachers become aware of technology and its potential uses.
• Utilization – Teachers use technology, but minor problems will cause teachers to discontinue its use.
• Integration – Technology becomes essential for the educational process and teachers are constantly thinking of ways to use technology in their classrooms.
Reorientation – Teachers begin to rethink the educational goals of the classroom with the use of technology.Revolution – The evolving classroom becomes completely integrated with technology in all subject areas. Technology becomes an invisible tool that is seamlessly woven into the teaching and learning process.
Barriers to Technology Barriers to Technology IntegrationIntegration
• Lack of teacher training
• Lack of administration support
• Limited time for teacher planning
• Placement of computers in remote locations
• Budget constraints
With Proper Technology Training, With Proper Technology Training, Teachers:Teachers:
• Create relationships between active learning and active teaching.
• Develop an appreciation and an understanding of the potential of technology.
• Learn to be creators of digital media.• Develop leadership skills and become role models for
successful integration.• Understand the power of technology integration.• Design integrated curriculum activities.• Learn the benefits of technology in the classroom.• Develop ownership of the technology through authentic
experiences.• Learn to motivate students with technology.• Achieve success by becoming informed and reflective
decision makers.• Become advocates for technology integration.
Technology Integration Technology Integration and the Learning Processand the Learning Process
• The Learning Process– Authentic Learning
• Instructional activities that demonstrate real-life connections by associating the concept being taught with a real-life activity or event
– Active Learning• Students become active in the learning process
– Anchored instruction• Providing a knowledge base on which students can build
– Problem-based instruction• Students use the background (anchor) information to solve
complex problems
– Discovery Learning• Inquire-based method for teaching and learning
Learning Theories and Educational Research
LearningThe process of gaining knowledge or skills acquired through instruction or study, or to modify behavior through exposure
to a type of conditioning or form of gaining experienceTheory
A scientific set of principles presented to clarify or explain a phenomenon
Learning TheoriesProvide frameworks for interpreting the conditions and
observations of teaching and learning and provide the bridge between education and research
Behaviorism
Learning as it relates to behavior Teachers cannot communicate
information well if they cannot control student behavior
Positive and negative rewards
Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov
Famous for behavioral experiments with dogs
Classic conditioning B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning Learning is controlled and
results in shaping behavior through the reinforcement of stimulus response patterns
Reinforcement
Behaviorism Albert Bandura
Focuses on motivational factors and self-regulatory mechanisms that contribute to a person’s behavior
Social Cognitive Theory
People acquire behaviors through the observation of others
"People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it."Albert Bandura
Cognitivist
Cognitive theory Activities like
thinking and remembering seem like a behavior
Thinking plays a role
Cognitivist Alan Paivio
Dual coding theory assumes that people process information in two distinctly different ways
Processing for images Processing for language
Three sub processes Representational
Verbal or nonverbal representations are directly influenced Referential
Deals with when verbal system is activated by nonverbal communication and vise versa
Associative When both text based and graphic representations involved
Cognitivist
Robert Gagne Psychologist and educator Three principles for successful instruction
Providing instruction on the set of component tasks that build toward a final task
Ensuring that each component task is mastered Sequencing the component tasks to ensure
optimal transfer to the final task
Cognitivist continued… Five Categories of Learning
Categories of Learning Outcomes Verbal information Intellectual skills; composed of concrete and defined concepts Cognitive strategies Motor skills Attitudes
Examples of Outcomes Learner can state what has been learned Learner can discriminate between facts, can identify colors,
and can follow directions Learner reads books Learner can use a mouse or joystick Learner prefers reading to watching T.V.
Cognitivist continues… Nine events of instruction
Gain attention of the learners Inform learners of the objective Stimulate recall of prior learning Present the stimulus or lesson Provide learning guidance and instruction Elicit performance Provide feedback Assess performance Enhance retention and transfer
Connecting with Today’s Kids Through Game-Based Learning Learning games have been the
center of considerable controversy and discussion in recent years
Thirty-six learning principles can be found in all successful video games, regardless of content
Connecting with Today’s Kids Through Game-Based Learning
Learning Principles Found in Successful Video Games
How players form an identity to buy into the content
How players learn to connect different symbol systems (words, symbols, artifacts)
How players choose between various methods to solve a problem
How players identify, filter, and utilize different nonverbal cues
How players leverage their knowledge to reapply solutions learned from one situation to newly discovered ones
How players identify and develop a sense for story