focusEditorialAs part of its environment and climate action funding programme, the European Commission is co-financing a consortium of European training centres, associations and universities partnering with the IIR to provide “train the trainer” sessions on refrigerants with low

global warming potential (hydrocarbons, CO2, ammonia, HFOs, R32) in order to ensure safely, efficiently, reliably and cost-effectively use.

The so-called Real Alternatives for Life project, which extends and updates the previous Real Alternatives project, is funded by the LIFE programme, an EU's funding instrument for environment and climate action.

The objective is to develop new training material and introduce a range of practical exercises that will be promoted through events and conferences. Courses will be conducted in 13 languages and 15 countries are involved in the project: United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Spain, Romania, Denmark, Portugal and Turkey. The project was launched in June 2017.

The IIR is pleased to participate in this project by providing the support of its information channels and the opportunities created by the conferences and events organised by the IIR in Europe. The training of refrigeration technicians is currently a major issue because of the need to introduce and develop the use of refrigerants that are different from “traditional” HCFCs and HFCs, which may incur various risks.

Feel free to visit the www.realalternatives.eu website to share your comments!

Didier Coulomb,Director General of the IIR

Dans le cadre de son programme de financement sur l'environnement et le climat, la Commission européenne cofinance un consortium d'associations, d'universités et de centres de formation européens en partenariat avec l'IIF, afin d’organiser des sessions de formation des formateurs sur les frigorigènes à faible potentiel de réchauffement planétaire (hydrocarbures, CO2, ammoniac, HFO, R32). L’objectif étant d’assurer une utilisation sûre, efficace, fiable et rentable de ces frigorigènes.

Baptisé Real Alternatives for Life, ce projet qui vient compléter et actualiser un projet précédent (Real Alternatives), est financé par le programme LIFE, un instrument

Heat pumps are recognised as an efficient technology to produce heat, thanks to their ability to recover waste heat. Consequently, their use effectively contributes to the reduction of the greenhouse emissions. Also, heat pumps can be driven by renewable energy sources like solar thermal or PV, which makes them more attractive for integration in buildings. The replacement of conventional heating systems in buildings and industries is playing a greater role in the strategies adopted by most developed, emerging and developing countries, and it is the focus of the new developments.

The aim of Commission E2 is to promote and enhance scientific and technological knowledge in heat pump and energy recovery fields through various activities such as the organisation or co-sponsoring of international conferences, and the publication of books and Informatory Notes. Commission E2 includes 51 experts from 24 IIR member countries.Since the last IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, Commission E2 has participated in 2 IIR conferences and 5 IIR-co-sponsored conferences.

One of the latest conferences was the 12th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural

Activities of IIR’s Commission E2 on “Heat Pumps and Energy Recovery”

de financement en faveur de l’action environnementale et climatique.

Il a pour objectif de développer le contenu de cours et exercices et de les promouvoir grâce à l’organisation d’événements et de conférences. Les cours seront édités en 13 langues et 15 pays sont impliqués : Royaume-Uni, France, Allemagne, Italie, Belgique, Pologne, République tchèque, République Slovaque, Espagne, Roumanie, Danemark, Portugal et Turquie. Le projet a débuté en juin 2017.

L’IIF est heureux de participer à ce projet en apportant l’appui de ses canaux d’information et les opportunités créées par les conférences et événements de l’IIF en Europe. La formation des techniciens en froid est un enjeu majeur actuellement, du fait de la nécessité d’introduire et de développer l’usage de frigorigènes différents des HCFC et HFC « habituels » pouvant présenter divers risques.

Visitez le site consacré au projet www.realalternatives.eu afin d’y partager vos commentaires !

Didier CoulombDirecteur Général de l’IIF

Refrigerants, which took place in Edinburgh, United Kingdom, on August 21-24, 2016 and was attended by 264 delegates, with 147 papers presented. Among the different sessions scheduled, those more related to the topics of E2 Commission were: effective use of heat pumps, energy efficiency, CHP and trigeneration, high-temperature heat pumps, and sorption systems. A joint E1 and E2 commission business meeting was held during this conference to inform commission members about the ongoing activity plan. One of the recent conferences co-sponsored by Commission E2 was the 12th IEA Heat Pump Conference - Rethink Energy, Act NOW! - held at the World Trade Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, on May 15-18, 2017. This conference was attended by 565 participants from 34 countries that presented 264 papers. It is worth mentioning the high participation of the members of the Commission in the conference. Relevant IIR members were distinguished with the Ritter Von Rittinger Award, which promotes achievements in heat pump technologies. Congratulations to Prof. Eckhard Groll (president of Commission B2), Prof. Alberto Cavallini (former President of the Scientific Council of the IIR), and Prof. Per Lundqvist (former president of Commission E2).

Forthcoming IIR events involving Commission E2 include the ISHPC2017, the International Sorption Heat Pump Conference 2017 which will be held in Tokyo, Japan, on August 7-10, 2017, the 9th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants in Bratislava, Slovakia, in September 2017, and the 13th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (Natural refrigerant solutions for warm climate countries), which will be held in Valencia, Spain, on June 18-20, 2018. Recently, two IIR Informatory Notes have been published: one on Solar Cooling prepared by Prof. Renato Lazzarin and the other on Cogeneration/Trigeneration, by Prof. Michel Feidt, both members of the E2 Commission. Another IIR Informatory Note on Simultaneous Heating and Cooling heat pumps is in preparation.

Dr. Alberto CoronasPresident of the IIR’s Commission E2

Dr. Alberto Coronas

newsPast events The IIR held its annual statutory meetings

in Paris on June 14-16, 2017. Among the projects discussed were: the upgrade of IIR IT systems (including the website), the promotion of the electronic services of the International Journal of Refrigeration, and the organisation of exhibitions dedicated to refrigeration in scientific museums in IIR member countries. The preparations for the IIR Congress in 2019 in Montreal were presented. A vote was organised to determine the location of the next Congress in 2023: it will be organised in Paris (France) in August 2023.

Ina Colombo, the IIR Deputy General Director and Secretary of the new CaRe IIR Working Group presented the outcomes of the "Women In Refrigeration" research paper during the Kigali Amendment - Vienna Talks organised by UNIDO in Vienna (Austria) on June 14, 2017. During the session chaired by Gratiela Tarlea, Vice President of the CaRe WG, it was demonstrated that women are significantly under-presented in the refrigeration industry. Initiatives to engage with minority groups, including women, were also discussed. Find more: http://bit.ly/Twit-UNIDO-NL71 ; Women in Refrigeration paper: http://bit.ly/Women-Refrigeration-NL71

Centro Studi Galileo, supported by UNEP and the IIR, held a conference in Milan, Italy, on June 9-10, 2017. In conjunction with this conference, the University of Genoa organised another conference in June 12-13 in Genoa, also supported by the IIR. The aim of these conferences was to deliver information and present papers on all the important current issues regarding refrigeration, such as the phase down of hydrofluorocarbons, improved energy efficiency, and the cold chain for food products. The Director General of the IIR delivered various lectures and chaired sessions. More: http://www.centrogalileo.it/

On June 7, 2017, Graciela Alvarez, President of the IIR Working Group FRISBEE International represented the IIR in a session entitled “Is Cooling Food Better for the Climate?” during the EDD2017 in Brussels (Belgium). See the pictures of the session: http://bit.ly/EDD2017-NL71

The 1st International Congress of Innovation for a Sustainable Development took place in Lima (Peru) on May 29-30, 2017. It essentially focused on food issues. The Director General of the IIR was invited to deliver a lecture on “Sustainability and the Cold Chain: Food Security and Safety, Energy and Environmental Issues”.

The IIR co-sponsored conference on heat pumps, organised by the IEA-Heat Pump Programme took place in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, on May 15-17, 2017. Awards were given to IIR distinguished members (see “Focus”).

The IIR 14th Cryogenics Conference took place in Dresden, Germany, on May 15-19, 2017. Sessions on cryogenics in particle physics, superconductivity, hydrogen and helium, cryocoolers and cooling cycles, cryobiology and cryotherapy, liquefied natural gas, thermodynamic properties and components, rare gases, and separation and cryogenic energy storage were held, including 43 papers and 29 posters. The EU-funded Cryohub project was also promoted. More: see “Technology” section”.

On May 12-13, 2017, the IIR attended ClimaMed2017, the HVAC Mediterranean Congress that took place in Matera, Italy. This year’s well-attended event was on the specific topic of retrofitting historical buildings in the Mediterranean area. http://bit.ly/ClimaMed-NL71

The IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies took place on May 10-13, 2017 in Ohrid, FYR Macedonia, where 43 papers were presented. A workshop on Supersmart, the European project on energy efficiency in supermarkets, was held, and the General Assembly of the consortium of the project met there. UNEP also organised a seminar with its ozone officers of Eastern European and Central Asian countries. More: see “Technology” section”

The 5th IIR conference on Thermodynamic Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants (TPTPR2017) took place on April 20-23, 2017, in Seoul, South Korea. 84 papers, including 6 keynotes, were presented during this successful event. More: see “Technology” section”

China Refrigeration 2017 took place in Shanghai on April 11-14. It was, as usual, the biggest exhibition in Eastern Asia. The IIR shared a booth with the Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR). The UNEP and EPEE organised side events during the exhibition. The CAR also celebrated its 40th Anniversary in May 2017.

With UNEP and ASHRAE, the IIR co-organised a conference in Bangkok (Thailand) on April 6-8, 2017 entitled “Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors”. We discussed the way to implement the phase-out of HCFCs, the phase-down of HFCs, and the replacement solutions; the issue is relatively complex because of the constraints on ships and the issue of the responsibility of vessels. More: see “Refrigerant news” section”

Upcoming eventsIIR events

The 9th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors

2017, on September 6-8, 2017, in Bratislava (Slovakia), will provide an international meeting place for knowledge exchange. There’s still time to register.

New! Following the success of the 2016 event in Auckland (New Zealand), the 5th IIR Conference

on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2018) will take place in Beijing (China) on April 6-8, 2018. This prestigious biennial conference attracts international audiences and provides an opportunity to showcase cutting-edge developments in sustainability, retail refrigeration and the cold chain. Call for abstracts ends September 30.

New! Now the twelfth in the ser ies, the 12th I IR

Conference on Phase-change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (PCM2018) will take place in Orford, Quebec (Canada) on May 21-23, 2018 and will bring together scientists, researchers and key stakeholders from industry to exchange on the latest developments in the field. Call for abstracts ends September 8.

New! The 13th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refr igerants

(GL2018), to take place on June 18-20, 2018 in Valencia (Spain), invites experts to address critical issues on the future of the phase-down of HFCs and to present and discuss their research on the quest for new and more sustainable solutions with natural fluids. Call for abstracts ends July 17.

New! Hosted by the IOR, the first ever IIR International Conference on the Applicat ion of HFO

Refrigerants will be held in Birmingham (UK) on September 2-5, 2018. The three-day conference will provide a focus for global experience on the use of low flammable A2L refrigerants, encompassing the new generation of HFO refrigerants. Call for abstracts ends October 2.

Discounts on IIR conference registration fees

IIR Members receive a discount on IIR conference registration fees equaling up to a one-year IIR private membership from a paid-up Member Country.

IIR co-sponsored conferences With a broader scope touching on comparable

technologies, such as adsorption heat pump/refrigerators, a quarter of a century later the International Sorption Heat Pump Conference 2017 (ISHPC2017) will again be held in Tokyo (Japan) on August 7-10, 2017. Registration open. The 10th International Conference on

Compressors and their Systems to take place on September 11-13, 2017, in London (United Kingdom), will include a full industry day dedicated exclusively to topics of high importance to industry. Registration open.Please consult our Conference Calendar on the last page for details on upcoming IIR events.

Other events

Come and visit the IIR at the Inter-Professional Refrigeration and Applications Trade Show - SIFA 2017 in Paris (France) on October 3-5, 2017. Focused on the agri-food sector, SIFA 2017 is an international trade show dedicated to concrete issues on refrigeration, air conditioning and thermodynamics. Order your free pass at www.expo-sifa.com.

Briefs During the IIR Science and

Technology meeting on June 15, 2017, a new IIR Working Group (WG) “Whole-body c r y o t h e r a p y o r cryostimulation” was officialised. Set up on the initiative of Jacques Guilpart, Delegate of France, and chaired by Pr. Benoit Dugué from the University of Poitiers, the

members of this new WG had an online launch meeting on May 2, 2017. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) is a method that exposes a patient to very low temperature (so-called “extreme cold”) for a short time (2 to 4 minutes) in a specialised cold chamber. This method is used to induce physiological and psychological benefits. The objective of this Working Group is to develop connections between scientists, technicians and engineers working on WBC. One of the first objectives will be to prepare an Informatory Note. A web page dedicated to this new WG will be set up on the IIR website shortly. This WG is open to both low-temperature refrigeration and medical experts, in particular IIR members.

The IIR D2 Sub-Commission CERTE on Test Stations (Refrigerated Transport) – chaired by Eric Devin – held its annual meeting on April 26-27, 2017 in Madrid, Spain. There were 22 participants including representatives from 10 ATP test stations and Transfrigoroute International. Discussions focused on liquefied gas systems, drop-in refrigerants, modifications and harmonisation of test reports, calorimeter box requirements and multi-temperature/multi-compartment equipment. CERTE will set up official recommendations to be presented at the next UNECE WP11 session in October.

ICR2015 indexed in ScopusSince 2014, the IIR has started to index IIR conferences/congress papers in Scopus. We are

Pr. Benoit Dugué

glad to announce that all 2016 IIR conferences have been indexed in Scopus, including the ICR2015. If you would like to check if your ICR2015 congress paper has been indexed, please try the following instructions:- Go to http://www.scopus.com/, insert 01511637 in the search engine box for the ISSN.- Select 2015 to restrict the search. - Select the wanted article and press on “View at Publisher” or “Full Text” to be able to download the article through Fridoc. University libraries generally have a subscription agreement with Scopus that allows students and staff members to access Scopus free of charge.

ProjectsIn addition to “Real Alternatives for Life” (see Editorial), the IIR is involved in several other projects:

The CryoHub EU research project on Cryogenic Energy Storage is progressing well. During our last IIR statutory meetings in June 2017, Air Liquide took the opportunity to give a presentation to the

Science and Technology Council members and an interested external audience on the economic issues and scientific challenges of cryogenic energy storage. The presentation was well attended.In September, the consortium will be meeting up for their 18-month progress meeting. This time, it will be held on September 27, 2017 via a CryoHub workshop at the IRSTEA research centre in Antony (Paris, France). More: http://bit.ly/CryoHubWorkshop1

The IIR has been appointed by the UNEP to draft “Cold Chain Briefs” that describe the different main cold chain links and related technologies focusing on refrigeration issues. Similar to our IIR Informatory Notes (INs), these dedicated Cold Chain Briefs are aimed at providing policy-makers, particularly National Ozone Officers, with objective information on the various facets of the cold chain to be taken into consideration. The aim is to disseminate these documents and to organise workshops on these topics during the Montreal Protocol meeting, which will take place in Montreal on November 20-24, 2017.

The IIR is a partner in a Joint Industry Project (JIP) on the “Evaluation of the crystallization risk in LNG production” with MINES ParisTech. The project is scheduled to begin in January 2018, for an initial duration of three years. The role of the IIR in this project will be to disseminate the research outcomes within the IIR network and to organise dedicated workshops during IIR events.

IIR member news Carrier Transicold engineless system for

refrigerated trucks IIR corporate member Carrier Transicold provides an environmentally friendly system that avoids the use of a second engine to power the refrigeration compressor of reefer units. The system is driven by a generator called Eco-Drive GenSet, which is powered by a hydraulic variable displacement pump connected to the truck’s engine by a power take-off (PTO). Thanks to the PTO, as soon as the truck engine runs, the hydraulic pump turns on. The mechanical energy of the engine is transformed into a hydraulic flow and then into mechanical energy again, to power the Eco-Drive GenSet. The Eco-Drive is composed of a hydraulic engine coupled to a generator. It is installed on the vehicle chassis. The hydraulic variable displacement pump ensures a constant flow, whatever the engine speed, providing constant power to the Eco-Drive, which provides a continual cooling capacity of up to 18,000 W to the reefer unit. The refrigerating circuits are fed by fully hermetic scroll compressors. The system can also be used on trailer trucks, in addition to a classical system where a second engine ensures refrigeration when the truck is parked or when the trailer is unhitched.The system is already commercialised in

Europe, and the British supermarket chain Tesco is currently running an 8-year trial on two reefer units. See also: http://bit.ly/Carrier-NL71

EPEE GapometerEPEE (European Partnership for Energy and the Environment), benefactor member of the IIR, is currently developing a tool to support the implementation of the European Union F-Gas Regulation: the Gapometer. The new F-gas Regulation, which entered into force in January 2015, aims at cutting the EU’s F-gas emissions by two thirds by 2030 compared with 2014 levels. To help meet these objectives, EPEE Gapometer defined a Roadmap in 2015 to establish the ways to achieve the phase-down, mostly in commercial refrigeration and stationary air conditioning and heat pumps. This Roadmap now allows comparisons with reality, thanks to data gathered to assess the potential “gap” between the objectives and what is feasible. The Roadmap showed that in new equipment as well as in existing equipment, HFC consumption had to be drastically reduced (by 50% in commercial refrigeration by 2018). High-GWP refrigerants such as R404A and R410A therefore had to be replaced by lower GWP fluids. It also included that safety codes and standards had to evolve to allow the use of these refrigerants. Leak prevention also proved to be important in reducing HFC consumption.The results collected today from different surveys allow for the verification of the Roadmap’s assumptions and the identification of its weak spots: the percentage of R410A in new small split air conditioner actually diminishes F-gas emissions and follows the previsions of the Gapometer. Nevertheless, market research predictions (dated 2016) estimate that the reduction will move slower in the next years, compared to Roadmap estimates (i.e. reduction by more than 80% in 2022 vs. the market research projection of a reduction of less than 70%). As for retrofits, surveys show that they kick off too slowly compared to the Roadmap.According to Andrea Voigt, EPEE Director General, “The Gapometer roadmap shows that it is feasible to achieve the phase-down, but it will be very challenging, in particular in 2018 and 2021”. http://bit.ly/EPEE-NL71

The IIR is delighted to welcome the following members: Corporate members: Apina SA., Spain.Private members:Emma Arapetian, Ukraine; Judith Evans, UK; Chris Gibbons, New Zealand; Carsten Jensen, Denmark; Rachid Mahrouche, Canada; Chris Meeuwissen, Australia; Rusu Mihai, Romania; Pascal Roussel, France; Rajagopal Saravanan, India; Kristina N. Widell, Norway.Junior members: Anja Beate Andersen, Norway; Miguel Gabal, Spain; Kyle Gracias, India; Hakon Selvnes, Norway; Luis Diego Fonseca, USA; Limei Shen, China; Svetoslav Vlashki, Bulgaria.

In the newsMarkets and figures World heat pump market

According to BSRIA, the 2016 global air-to-water (ATW) heat pump market was evaluated at USD 4.117 million. This represents an increase of 24% from the previous year. In volume terms, heat pump suppliers sold almost 3 million units across the globe. China is the engine of this growth, with 2.5 million ATW heat pumps units sold in 2016. In Europe, the sales of ATW heat pumps went up 6.3% to 405,000 units, following the 13% growth recorded in 2015. France continues to lead the European market for ATW heat pumps with 168,000 units sold. www.bsria.com

World air conditioning marketThe Building Services Research and

Information Association (BSRIA) indicates in a recent study that the contraction of the global AC market slowed down in 2016 with a 2% drop in sales of AC products by volume and a 1% drop by value. This is compared to a drop of 5% in value in 2015. Market conditions by region: The global AC market was valued at USD 92.6 billion, with packaged products accounting for almost 85% of the value. In this particular sector, Asia Pacific represents the biggest market, as illustrated in this graph:

Sales of AC products in the Americas remained flat in volume in 2016, despite the Brazilian market plummeting (-46%). The European AC market grew by 13% in 2016. The MEIA (Middle East, India and Africa) region recorded a small decline in 2016 after two years of growth.Focus on split systems: Split systems represent the biggest segment of the world AC market, comprising over 80% of the market in volume terms. Among the splits, multi-splits account for 3% and variable refrigerant flow (VRF) account for 14% of the global market in 2016 in value terms.Reports on the AC market by region: http://bit.ly/BSRIA-AC-NL71.

Thanks to a partnership between the IIR and BSRIA, IIR members benefit from a 15% discount on BSRIA studies. Please contact info@iifiir.org for further information.

Global LNG figuresAccording to the International Gas Union, global LNG trade set a new record in 2016, reaching 258 million tonnes (MT). This marks an increase of 13.1 MT (+5%) from 2015. There were 18 LNG exporters, including Qatar (77.2 million tonnes per annum (MTPA)), Australia (44.3) and Malaysia (25). Australia (+15 MTPA) and the US (+2.5) had the highest export increases in 2016. Following a number of project proposals in these regions, Canada and Sub-Saharan Africa could become exporters in the coming years.There were 35 LNG importers, primarily Japan (83.3 MTPA), South Korea (33.7) and China (26.8). In Asia Pacific, LNG imports are driven by geographic isolation and gas resource scarcity. In other markets such as Europe, LNG continues to be used as a means to increase gas supply security. Global liquefaction capacity reached 339.7 MTPA (+ 11.5%). It is expected to grow by 35% by 2022. Floating storage and regasification units reached 83 MTPA in January 2017 (+12.3%).

The global LNG shipping fleet consisted of 439 vessels. There were 31 newbuilds in 2016 with an average capacity of 168,000 cubic meters. Natural gas accounts for roughly a quarter of global energy demand, of which 9.8% is supplied as LNG. IGU 2017 World LNG Report: http://bit.ly/LNG-NL71

LNG carrier Clean Vision – Courtesy of Dynagas

Refrigerant news The impact of the F-gas Regulation on

HFC pricesThe European F-gas Regulation implies a phase-down of HFCs, based on CO2 equivalents (CO2eq). This means that refrigerant producers and suppliers, operating under a quota system, are effectively able to place far more low-GWP refrigerants than higher-GWP gases on the market.It may explain why manufacturers are taking action now and raising their high-GWP refrigerant prices. Honeywell announced in April 2017 that it will exit the sale of R404A and R507 in the EU by 2018. In the same period, Mexichem announced an increase of 20% for R404A and 507, and of 15% for R134a, R410A and R407C. Following increases of 25% and 30% in April and May for R404A and R507, the manufacturer Chemours announced an increase of 50% from July 1. This represents a price increase of 225% in just three months. Other refrigerants such as R134a, R410A, R407A or R407C are also affected, with price increases of 20% in April, 10% in May, and 50% for R410A and 40% for R134a from July 1.http:/ /bit . ly/FGasImpact-NL71 http:/ /bit . ly/FGasImpact2-NL71

Establishment of R32 air conditioners In November 2012, the first air conditioner using R32 as an alternative to R410A was launched in Japan by the company Daikin. R32 has a GWP of 675 (compared to 2090 for R410A), but it is mildly flammable.The R32 air conditioners are now well-established, since Daikin reports sales of 10 million units since 2012. Daikin estimates that with the sales of all other companies included, more than 27 million HFC-32 air conditioners have been sold as of March 2017.http://bit.ly/Daikin-NL71

R290 is gaining ground in ChinaAccording to an article in the JARN issue of May, the Chinese room air conditioning sector completed a total of 19 production lines of R290 units and transformed 4 production lines of R290 compressors in 2015. Moreover, Zhong Zhifeng, vice-chief in an agency attached to China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection – told hydrocarbons21.com that he expects local manufacturers to deliver 100,000 R290-based split units this year.Moreover, Chinese manufacturer Midea recently installed some 1,060 propane-based mobile air conditioners in the dormitories at the Nanyang Vocational and Technical College in Jiaxing, in the country’s northern Zhejiang province.See http://bit.ly/Ningbo-NL71 and http://bit.ly/Midea-NL71

EU HFC emissions decreased in 2015According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), in 2015, “EU greenhouse gas emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning decreased, ending an almost exponential increase of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions since 1990”. While the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions increased by 0.5% in 2015 compared to 2014, it is important to note that the refrigeration and air conditioning sectors recorded emissions of 97 Mt CO2 eq, down 5 Mt CO2 eq from 2014.See also http://bit.ly/Cooling-Post-HFC-NL71 and http://bit.ly/EAA-NL71

Kigali amendment: ratification status updateAfter Mali, which ratified the Kigali amendment on March 31, 2017, Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia and Rwanda ratified it in May.

During the IIR-ASHRAE-UNEP Conference on Sustainable Management of Refrigeration Technologies in Marine and Off-Shore Fisheries Sectors, several speakers stressed the challenges linked to the replacement of high-GWP refrigerants under the Montreal Protocol (HCFCs) and the Kigali Amendment (HFCs) in these sectors. According to A. Cohr Pachai, about 4,360,000 vessels – including 3,182,000 in Asia – are potentially impacted. Two types of refrigerants are widely used on fishing vessels: R22 (about 70% of the existing marine systems) and ammonia.

P. De Larminat stressed that as of today, there is no satisfactory fluid to retrofit large low-temperature pumped flooded systems using R22; R404A is neither technically satisfactory nor a long-term sustainable solution. The other possible alternatives to HFCs present several major issues such as very high GWPs (e.g. R-428A), pressures that are too high (R410A and R428A), and high temperature glides. He concluded that the only practical solution is to change the systems completely, or keep R22 until their end of life.Regarding Refrigerated Sea Water (RSW) chillers, he pointed out that high-GWP fluids (R22, R404A, R134a, R410A) can be avoided; ammonia can be used at all temperature levels and is becoming dominant, except in developing countries. Some CO2 chillers are also beginning to be introduced.

Briefs Air conditioning in every NYC classroom

by 2022At the beginning of March 2017, a report published by New York City Council member Brad Lander showed that one out of every four classrooms in NYC has no air conditioning. This represents almost 11,000 classrooms with no air conditioning in more than 1,000 public schools. Students and teachers also reported that temperatures in uncooled classrooms could reach almost 38 °C, disturbing pupils’ concentration. In light of these findings, a campaign was launched to improve learning conditions.At the end of April, the city officially announced a USD 28.75 million initiative to install air conditioners in every NYC classroom over the next five years. http://bit.ly/New-York-NL71

Legionella DNA reported in 84% of US cooling towersLegionella bacteria can cause a virulent form of pneumonia that can be contracted by inhaling mist from contaminated water sources, such as cooling towers. In an article published in June 2016 in the CDC weekly paper MMWR, Laurel E. Garrison indicates that the rate of reported cases of Legionnaires’ disease increased by 286% in the US between 2000 and 2014.During the 66th Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference held in Atlanta from April 24 to 27, 2017, researchers from the CDC presented a study dealing with Legionella bacteria in cooling towers.Water from 196 cooling towers representing eight out of nine continental U.S. climate regions was analysed. Overall, live Legionella bacteria was found in 79 of them. Legionella DNA was found in 164, indicating the bacteria were either present or had been there at some point.See also the 18th IIR informatory note Evaporative Cooling and Legionella, A Risk which can be Prevented by Using Good Practices (http://bit.ly/InformatoryNote18), the MMWR article (http://bit.ly/MMWR-NL71) and http://bit.ly/Plumbing-Engineer-NL71.

Refrigerated trains to connect Russia and IranThe Russian Ministry of agriculture, in cooperation with “Russian Railways” (RZD), intends to launch refrigerated block trains between Russia and Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Belarus for export and import of agricultural and food products. Under the project, a simplified customs regime of clearance of goods will be set up. The project envisages allocation of railway routes to Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan for refrigerated block trains with cargo speeds of 550 km per day. The initiative aims to facilitate access to inexpensive products on the Russian market. http://bit.ly/Russia-Iran-NL71

Out of the ordinary Traditional Japanese refrigeration with

“snow rooms”In the region deemed “snow country” along the western side of Honshu and Hokkaido in Japan, traditional yukimuro (snow room or snow house) refrigeration methods are creating new business opportunities. Fruits and vegetables like apples, carrots and radishes, and other root vegetables are placed into plastic bags and crates and either buried under mounds of snow or kept in a snow-filled storehouse. They maintain a humidity rate of more than 90 percent, with temperatures around freezing point. While temperatures in refrigerators can fluctuate and cause food cells to go bad over time, snow rooms enjoy stable temperatures and are not affected by light or dryness. Since snow rooms have the ability to maintain and extend freshness, their produce tends to be crisper in texture, sweeter in taste, and has a less earthy aroma. http://bit.ly/Napan-Snow-NL71

Technology TPTPR2017 highlights

The following summaries refer to papers presented during the 5th IIR Conference on Thermodynamic Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants which took place on April 23-26 in Seoul, Korea.

Using hydrate slurries to increase the solar fraction of solar cooling systemsThe contribution of solar thermal energy to the final energy consumption has significantly increased in recent years. However the use of solar thermal energy to drive sorption heating/cooling systems is still less than 2% of the total installed solar thermal technology capacity. Reason for this low penetration are costs and complexity associated with limited solar fractions. In his keynote, C. Infante Ferreira stresses that thermal storage can significantly increase the solar fraction of solar driven sorption heating / cooling systems and make them more attractive. He presents the aspects that should be considered when selecting the latent heat storage for a specific solar heating and cooling application. Thermal storage systems based on pumpable hydrate slurries (particularly of CO2 or TBAB) are shown to lead to more attractive sorption based solutions. C. Infante Ferreira, Using hydrate slurries to increase the solar fraction of solar heating and cooling systemsAvailable in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Ferreira-NL71

Heat transfer characteristics of low-GWP refrigerants In their keynote, Yongchang Kim et al. present a review of various studies on the heat transfer characteristics of alternative low-GWP refrigerants R1234yf, R1234ze, R1233zd, R32, and CO2 and compare them to those of traditional refrigerants such as R134a and R410A. They conclude that these alternative refrigerants may show disadvantages such as reduced heat transfer rate, high pressure drop, and instability, but still had competitive performance compared to the existing refrigerants.Yongchan Kim et al., Research on heat transfer characteristics of low GWP refrigerantsAvailable in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Kim-NL71

Refrigerants and heat pumps for efficient use of low grade thermal efficiencyThanks to heat pumps (HPs), low grade thermal energy, such as solar energy, waste heat from industries and geothermal energy can be upgraded into high temperature heat for central heating or industrial manufacturing processes. The selection of suitable cycles and refrigerants is important for getting good performance of HPs. In their paper, R.Z. Wang et al. analyze the performance of typical refrigerants - such as R152a, R1233zd (E), R1234yf, R1234ze, R134a, R245fa, R717, R718, and R744 - and various

thermodynamic cycles for vapor compression, absorption, solid sorption and chemical HPs. A broad-spectrum diagram of HP applications is provided for different working modes.R.Z. Wang et al., Refrigerants and heat pumps for efficient use of low grade thermal efficiencyAvailable in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Wang-NL71

Ohrid conference highlightsRefrigerant charge reduction of ammonia refrigerating systems was a subject of extensive debate during the 7th IIR Ohrid Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies:

In his paper, P. Hrnjak presented recent developments in charge reduction of ammonia systems: both new unitary systems for cooling air or secondary fluid and also conventional ammonia chillers.The paper also presents a case for a small, low charge, air cooled ammonia chiller using microchannel air cooled condensers and hermetic compressor as extremely strong option for replacement of current chillers based on positive displacement compressors. P. Hrnjak, Efficient Very Low Charged Ammonia Systems. Available in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Hrnjak-NL71

R. Lamb stressed that phasing down of HFCs and regulatory requirements associated with large ammonia charges are driving the development of low charge ammonia systems. Innovation in system and component design is helping to reduce charge sizes by more than 70% when compared with pumped circulation. Developments in evaporator technology and the use of variable speed drive technology are ensuring that reduction in charge doesn’t come at the expense of efficiency. The introduction of packaged systems enables refrigeration plants to be located adjacent or close to evaporators, reducing pipework length and sizing.A. Lamb, Low Charge Packaged Amonia Refrigeration Systems. Available in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Lamb-NL71 Advancement in integrated CO2 systems was also widely discussed:

A. Hafner highlighted that integrated CO2 systems can simultaneously provide refrigeration capacities at various temperature levels as low as -50 °C, air conditioning (AC), heating and even sanitary hot water at adequate temperature levels. A further integration of advanced thermal storage devices will enable these systems to become a valuable element within smart (thermal) grids.A. Hafner, Integrated CO2 System for Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Sanitary Hot WaterAvailable in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Hafner-NL71

K. H. Kvalsvik et al. presented an integrated refrigeration and AC system with CO2 as the only working fluid for use in very hot climates (+45 °C). Based on the simulation results, its feasibility is proven. The use of ejectors is essential for the system performance at these extreme ambient temperatures, and enables an, until now, impossible application for CO2. The system achieves a similar performance compared to existing solutions applying high-GWP synthetic refrigerants. K. H. Kvalsvik et al., Integrated CO2 Refrigeration and AC Unit for Hot ClimatesAvailable in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Kvalsvik-NL71

Cryogenics2017 highlightsThe following summaries illustrate the variety of papers presented during the 14th IIR International Conference of Cryogenics in Dresden, Germany.

Prototype cryostat for offshore superconducting wind turbineJ. Sun et al. presented the testing results of a prototype cryogenic cooling system for a 10 MW superconducting generator (SCG) for

offshore wind turbines. A modular cryostat, that enables each of 48 coils in the SCG to work at cryogenic temperatures of 20 K, provides an advantage of easy transportation, installation, and maintenance in the offshore environment. The dummy coil made of copper enveloped in the cryostat could reach a temperature of 9 K after 56.5 hours. J. Sun et al., Prototype modular cryostat utilized for 10 MW offshore superconducting wind turbineAvailable in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Sun-NL71

Large-scale LH2 production with CCSAccording to D. Berstad et al. from SINTEF in Norway, liquid hydrogen (LH2) has the potential to become a global energy commodity analogous to liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the future. This will require LH2 production capacities of similar scale as for large-scale LNG plants. Natural gas is an attractive energy source for production of carbon-neutral LH2. This production will require efficient CO2 capture and storage (CCS) combined with hydrogen purification. The authors have presented an advanced and novel process concept for hydrogen separation and CO2 capture from syngas. D. Berstad et al., Cryogenic CO2 condensation and membrane separation of syngas for large-scale LH2 production.Available in Fridoc: http://bit.ly/Berstad-NL71

Data centers A review of current status of free cooling

in data centresA study* published in Applied Thermal Engineering reviews current status of the free cooling technologies in data centres. Free cooling technologies include airside economizers, waterside economizers, and heat pipe technology. Free cooling technologies permit to relieve the compressor loading of a refrigeration system. On the one hand, airside and waterside economizers rely on the ambient conditions and can be used with other systems (absorption, adsorption, or solar systems among others). It can increase their performance. On the other hand, heat pipe technologies feature interesting characteristics for data centres, because they can transfer heat at small temperature difference. The authors estimate that nowadays, cooling represents 50% of the total energy consumption in data centres. That is why free cooling technologies play essential role in partial or complete relief of compressor operation: among them, indirect airside coolers show very high efficiency and can be used in almost any climate. As for thermosiphon heat exchangers, they are quite promising for data centres free cooling, while the pulsating heat pipes can transport heat at even longer distance.*Daraghmeh H. M., Wang C.-C. “A review of current status of free cooling in datacenters”. Applied Thermal Engineering volume 114 (2017): 1224-1239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.093

Data centre in Finland recovers waste heatThe telecommunications company Ericsson operates a data centre in Kirkkonummi, southern Finland. The facility currently generates between 10,000 and 15,000 MWh of waste heat annually and it is expected to nearly double in 2017 and 2018.To recover this waste heat, Ericsson signed an agreement in November 2016 with energy company Fortum to use waste heat for district heating. The waste heat from Ericsson’s data centre actually covers about 20% of the Kirkkonummi district heat network’s annual heat demand, enough to meet the annual heating needs of about 1,000 single-family homes, thanks to a large heating network (over 800 km of pipes). Fortum will invest in two Climaveneta heat pumps, used as a primary cooling method. They will use R1234ze, a refrigerant with a very low GWP (<1). http://bit.ly/WasteHeat1-NL71 http://bit.ly/WasteHeat2-NL71

R&D A cooling system for superconducting

nanowire single-photon detectorsSingle-photon detectors have many applications, such as optical quantum computing or ultra-secure quantum

commun ica t ions , among o the rs . Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) are very efficient in detecting photons in the near-infrared due to their fast recovery times, low jitter, and low dark count rates.SNSPDs operate at extremely low temperatures, only a few degrees above absolute zero (-273.15 °C). Until now, that level of cooling was achieved with liquid-helium systems, which present a few disadvantages: they are large, expensive, complicated, and demand considerable expertise to operate safely. NIST recently found an alternative and created a very small prototype, adapted to the size of SNSPDs since it measures 0.31 metres high and 0.61 metres long. Its power demand is about 250 watts, whereas the previous best alternative drew 1.5 kilowatts of power. The prototype device relies on a hybrid cooling system comprised of a Joule-Thomson cryocooler and a pulse-tube refrigerator which can reach temperatures as low as 10 K. It precools the cryocooler which can reach below 2 K, which is an almost adequate temperature for SNSPDs operating at temperatures between and 1 K and 2 K. The NSA supported the initial planning and asked NIST to write a paper*. The project is currently receiving funding under a cooperative research and development agreement.* Kotsubo V. et al. “Compact 2.2 K Cooling System for Superconducting Nanowire Single Photon Detectors”. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity volume 27 Issue 4 (2017) DOI: https://doi.org//10.1109/TASC.2017.2657682 - http://bit.ly/NIST-SNSPDS-NL71

A Japanese project to reduce workers’ stress Daikin Industries, Aoyama Capital and Softbank Technology - three Japanese companies - announced their intention to work together on an experimental project looking to clarify the correlation between workplace environments and stress levels, and the impact of stress levels on sleep. The experiment will be conducted on 300 participants working in various workplaces, who will wear a device attached to their belts with a built-in tube air pressure sensor that measures the minute vibrations of the body. The device acquires data on the workers’ physical activity, heart rate, and sleep. Stress indexes are calculated from their heartbeat intervals. This project, which relies on the Internet of Things (IoT), is expected to improve human health management and comfort. It began in July 2017. From the results, Daikin hopes to develop an automatic control technology for air conditioning that adjusts depending on the workers’ degree of stress to create a more comfortable and productive office environment.http://bit.ly/Daikin-Press-Release-NL71 (in Japanese)

Case studies Germany: a new heat pump system using

propane for supermarketsThe discount retailer Aldi and the refrigeration company Viessmann presented a joint energy program at the EuroShop exhibition that took place in March 2017 in Düsseldorf. This program consists in a sustainable energy system called ESyCool Green employing propane heat pumps in combination with optimized cooling cabinets and cells, as well as an integrated ice energy storage unit and a photovoltaic system. The biggest saving potential comes purely from the in-store refrigeration technology, which contributes to around 50% of the whole energy consumption. Viessmann had already fitted the ESyCool system on behalf of Aldi Nord in a newly-built store back in late 2015, in Germany. A 12-month test was conducted and the energy efficiency of the installation passed successfully. It is believed that self-generated electricity from the photovoltaic systems will supply the cooling points in the market via a cooling circuit. http://bit.ly/EsyCool-CoolingPost-NL71 http://bit.ly/EsyCool-esmmagazine-NL71

France: landfill gas purified into biomethane through cryogenic distillationAfter 10 years of development with the best French industrial players, Grenoble-based start-up Waga Energy is bringing together energy experts, waste storage facility

IIR conferences September 6-8

Samorin, Bratislava, Slovakia

9th International conference on Compressors and CoolantsPeter Tomlein: szchkt@szchkt.orgwww.szchkt.org/compressors/Contents/2017_intro.html

IIR ConferenceCommissions B1, B2 and E1, E2, A1

April 6-8 Beijing, China 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2018) Wangyang HU: wyhu@car.org.cn www.iccc2018.org

IIR ConferenceCommissions C2, D1, D2

May 21-23 Orford (QC), Canada

12th Conference on Phase-change Materials & Slurries for Refrigeration & Air Conditioning (PCM2018)Sébastien Poncet: pcm2018@USherbrooke.ca www.pcm2018.evenement.usherbrooke.ca/index.html

IIR ConferenceCommissions B1, B2, D1

June 18-20 Valencia, Spain 13th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018) Marián Daries: gl2018@upv.es www.gl2018.upv.es

IIR ConferenceCommissions B1, B2, D1, E1, E2

September 2-5

Birmingham, UK

1st IIR International Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants www.hfo2018.com

IIR ConferenceCommissions B1, B2, C2, D1, D2, E1 and E2

April 1-5 Shanghai, P.R. China

19th International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG19) www.lng2019.com

IIR Co-Organised ConferenceCommission A2

August 24-30

Montreal, Canada

25th International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2019) Isabel Stengler: info@ICR2019.org www.icr2019.org

IIR CongressAll Commissions

September 1-3 Vincenza, Italy 6th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer

Processes of Refrigerants (TPTPR2021)IIR ConferenceCommission B1

operators, and grid system operators with a breakthrough technology called the “Wagabox”. This machine recovers landfill waste by purifying biogas or landfill gas (LFG) into biomethane through a two-step process of membrane filtration and cryogenic distillation. Step one is the initial separation of the landfill gas from its impurities through membrane filtration, extracting the CO2 and other impurities from the raw biogas. Step two is the separation of the methane from the nitrogen and the oxygen through cryogenic distillation, during which the biogas is cooled to cryogenic temperatures of -170 °C.The Wagabox then directly injects a pipeline-quality biomethane into local natural gas grids for combined heat and power production (CHP). Liquefied (cryogenic) biomethane is also a local option for countries with limited natural gas distribution networks. Biomethane, or “renewable natural gas (RNG)”, is an advanced biofuel that is more than 98% pure with properties similar to those of natural gas. Its production also contributes to CO2 reduction, helping to fight climate change.Waga Energy inaugurated its first Wagabox on April 20, 2017, and hopes to install 100 worldwide by 2025. For now it expects to produce 20 GWh of biomethane per year, equal to the annual fuel consumption of 3,000 households, or 100 buses. http://bit.ly/WagaBox-NL71

Developing countries Geothermal energy to power a cold

storage facilityIn Fiji, two remote villages located on the tiny island of Vanua Levu do not have any refrigeration system to preserve food. But they do have hot springs. Professor Regenauer-Lieb from the University of New South Wales in Sydney therefore put forward the idea to pipe hot water from those hot springs (which is coming out of the ground at 70 °C) to power an absorption chilling facility in Natewa Bay. According to Regenauer-Lieb, this would represent a reliable renewable approach to cooling in villages and urban areas. The technology has already been proven in Alaska, where a hot spring delivers ice for a museum throughout the year. According to Regenauer-Lieb, with deeper drilling, geothermal energy could power the entire island as well as the neighboring islands.http://bit.ly/Fiji-NL71

A refrigerated bag to preserve vaccines in hot climatesChristian Cedric Toe, a young engineer from Burkina Faso, recently designed an autonomous refrigerated bag to preserve vaccines between 2 and 8 °C, the temperatures recommended by the World Health Organization. Such temperatures are very hard to maintain in some African countries

where outside temperatures can reach 50 °C, especially when the vaccines have to be brought to remote areas. This bag, called Laafi Bag, is designed to be light in order to be easily carried on motorbikes. It is equipped with a photovoltaic module which allows up to 90 hours of refrigeration. Christian Toe was awarded the Innovation Price at the Rebranding Africa Forum (RAF) in Brussels in November 2016. http://bit.ly/LaafiBag-NL71

Walk-in solar-powered cold-storage for developing countries It is a fact: according to the IIR*, 40% of highly nutritious fruits and vegetables spoil in many lower-income countries, compared to just 15% in developed countries. However, one available cold storage solution to mitigate food losses comes from a Nigerian company that aims to provide walk-in, solar-powered cold stations for 24/7 storage and preservation, called Cold Hubs.Cold Hubs are installed in markets and farms, providing convenient cold spaces for farmers to load and stack their produce. They run on a flexible, “pay as you go” system, charging a flat fee for each crate they store and can extend the shelf life of fresh produce from 2 to 21 days.Innovative ideas such as Cold Hubs are especially important for countries like Nigeria that seek to reduce their economic dependency on oil by diversifying their exports. Currently, Cold Hubs Ltd operates two tons of storage space in the Owerri region of Nigeria and is looking to expand to all areas of the country. * IIR 5th Informatory Note on Refrigeration and Food, J u n e 2 0 0 9 : h t t p : / / b i t . l y / 5 t h - I I R - N o t e http://bit.ly/GGCA-NL71

The IIR has set up a new “Developing countries” section on its web site. It regroups news items, thematic files, events, regulations and contacts dedicated to this issue. Consult it here: http://bit.ly/Dev-Countries-NL71

Regulations-Standardization US closer to adopting hydrocarbon

fridgesIn April 2017, the American certification company Underwriters Laboratories (UL) published the UL 60335-2-24 standard, which allows domestic fridges to use up to 150g of hydrocarbon refrigerants, instead of 57g under the previous UL 250 standard. The new standard should enter into force next year. While other countries have been using hydrocarbon fridges for over a decade, US consumers have continued to purchase around 12 million new fridges a year using R134a. This new standard would allow manufacturers to sell hydrocarbon fridges in the USA, provided that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gives its approval.http://bit.ly/US-Fridges-NL71

2019

2021

2018

Agenda

International Institute of RefrigerationInstitut International du Froid177, bd Malesherbes - 75017 Paris, FranceTel.: 33 (0)1 42 27 32 35 - Fax: 33 (0)1 47 63 17 98 E-mail: iif-iir@iifiir.org Web site: www.iifiir.orgThe Newsletter of the IIR is a quarterly publication of the IIRManaging Editor: Didier CoulombEditor: Jean-Luc DupontEditorial assistants: Deonie Lambert, Aurélie Durand, Nolwenn Robert-JourdrenGraphic Design: EdiConseil

India launches second stage of HCFC phase-out planWithin the framework of the Montreal Protocol, on March 6, 2017 India launched the second step of its HCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP). It will run from 2017 to 2023, and focus on reducing HCFC use in foam manufacturing and air conditioning. By 2023, the plan will help reduce 800 ozone depletion potential (ODP)-weighted tons of HCFCs and avoid 8 million tons of CO2 emissions annually. HPMP stage 2 will keep India ahead of schedule in achieving its commitment to reduce HCFC production and consumption, cutting 2009-10 levels by almost 50% in 2020 (instead of the 35% expected by the Montreal Protocol), and by 60% in 2023. HPMP2 will assist more than 400 companies in the foam and air-conditioning sector to convert HCFCs to less harmful refrigerants, such as R32 in the air-conditioning sector. http://bit.ly/HPMP2-India-NL71 http://bit.ly/HPMP-UNDP-NL71

Australia passes HFC phase-down legislationIn the last issue of the IIR Newsletter, we mentioned that the Australian government introduced an amendment to phase-down HFCs in its Ozone Protection and Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Management (OPSGGM) Act. It has now been passed, after the Australian House of Representatives and the Senate agreed to the amendment on June 19, 2017. The new bill obliges Australia to start phasing down HFC imports from January 2018 to achieve its Kigali target of an 85% reduction by 2036. No HFCs are manufactured in Australia itself. http://bit.ly/Australia-HFC-NL71

IIR-co-sponsored conferences2017

2018

Tokyo - Japan - September, 7-10International Sorption Heat Pump Conference 2017 (ISHPC2017)http://biz.knt.co.jp/tour/2017/ISHPC2017/congress.htmlCommissions B1, B2, E1, E2

London - UK - September, 11-1310th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems 2017compressors@city.ac.uk www.city.ac.uk/compressors-conferenceCommissions B1, B2

Sapporo - Japan - June, 11-139th Asian Conference on Refrigeration and Air-conditioninghttp://www.acra2018.org/

West Lafayette, Indiana - USA - July, 9-12• 24th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue • 17th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue• 5th International High-Performance & Green Buildings Conference at PurdueKim Stockment: kstockme@purdue.eduwww.engineering.purdue.edu/Herrick/conferencesCommissions B1, B2, E1

2017