EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868The Tokugawa The Tokugawa

ShogunateShogunate

Feudal Feudal SocietySocietyFeudal Feudal SocietySociety

The emperor The emperor reigned, but did reigned, but did not always rule!not always rule!

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan:Japan:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service. Japan:Japan:

Shogun

Daimyo Daimyo

Samurai Samurai Samurai

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Shoen

Land - Shoen

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Code of Code of BushidoBushidoCode of Code of BushidoBushido

* Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

* Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

King

Lord Lord

Knight Knight Knight

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Fief

Land - Fief

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Code of Code of ChivalryChivalryCode of Code of ChivalryChivalry

* Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

* Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

European knightEuropean knight Samurai WarriorSamurai Warrior

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Knight’s ArmorKnight’s Armor Samurai ArmorSamurai Armor

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism

A Japanese variation of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, which came from India through China.

It reinforced the Bushido values of mental and self-discipline.

将軍 Shogun :• Literally, “military

commander”

• De Facto ruler of Japan

• Nominally appointed by emperor (emperor is more of a spiritual leader, like the Pope in Europe)

Special rights:Controlled the Daimyo with

favors and land grants

大名 Daimyō:• powerful landholding elite

• Direct control of the land and the peasants that lived there

侍 Samurai:• Literally, “one who serves”

• 1/15 of the total population

• Bound by code of ethics known as bushido

Special rights:dai-sho 大小 two swords (large

and small)kirisute-gomen 切捨て御免 right

to cut down offending commoners without rebuke

seppuku 切腹 right to ritual suicide (self-evisceration)

Farmers & Peasants:

• More than 80% of total population

• Taxed 40-50% of the crops they produced.

• Forbidden access to all recreation and games other than local festivals.

• Required to provide labor for public works upon demand (construction of roads, bridges, etc.)

Townspeople and Merchants:

• Lifestyles were strictly governed by laws dictating what they could wear, where they could live, size of home, etc.

• Major commercial centers emerge.• Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron. • Kyoto - textiles, pottery.

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Osaka CastleOsaka Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Warwick Castle, EnglandWarwick Castle, England

•1453 Portuguese traders and Christian missionaries arrive, strengthening ties with the outside world.

Francis Xavier

Jesuit missionary

Brings Christianity to Japan 1549

17th century Japanese Bible

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Grasps power after a decisive battle at Sekigahara on October 21, 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun by the emperor and

establishes the Tokugawa Tokugawa shogunateshogunate

Capital city moves to Ieyasu’s

domain of Kanto,

capital city established

at Edo (modern-day

Tokyo)

参勤交代

Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate attendance system):

Suppressed possibility of rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in Edo as hostages)

Economic costs of travel on daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies

Sankin kotai (alternate attendance system) 参勤交代

Social Changes

• Once Japan was stable, Tokugawa authorities pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government officials.

• As they lost their place in society, many of the ruling elite fell into financial difficulty.

• Their principal income came from rice collected from peasant cultivators.

• Many of them fell into poverty.• Merchants in Japan became increasingly wealthy and

prominent.• Japanese cities flourished.• Rice dealers, pawnbrokers and merchants soon controlled

more wealth than the ruling elites.

New social roles for samurai during the great Tokugawa peace

• Teachers of schools of swordsmanship• Teachers • Poets, scholars, writers• Buddhist monks• Government posts -- civil administration

The Three Entertainments

•kabuki

•sumo

•Yoshiwara pleasure districts

Christian Missions

• In 1549, the Jesuit Francis Xavier traveled to Japan and opened a mission.

• Several powerful daimyo adopted Christianity and ordered their subjects to do so.

• By the 1580’s about 150,000 Japanese had converted to Christianity.

• Tokugawa shoguns restricted European access to Japan for fear Christianity might allow for alliances between daimyo and Europeans.

• Buddhist and Confucian scholars resented Christian conviction that their faith was the only true faith.

• Christian converts became frustrated that they could not become priests or play leadership roles in the missions.

Anti-Christian Campaign

• In 1612, shoguns began rigorous enforcement of decrees putting a halt to Christian missions.

• They tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave as well as Japanese Christians who refused to abandon their faith.

• They often executed victims by crucifixion or burning at the stake.

• By the late 17th century, the anti-Christian campaign had claimed tens of thousands of lives.

Control of Foreign Relations

•Shogun fears that Christian Europeans might cause serious problems by making alliances with Christian daimyo and supplying them with weapons.

Control of Foreign Relations During the 1630’s, the shoguns:

• forbade Japanese from going abroad,

• prohibited the construction of large ships,

• expelled Europeans from Japan,

• prohibited foreign merchants from trading in Japanese ports,

• controlled trade with Asian lands,

• permitted only small numbers of Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade in Nagasaki.

Control of Foreign Relations

During the Tokugawa period, Japan carried on a flourishing trade with China, Korea, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands.

Dutch merchants brought news of European and larger world affairs.

Social and Economic Change• Economy actually improves!

• Increased agricultural production

• New methods of water control and irrigation

• Use of fertilize increased rice yields

• Production of cotton, silk, indigo, and sake increased.

• Move from subsistence farming to market production.