Edtechpresentation

Educational TechnologyThe Meaning of Educational Technology

1. Educational technology is the development, application and evaluation of systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning. (Council for Educational Technology for the UK: cited by Lucido, 1997) 2. Educational technology is a systematic way of designing, implementing and evaluating the total learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives based on research in human learning and communication: and employing a combination of human and non-human resources to bring about more effective instruction. (Commission on Instructional Technology; USA: cited by Lucido, 1997) 3. Educational Technology is the application of the results of researches and studies, materials or non-material to improve teaching and learning.

Physical View: defines educational technology in terms of hardware, or devices: slide projector, television, radio film, camera, computer, and the like. Materials, audio (audio visual materials or software) machines, (projectors, computers, etc.) are assigned non-verbal roles while some of the more traditional media (lectures, books) are assigned verbal roles. Nonverbal media are assumed to be more concrete and effective and the perennial villain in the teaching - learning process is “verbalism.”

Behavioral View: it is concerned with the application of scientific knowledge which provides a conceptual basis and methodology for the design, development and evaluation of instructional systems. Therefore, it emphasizes the application of use of scientific knowledge rather than the mere availability of the hardware.

Two Viewpoints of Educators in an Attempt to Arrive at Plausible Definition of Educational Technology

As a process – it is the theory and practice of design, development,

utilization, management and evaluation of process and resources for

learning. (Association for Educational Communication and

Technology: 1994) As a product – it includes the product of this process such as

programmed texts, TV programs, computer software, audio-visual

media, interactive-multimedia, and entire courses of instruction.

(Hackbarth:1996) As a profession – it is composed of various job categories such as

media technicians, media specialists, instructional developers etc.

(Hackbarth:1996) As a discipline – it is an academic specialty within the larger

discipline of education such as graduate degree programs, scholarly

journals and books. (Hackbarth:1996)

Educational Technology

Field of area or study or the practice of using methods and technologies

Systematized use of methods and resources Facilitation of the learning process as the ultimate goal

Therefore; ANY ATTEMPT AT SYSTEMATIZING THE USE OF METHODS AND LEARNING IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED EDUCATIONAL GOAL IS EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY!

Elements of the definition of Educational Technology

◦Materials results of researches include both the traditional or the lo-tech and the hi-tech instructional aids.

◦Non- materials results include the theories and principles of teaching and learning including the methodologies, strategies and techniques of teaching.

Types of Results in the Use of Educational Technology

It is the process of determining where and how technology fits into teaching and learning (Roblyer (1997) cited in Williams, Michael D. ( 2000) Integrating Technology into

Five (5) Domains of Educational Technology (Association for Educational Communication and Technology: 1994)

To increase the potential for success during instructional creation or instructional improvement process, it is important that one is knowledgeable of these domains. These are:

Technology Integration

1. Design – the planning phase of educational technology. Design interprets reality in terms of learner performance and negotiated expectations of the learner. It describes natural or existing interrelationships that constitute a content area.

2. Development◦ Instructional development is the process of producing learning materials

from detailed plan (design)◦ Instructional development (also known as instructional product

development) is the process of finalizing procedures and testing materials intended to support instructional episodes.

Five (5) Domains of Educational Technology

3. Utilization – the actual use of knowledge and the skills and usually includes the practical application of information or procedures on a regular basis. The purpose of utilization is to bring learners into contact with learning resources and instructional system components.

4. Evaluation – a dynamic process which people to obtain and judge the worth of data and about how students learn specific content information under varying instructional conditions.

5. Management – the linchpin which binds all the domains of educational technology together.

Five (5) Domains of Educational Technology

Instructional Design Model ADDIE Model A – nalysis D – esign D – evelopment I – mplementation E – valuation

Design, Development And Utilization Of Educational Technologies

ASSURE model A – nalyze the learners S – state objectives S – electe media and materials U – tilize media and materias R – equire learner participation E – valuate and revise

Design, Development And Utilization Of Educational Technologies

1. Size – is the materials (text or picture) big enough to be seen by the farthest pupil? Is relativity of size of pictures observed when it is viewed with other materials or pictures? Example, the size of the cat compared with the size of a carabao.

2. Color – is the material colorful? Pupils are attracted by bright and dark colors. And if so, is the choice of colors life-like and harmonious. Does the color facilitate understanding?

3. Durability – Can the material stand several uses? Can it be use over and over again?

Guidelines in the selection of instructional materials

4. Economy – is the material worth it cost? Or can a cheaper material in terms of time spent in preparing it and in terms of the cash value be used?

5. Easy to handle –Is the material light and easy to manipulate? Is it easy to put up and then store for future use?

6. Relevance – Is the material up to date? Is it related to the lesson in particular and to the specific needs, problems and experiences of target clientele?

Guidelines in the selection of instructional materials

1. Meaningfulness – they should contain purposive activities and must contribute to the growth and development of learners

2. Purpose – they must be focused on helping learners to motivate them in the learning process.

3. Appropriateness – must be appropriate to the level intended in terms of:

◦ Vocabulary level◦ Difficulty of concepts◦ Methods of development◦ Interest

Principles in the Selection and Utilization of Educational Technologies

4. Breadth – they should encompass all around development of varying group of learners.

5. Usefulness/Utility – they must be useful to a particular teacher as she/he works for a particular group of learners. Audio-visual aid must help the teacher to deliver the subject matter in a better way as well as helping the learners to learn the subject matter.

6. Communication effectiveness – they must relay information clearly and effectively.


7. Authenticity – they must present accurate up to date dependable information.

8. Responsiveness they must be responsive to the needs and demands of the society.

9. Interest – they should catch the interest of the users, stimulate curiosity or satisfy the need to know and encourage creativity and imaginative response among users.


10. Cost effectiveness – the cost per student of media presentation diminishes as the number of students using it increases.

11. Presentation – they must be presented in the right time and the right way.

12. Portability/Handy – they must be handy for the teachers and students to handle it well.


13. Correctness – correct facts or information must be in the materials for a better learning process.

14. Simplicity – they must be simple but inspiring for the learners and should not confuse them. They must be simple but show creativity.

15. Assessment – the purpose of evaluating the technology is needed for further revisions and improvement.


1. Arouse and sustain the interest and attention of the pupils/students to learn.

2. Concretize abstract concepts/ideas to promote meaningful learning.

3. Makes learning more permanent because of the rich experiences that they provide.

4. Provide self-activities for independent learning.5. Increase vocabulary by eliminating verbalism6. Develop continuity of thought.7. Increase the quality of learning while decreasing the time

spent.8. Check pupil preparedness.9. Make learning more interactive, hence learning is improved

The Roles and Functions of Educational Technology

Increases students’ motivation, self-esteem, self-confidence and academic achievement

Supplies stimulating environments that encourage student involvement in the learning process.

Promotes high-level thinking skills Offers students diversity, self-paced learning and

opportunities for individual growth and self-expression. Provides students with unique opportunities to apply

skills and talents and interest with others in non-threatening environments

Changes teachers and students ‘role into positive directions

Contributions of Educational Technology

Inspires students and teachers by making learning exciting and interesting

Fosters the development of leadership abilities and teamwork Supports news instructional approaches: cooperative learning,

inquiry approach, problem based learning, project-based learning and multiple intelligences

Provides unique opportunities for students to practice, demonstrate and critique communication skills

Supplies information through multi-sensory delivery channels, allowing students with various learning styles to assimilate and apply knowledge

Expands classroom “walls” and links students and teachers in national and international exchanges.

Contributions of Educational Technology

Purpose – ask yourself what you are trying to accomplish and why this instructional aid is important

Define objectives – clearly defined objectives are essential for planning the lesson and selecting and using instructional aids

Flexibility –the same instructional aids can satisfy many different purposes

Diversity – use a variety of materials, media, and resources to develop and maintain interest of students.

General Guidelines in Using Educational Technologies

Development – instructional aids must be related to the age, maturity, ability and interest of students

Content – you must know the content of the instructional materials to determine how to use them and how to make best use of them.

Guide learners – focus students’ attention on specific things to attend while viewing, listening or reading the materials

Evaluation results – check students’ reactions and consider your own reaction to the instructional aids.

General Guidelines in Using Educational Technologies

1. Do not overcrowd.2. Be consistent in format, layout and conventions3. Use a appropriate typefaces and point uses4. Use bold and italics for emphasis, but do not overuse them5. Use titles, headings, and sub-headings to clarify and guide6. Use numbers to direct through sequences7. Use graphics and illustrations to reinforce ideas8. Use symbols and icons as identifying markers9. Use color/audio/music to stimulate but not to overpower, the

senses10. Produce the materials with technical excellence, good quality,

good audio, clear etc.

Ten Commandments in Creating Learning /Presentation Materials

DALE’s CONE OF EXPERIENCE

Distance education refers to an organized instructional program in which teachers and learners are physically separated.

1. Synchronous distance education refers to situations where teacher and students meet at the same time but in different places, as in live video broadcast or an audio teleconference.

2. Asynchronous distance education refers to circumstances where both time and places are different.

3. Hybrid courses are courses that combine the elements of face-to-face teaching and learning with elements of distance education.

Integration of Distance Education to Support Teaching and Learning

Consider the goal , learner characteristics, the learning , and performance context, objectives, and assessment requirements

Review the instructional analysis and identify logical grouping of objectives that will be taught in appropriate sequences

Plan the learning components that will be used in the instruction

Choose the most effective student groupings for learning Specify effective media and materials that are within the

range of cost, convenience, and practicality for the learning context.

Considerations And Decision To Select The Best Delivery System

In evaluating instructional resources, several question you should ask yourself are important, regardless of the type of resource you are considering:

1. Does the content match the curriculum?2. Is the content accurate, up to date , and appropriate

for the students?3. Do the materials teach and/or reinforce learning

effectively?4. Do these resources enhance instruction?

Evaluating Instructional Resources

5. Is the resources easy for the teacher and students to use?

6. Are the materials of high quality technically?

7. Is the use of this resource practical for my teaching setting ( cost, needed equipment, ect.)

Evaluating Instructional Resources

Tutor – the computer possesses the information and controls the learning environment.

Tool – the computer is used to assist or act as tool in the learning environment.

Tutee – the student possesses the information and controls the learning environment.

Robert Taylor’s Trichotomy of 3’s of Computer

Internet – is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard IP- (Internet Protocol)

Internet and World Wide Web are not synonymous.

Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wire, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections etc.

Web is a connection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. (Uniform Resource Locator)

INTERNET

Website – is a collection of web pages, images, videos and other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s) usually accessible via the internet, cell phone or a LAN.

Web page is a document typically written in HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) that is almost always accessible to HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).

Web design is a process of conceptualization, planning, modeling and execution of electronic media content delivery via internet in the form of Mark up language suitable for interpretation by Web browser and display as Graphical User Interface (GUI).

INTERNET

Major Stages in Web Designing

1. Site definition and planning2. Information architecture3. Site design4. Site construction5. Site marketing6. Tracking, evaluations and maintenance

DESIGNING A WEB SITE

Include essential elements on each page

Use appropriate navigational aids Keep page length short Use appropriate text fonts and styles Use color appropriately Keep graphics small.

Design Principles

Synchronous communication ◦ simultaneous group learning in “real tine”

synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and information with one or more participants during the same period of time.

Asynchronous communication◦ learning at any time and at any place of your choice.

Asynchronous – participants may engage in the exchange

of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants involvement at the same time.

ON LINE COMMUNICATIONS

Broadcast CopyPrintComputerTelephoneSatellite

SIX (6) Categories of Delivery System

1. Use mixed case. Upper case looks as if you are shouting.2. Limit humor or sarcasm because this may misinterpret

the writer.3. Respond only to messages applicable to your topic.4. Do not abuse your power.5. Respect other people’s privacy.6. Never send chain letter via electronic mail.7. Check all your mail before responding to a message.8. Respect the copyright on material that you produce.9. Use smiley to indicate tone of voice, but use them

sparingly.

NETIQUETTEEtiquette for Good Behavior Online

In law, Intellectual property rights (IPR) is an umbrella term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain names, written and recorded media and inventions. The holders of these legal entitlements may exercise various exclusive rights in relation to the subject mater of the IP.

copyright – may subsist in creative and artistic works (e.g. books, movies, music, paintings, photographs and software) and giv e a copyright holder the exclusive right to control, reproduce or adaptation of such works for a certain period of time.

patent – may be granted for a new, useful , and non-obvious invention and gives the patent holder a right to prevent others from practicing the invention without a license from the inventor for a certain period of time.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

trademark – is distinctive sign which is used to distinguish the products or services of different businesses.

Industrial design right – protects the form of appearance style or design of an industrial object (spare parts, furniture, or textiles)

trade secret – is a secret non-public information concerning the commercial practices or proprietary knowledge of a business, public disclosure of which may sometimes be illegal.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

1. Which of the following statement does NOT describe educational technology?a. it is a profession composed of various job categories.b. it refers to the efficiency of teachers in using computerc. it includes audiovisual materials, interactive multimedia and self- instructional materials.d. it is the development , application, and evaluation of system , techniques and aids to improve human learning.

ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

2. Which group of technologies has the highest degree of abstraction?a. book, imaginative literature, programmed instructionb. digital video, film, versatile compact disc.c. video, picture and television.d. realia and computers


3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of real objects and models in teaching and learning?a. they are more concreteb. they pose problem storage.c. they provide hands- on earning experiences.d. they are readily available in the environment, around school, and in the home.


4. Ms. Deleon , a fresh graduate teacher was hired to teach in an elementary school where there are enough resources for instruction . The principal asked her to start preparing her instructional materials. Which of the following processes would you suggest her in using educational technology?a. design – utilization - evaluating – development.b. design – development – utilization – evaluating c. development - design – utilization – evaluating.d. development – utilization – evaluation – design.


5. Mr. Samson is planning to integrate the use of technology in his Science class. Which of the following would be his second step?a. set the objectivesb. analyze the learnersc. utilize the materials with showmanshipd. evaluate the performance of the students


6. Which of the following should. Ms. Melina primarily consider in determining her teaching – learning objectives and use of instructional media?a. the learnerb. the teacherc. instructional activityd. instructional strategy


7. Which is the best reason why teachers state the objectives before using instructional media?a. to be able to practice how to operate the equipment.b. to determine which media to use bestc. to prepare the material beforehand.d. to secure available materials.


8. Ms. Flores is thinking of an educational technology that can relay information clearly her class. Which principle will guide her in the selection of the material?

a. Interestb. Meaningfulnessc. Cost effectivenessd. Communication effective


9. Ms. Estrella presented real samples of rocks when she discussed the different forms of rocks. What principle in the selection of instructional material did she apply?

a. Interestb. Authenticityc. Cost effectivenessd. Responsiveness


10. Which is an incorrect statement about the contribution of technology to the learning process?

a. The quality of learning can be improvedb. The delivery of instruction can be more interestingc.The role of the teacher can be changed into a

demonstrator

d. The method of teaching and learning process becomes more interactive


11. With the pervasiveness of technologies nowadays, learner-centered instructions can be promoted. Which of the following statements support this approach to teaching?

I. It focuses on transformation of facts.II. It supports the use of lecture and drill methods

III. It gives emphasis on collaboration and authentic assessment IV. Students work on tasks determined and controlled by the

teacher.a. I and II onlyb. I and III onlyc. II and IV onlyd. III and IV only


12. Ms. Santiago’s students use cooperative learning inquiry based and project-learning approaches in creating their digital unit plans. What can be developed among the learners through these approaches?

a. Repetition and active learningb. Repetition and information deliveryc. Information processing and active learningd. Construction of knowledge and information

exchange.


13. Which of these technologies are arranged from the most symbolic to multisensory?

a. Real objects, print, audio-visual materials and visual materials

b. Visual materials, audio-visual materials, print and computers

c. Visual materials, print, audio-visual materials and realia

d. Print, audio-visual materials, and computers


14. Which of the following is inappropriate in using printed visuals such as charts, graphs and drawings?

a. Provide written or verbal cues to highlight important aspects of visuals

b. Allow students to pass the materials from one person to another

c. Use materials that everyone can seed. Presented material one at a time


15. Mr. Manio would like to use audiocassette tape in teaching a lesson in English, in which activity is audiocassette very effective in the teaching-learning process?

a. In developing listening skillsb. In teaching creative writingc. It composing poemsd. In building concepts


16. Rose is going to discuss about the ADDIE Model to big class. She is planning to use a technology by which parts of her presentation could be partly hidden to make it more exciting, and interesting. What do you think shall she use?

a. Modelb. Realiac. Transparencyd. Video


17. Mr. Bernal’s lesson is EPP is about “Pagtatanim ng halaman.” How can he make his lesson more interesting and meaningful?

a. Have a viewing activity about the lessonb. Have them read their EPP bookc. Give them a collaborative work

d. Let them listen to a gardener


18. Mariel wants to make presentation materials wherein more additional transparent sheets with information can be placed over a base transparency. Which one should she make?

a. Cut-outb. Puppetc. Silhouetted. Overlay


19. Self-made charts and illustrations serve as universal aid for bringing fascinating and exciting experiences in the classroom. To tap the optimum potentials of these materials, which of the following should be avoided?

a. Giving due consideration to letteringb. Presenting materials with accurate factsc. Giving more importance to austerity over legibilityd. Focusing on the main idea of the lesson presented


20. Mr. Santos will have a PowerPoint presentation in his science class. All except one should be taken into consideration. Which is an exception?

a. Consider technical qualityb. Apply different computer effects per slidec. Present information through graphic

organizersd. Use contrasting colors for the text and

background


21. Ms. Sison would like to integrate technology in writing a friendly letter. Which of the following is the more effective way of doing it?

a.Let the pupils surf a friendly letter from the internetb. Have the pupils write a friendly letter and send it

through the emailc.Have the pupils forward a downloaded friendly letter to

others via emaild. Let the pupils write a friendly letter using word

processing and have it critiqued by their peers.


22. Which of the following computer-based instructional materials can be used to learn new concepts?

a. Gamesb. Tutorialc. Simulationd. Drill and practice


23. Ms. Francisco would like to create a presentation material for her lesson on the type of computer-assisted instruction. To make her presentation effective, which tool should she use?

a. Communicative toolb. Informative toolc. Productivity toold. Situating tool


24. Prof. de Guzman is thinking of an online learning approach by which content provides links to information at other location and gives as a focal point for a distance education experience. Which of the following should he use?

a. Computer-aided instructionb. Web-based instructionc. Self-paced programd. Teleconferencing


25. Which is not a basic consideration in selecting and evaluating the content of an educational technology tool?

a. Will it motivate and maintain interest?b. Is there evidence of its effectiveness?c. Can it be easily dismantled?d. Does it match the content?


1. Which is the most important reason why teachers preview materials to be used in class?

a. To gain confidence in using them.b. To encourage viewers to be more focused.c. To avoid potential problems that might occurs

while materials are in use.d. To ensure appropriateness of the materials with

the objectives and target audience.

ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS


2. After Ms. Flores planned her lesson in English, she found out that the materials at hand do not match her objectives. Which is the best thing that she can do?

a. Modify the available materials.b. Teach the lesson the following day.c. Change the objectives to match with the available

materials.d. Carry out the lesson as planned and used the materials

at hand.

3. Prof. Balagtas used worksheets, manipulative and models in teaching math to help her students understand the lesson and love the subject. What did she bear in mind when she used these materials?

a. Appropriate c. Breadth b. Balance d. Variety


4. With the increasing use of educational technology inside the classroom, what role is expected of the teacher?

a. Facilitatorb. Researcherc. Knowledge giverd. Source of information


5. Whish of the following technologies provide iconic experiences?

a. Videos and computerb. Books and periodicalsc. Radio and audio materialsd. Printed and verbal symbols


6. There are several reasons why teachers are reluctant in using electronic media in the teaching –learning process. Which is the most common reason?

The limited exposure of teachers to new equipment.

Their incompatibility to diverse needs of the learners.

The difficulty in integrating technology in the curriculum.

The excessive availability of local technology in the community


7. There are countless things in the environment that you and your students can use to learn from such as trees, globes, pebbles, blocks etc. These real objects and models are really effective if they are utilized properly. Which of the following is incorrect about the use of real objects and models?

a. Familiarize yourself with the object or models.b. Allow passing of a single object around the class.c. Encourage students’ participation through questioning.d. Make sure that objects/models are large enough to be

seen by the whole class.


8. It is impractical to bring real objects to the classroom so Aaron constructed a three- dimensional visual instead. Which of the following did he construct?

a. Cartoonb. Chartc. graphicd. model


9. You asked your students to illustrate what they have understood from what they have read. Which of the following non-projected visuals are you referring to?

a. Print materialsb. Graphicsc. models d. realias


10. Prof. Santiago uses projected visuals such as overhead projector (OHP) in presenting her lesson. What could be her main reason in using such an educational technology?

a. The projected materials are readily available.b. They are more abstract than any other visuals.c. Most projected visuals can be obtained at no cost.d. She can easily prepare her own transparencies in

advance.


11. Mrs. Santos used in film clip in teaching science concepts to her Grade Six class. However, she found put that it was ineffectively used in the classroom. When technology is considered ineffective?

a. When it promotes mastery the lesson.b. When it makes viewing more interesting.c. When it helps attain the objectives of the lesson.d. When it induces alienation on the part of the learners.


12. Your department would like to purchase a computer set as your project. Which of the following advantages of computer will be the least consideration in purchasing this technology?

a. It can enhance the teaching and learning process.b. It can be used for interactive presentation.c. It can be used for research activity.d. It can be used for entertainment.


13. Computers can be classified according to the roles they play namely communicative tool, informative tool, and constructive tool. What is the other role of computes in the options below?

Instructional tool c. Utility tool

Situating tool d. Application tool


14. Which of the following categories of CAI will you use in your class if your objective is to increase proficiency in a newly learned skill or refresh an existing one?

a) Tutorial c. Simulationb) Drill and practice d.

Instructional game


15. Which of the following is an ineffective use of presentation software?

a. Darken the roomb. Use appropriate pacingc. Read directly from the slides d. Allow interaction with the learner


16. Which of the following is NOT an example of communicative tool?

a. Multimedia encyclopediab. Teleconferencingc. Electronic maild. Chat

17. Why is one-way delivery of information a misuse of communication tools?

a. Because the teacher experts the student to study moreb. Because it requires activities that focus on thinking

than respondingc. Because it enables the users to focus more on higher

level cognitive activitiesd. Because this kind of practice lessens instruction

capabilities of communication tools


18. Internet consists of thousands of connected computer networks around the world. Which term does NOT refer to internet?

a. NETb. On-linec. “Cyberspace”d. “Information Superhighway”


19. Which technology tool can Prof. Iringan use to communicate asynchronously with your classmates?

a) Chat and blog b) Chat and instant messagingc) Blog and video conferencingd) d. Electronic bulletin board and email


20. In your computer subject, you allow your class to chat as a part of your motivation before discussing them the roles of computer as a tool. How is chat used in this context?

a.Informative tool c. Application toolb.Communicative tool d. Situating tool


21. Your mother wanted to finish her long dreamed course but she wanted to do it at home during her free time. How could you help your mother in pursuing her dream?

a. Encourage her to hire a helper so that she can attend regularly to her class.

b. Give up your study so that your mother can attend her classes.

c. Enroll her to the school where you enrolled.d. Enroll her in distance education.


22. Which statement is incorrect about computer conferencing?

a.It refers to live student interaction with an expert.b. It is also known as discussion forum or bulletin board.c.It also refers to online class discussion, forums or

debates.d.It permits two or more individuals to engage in

asynchronous text-based dialogue.


23. Which instructional tool application will you introduce to your class if your objective is to help them find and use information resources available in the internet?

a.Web questsb. Hybrid coursec. Scavenger Huntd. Distance education


24. MaryRose is looking for an organized instructional program in which the teacher and learners can be physically separated. Which of the following will she choose?

a. Distance educationb. Uniform source locatorc. Web Questsd. Computer – Based Instruction


25. You were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of an instructional game after using it in teaching a lesson in high school science. Which of the following should you avoid?

a. Present problems which are relevant to learning objectives.

b. Allow learners to select different content materials.c. Provide a cooperative learning atmosphere.d. Provide a scoring system.


Key to Correction 1. B 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. B. 8. D. 9. B. 10. C. 11. B. 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. C 18. D 19. C 20. B 21. D 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. C

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