Batayan Spanish American Japanese

Year 1565 - 1898 1898 – 1946 1942 – 1945

Motives A. Exploitation of resources like gold and silver.

B. In search of spices like black peppero Spices were in

demand since it serves as a preservative

C. 3Gs : God, Gold and Glory

"The Americans had the motive of the 5 D’s which includes Duty, Deity, Dollar, Defense, and Destiny. 1. Duty makes the Americans believe that they are a race which will make all other countries civilized. 2. Dollar is to increase the interest of the East. 3. Defense means that the United Sates will advance the military interest.4. Deity means the motive of expanding their religious beliefs and influence countries outside the US.5. Destiny means that the United States is destined to help other countries."

The main motive that led the Japanese to colonize the Philippines is their desire to show the entire world that they are a powerful nation. During their early years, they were dictated by other powerful nations, eventually, they wanted to stop it and become a nation that would dictate others.

Significant Events In 1453, the fall of Constantinople lead to Portugal and Spain’s increased motivation to find an alternate route to the pepper, nutmeg and other spices.

April 25, 1898. The United States declared war against Spain ordering Commodore George Dewy to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines.

April 9, 1942-- The US and the Philippine defenses located at Bataan surrendered to the Japanese forces.

In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan landed and explored Samar Island on his voyage to circumvent the globe.

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the islands, Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the Prince Philip (King Philip II).

Conversion of people to Catholicism.

Emerging of propaganda movement because of abuse and suppression of the Spaniards.

In 1896, the arrest and execution of Dr. Jose Rizal gave the Filipinos an urge to rebel and fight against Spain.

Katipunan, led by Andres Bonifacio, attacked the Spanish garrison in San Juan.

Emilio Aguinaldo led the victorious attack of guardia civil in Cavite which positioned him to be the head of Katipunan

May 1, 1898. Manila Bay turned into a massive battle field between United States and Spain. The Americans defeated the Spanish fleet led by Admiral Patricio Montojo.

June 12, 1898. General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had returned from Hongkong, proclaimed Philippine independence at his mansion in Kawit, Cavite.

August 13, 1898. A mock battle between the Spanish and the Americans occurred forbidding the participation of Filipino soldiers.

December 10, 1898. Without the knowledge of the Filipinos, Spain surrendered the Philippines (along with Puerto Rico and Guam) to the United States in exchange of $20 million under the Treaty of Paris.

January 23, 1899. General Emilio Aguinaldo was sworn into office as the president of the Philippine

October 23-- The US navy forces battled the Japanese navy at Leyte Gulf. The event started the Philippine liberation from the hands of the Japanese.

Emilio Aguinaldo established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan which resulted to tension between the Spanish government and him.

In 1897, he was exiled to Hong Kong after accepting an amnesty from the Spaniards.

Republic and at the same time promulgated The Malolos Constitution.

August 29,1916. The Jones Law was signed allowing the existence of the Philippine Legislature and promising the Philippine independence from the United States.

December 7, 1933. Frank Murphy, the last American Governor, granted Philippine women the right to vote.

March 24, 1934. President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Tydings McDuffie Act as to allow the drafting of the Philippine Constitution and to establish the Philippine Commonwealth, an agreement to liberate the Philippines in ten years.

September 18, 1935. Manuel L. Quezon was elected President of the Commonwealth and Sergio Osmena as the Vice President.

Situation of the World/ Colonizer

A. The Age of Exploration has started

- due to the influence of Renaissance Period wherein the “self” prevails.

B. The fall of Constantinople- lead to Portugal and

Spain’s increased motivation to find an alternate route to the pepper, nutmeg and other spices.

C. Mercantilism was the ongoing economic system before colonization. It gauges a country’s power depending on its wealth.

- Spain has been conducting explorations in search of resources like gold and silver.

"New Imperialism – the United States of America expanded its power to the world especially in Asia. They showed themselves as the Super Power that must be feared because of China’s growing power.

Spanish-American War – Before the American’s fully had the Philippines, they were under the Spanish era.

Due to the thirst for power, nations were subdivided into two (2) groups. The Axis forces, which is comprised of Germany, Italy and Japan; and the Allied forces, which is comprised of England, France and the United States. Because of the fact that the Philippines are a colony of the United States, the Philippines became one of the allied forces and thus became a target of Japan.

Situation of the Philippines

A. Native Filipinos have been living in different separate communities. (geographic)

B. Each community has their datus and rajah. They

The Philippines Commonwealth period is considered as if the country is already already a free country. This is because almost all branches of government are handled by Filipinos. The executive is led by the president

While the Japanese were busy bombing different parts of the country, Jorge B. Vargas was appointed to be the head of Philippine Executive Commission; a branch that was established by the Japanese.

served as the chiefs who have the prestige to rule over the people in the community. (Political)

C. They rely on natural resources and trade to sustain their needs. (economic)

- Often times, they live near seashores and forests. They have been relying on their resources as a source of livelihood and to supply their needs.

- They already do trades with their neighboring country.

D. Animism was the form of their religion. (religion)

and the vice president which is directly elected by the Filipino people. However, the operation of the government under the Commonwealth Government is still not fully controlled by Filipinos. The only powers that owned by the president are setting the policies in foreign affairs, currency and debt responsible. Included in the powers granted to the President of the United States is the amendment to the Constitution.

On October 14, 1943 the Philippines had its second republic with which Jose P. Laurel was named President. The republic was coined as a Japanese Puppet republic because the leader (Laurel) had no power over the Japanese officials. In other words, the President was only a puppet of the Japanese officials.

There were some Filipino and American army leaders that were part of the USAFFE who chose to fight rather than surrender. They established a union which was called the gerilya movement.

During the Japanese colonization, no external trading took place. Therefore all the Filipino industries closed.

Strategies and Techniques Used

Strategies Used:A. Evangelization- Evangelization,

specifically Christianity, made it easier to capture the hearts of the Filipinos

"The overall objective of the Government of the Commonwealth is to prepare the Philippines in full independence within ten years. It has the duty to prepare the Philippines as an independent country capable to

The Japanese colonists deceived the other Asian countries that they should unite so that western people would leave Asia. They created a program called the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere that promoted the “Asia for the Asians”

B. Colonization- if Filipinos refuse to follow

the ways of Spanish people, military force (colonization) was used

- resulted to the development of fear of military among the Filipinos

- Another justification that the Spanish colonists made was: Filipinos being uncivilized, pagans and barbaric.

o Spaniards had

not seen a center or a city with houses made up of stones and bricks. Moreover, the Filipinos were called as infieles or pagans because Spanish people refute to believe the existing

defend for themselves from being colonized by the United States. The preparation consists not only in political aspects of running the government but also on the economic aspects. In the economic field, it is necessary to prepare the country for the loss of special respect to goods of the Philippines entering the United States. Also, the continuous monitoring and controlling of foreigners entering in our economy is included. One of the movement government deemed threats to the security of the country is the Kilusang Sakdal headed by Benigno Ramos. As resistance to extreme poverty, the movement has launched a revolt in several towns in the Laguna to oppose the strengthening of the Constitution of 1935. Aside from the Kilusang Sakdal, Partido Socialista and Partido Komunista were also established. The two movement provides a new alternative way of

mentality to encourage the other Asian countries to join their forces for them to stop the western people from using Asia’s wealth. But in fact, they were just after the wealth of the whole Asia and rule it after the western people be gone.

The Japanese established a government (Philippine Executive Commission) that were led by Filipinos. But each leader has a Japanese adviser that served as spies and messenger to the Filipino leaders to tell them what to do. Basically, the Japanese people just used the Filipino leaders to make it look like that they were not colonizing us. That is why the government was titled the “Puppet Government”.

religious activities of the early Filipinos.

Evangelization was deemed more effective than colonization since military force has induced fear to the Filipinos.

governance than the existing democratic system. They also concentrated on the Commonwealth Government and the strengthening of national defense and armed forces of the Philippines as a result of the threat of other countries, especially Japan. The Commonwealth Government and removal of colonial mentality to Filipinos with extreme admiration and worship to Americans became a priority. They forced the government to develop a national culture and identity to make Filipinos be proud of their ethnic origin. They also declared Filipino as the national language of the Philippines."

Laws and Policies Implemented

(Social, Political, Economical,

Cultural)

Political policiesA. Centralization of power of

the government and the Church

- Governmento Governor General.

He holds the highest position.

PoliticalDuring the American colonization, there were three (3) types or stages of government - “Pamahalaang Militar” (1898 to 1901), “Pamahalaang Sibil” (1901 to 1935), and “Pamahalaang Commonwealth” (1935 to 1946).

PoliticalPhilippine Executive Commission was established during the Japanese occupancy and they assigned Jorge B. Vargas as the chairman. This type of government was consist of seven departments which each had one secretary and

He is a representative of the King of Spain in the Philippines. His powers include that of the court, military and religion. He also has the power of cumplase which allows the governor general to approve or disapprove any laws made by the consejo de las indias if it doesn’t seem to go with the colony’s condition.

o Consejo de las

Indias. Lawmaker for the colonies despite staying in Spain.

o Alcalde Mayor. He

holds the highest position in the local government. He manages the alcaldia or

The Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation was issued by President William McKinley to whitewash the true purpose that pushed the United States to seize the Philippines. This made the Americans not seem to colonize the Philippines but to make them civilized. To fulfill this, he gave instructions on the Second Commission lead by William Taft. The instructions included that the Philippines is not yet ready for independence and needs more guidance. This lead to the “Bureaucracy of the Philippines”. In 1899, they started appointing rich and educated Filipinos to the local governments, Supreme Court, and Philippine Commission. The National Assembly was then controlled by the Lower House of the Parliament. The Philippine Bill of 1902 or the Cooper Act proposed the creation and administration of a civil government in the Philippines.The Jones Act provides for the establishment of both chambers

three advisers; two of which were Japanese. In this manner, the government started to be called as “puppet government” since even though the government was filled with Filipinos in positions, it was still ruled by the Japanese.

By 1943, the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence was formed to arrange the preparation for the country’s independence. Jose. P Laurel was assigned as the President while Benigno S. Aquino, sr. and Ramon Avanceña were the Vice Presidents.

Republic Act of 1943 was made under the leadership of the Commision. This Republic Act was a temporary law which states that it will only be implemented during the war, when it is over, new Republic Act will be constructed.

Ocober 14, 1943, the 2nd Republic was formally angorated and Jose P Laurel was the President. This republic was known as the Puppet Government.

province.o Governadorcillo.

He is the leader of a pueblo and it is the highest position a Filipino can gain.

o Cabeza de

Barangay. The lowest position which is responsible for barangays.

- Outside Manila, friars became the leaders and they have the most interaction with the people.

o The power of the

governor general was felt inside Manila only.

o Eventually, friars

became the most powerful person in the Philippines and the government was called frailocracia.

of Congress elected fellow Filipinos. The implementation of Jones Act made Filipinos to further strive to fight for the independence of the Philippines. In 1918, the Congress of the Philippines formed a " Komisyon para sa Pagsasarili " whose purpose is to analyze matters relating to the formulation of the independence of the Philippines.

The Misyong Osrox strengthens the Congress of the United States and brought it to the Philippines as a law that recognizes the independence of the Philippines after many years of preparation for independence. This law is called the Hare-Hawes-Cutting and adopted by the Congress of the United States on January 17, 1933. However, this law was not implemented in the Philippines.

Batas Tyding-McDuffie is the same as the Hare-Hawes-Cutting law except for one worthless provision. On May 1, 1934, the Philippines Congress approved the said law. The main content of

SocialDifferent rules were implemented by the Japanese and many of those involved the influences that the Americans left in the Philippines. Japanese changed all the street names associated with the American culture like Harrison Park was changed into Rizal park. Aside from this, Japanese was threatened by the nationalism among Filipinos so they banned singing the National anthem in public. But later on the abolished by initial order and changed the country’s national anthem instead into “Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas”.

In other to improve the quality of living of the Filipinos, they establish the Bigasang Bayan (BIBA) and National Distribution Corporation (NADISCO). BIBA and NADISCO were the one assigned for the distribution of the riceand other products to the market making it cheaper.

In terms of education and cultural aspect, the Japanese invested in

Policies/methods that made colonization possible:

A. Entrada used military force in order to conquer the native communities.

B. Doctrina is a rule that prepares for the construction of a parish.

C. The reduccion is the one that was strongly implemented. It is the transfer of people from distinct communities into a center.

- The center has a design of a plaza real-convento complex where houses were made of stones and roads were interconnected.

- Through reduccion, the collection of tax and force labor became readily easy.

Economic policies related to taxes which inflicted suffering to the Filipinos:

A. Encomienda

the law is to establish a ten-year Commonwealth Government. The Commonwealth Government will serve as the government over the ten year transition towards the provision of full independence on July 4, 1946. The law also provided for the construction of a convention to prepare the constitution and a plebiscite to strengthen such constitution. Afterwards, there will be an election for the head of the Commonwealth Government. The only difference between the laws is the provision regarding the establishment of a military base in the Philippines. The provisions of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting on the forced construction of American military bases and naval vessels in any part of the archipelago were removed Tydings-McDuffie Law.

EconomicalThe Philippines were adapted to two (2) policies by the Americans: trade and land. 1. Free trade - means the free entry of goods for both countries.

the education by means of teaching the Japanese language as well as the Filipino. They tried to erase the culture that the Americans taught us. To prove this, Laurel’s government declare Pilipino as “Wikang Pambansa”. in this, they change all the legal document written in english into Pilipino or Tagalog. Arts was also became more nationalistic as more Filipino themed play and music were introduced.

o It was an unjust

system which in which an encomendero was trusted a land and was given a privilege to collect taxes called tribute. 25% of the collected tax goes to the encomendero while the rest to the friars on that area. However, in 1971, the encomienda system was diminished due to the abuse of the encomendero.

B. Polo y Servicio Personal

o It is a policy which

includes forced labor. It includes all male ages 16 – 60 years old to forcefully render work for 40 days each year. The workers were called polista. They were assigned to build ships for war and galleon in Cavite. Those who have the

This still gave limits to the Philippines to bring goods to the United States.2. Payne-Aldrich Tarriff Act - any goods were allowed to enter the Philippines.3. Underwood-Simmons Act

Cultural1. The Philippines were influenced on the different architecture, music, literature, etc.

ability to pay to be exempted in the polo y servicio can do so by paying falla which costs about 1.5 real per absence.

C. Tributoo This is the over-all tax

that Filipinos pay to the Spaniards. It is dependent on the person’s age. Those who are male ages 19 to 60 years old will have to pay 8 reales every year. It was increased to 10 reales in 1589 then 12 reales in 1851. In 1884, the tribute was eventually reduced to cedula personal which is based on profit.

D. Other taxes paid by

the Filipinos.o This includes the

sanctorum, which is a tax paid to the church, caja de communidad,

a tax for community needs, diezmos prediales, for agricultural lands and vinta/donativo/falua, for those near seashores.

Economic policies led to a trade-dependent economy resulting to a decline in agriculture. Such economic policies are:

A. BandalaB. Monopoly of TobaccoC. Galleon Trade

Details:BandalaIt is forced selling of products to the government. The products include rice, oil and coconut. Only a promissory note was given to the farmers as a payment of the government. It was never been paid though that’s why in Pampanga, almost 70,000 pesos was the debt of the government to the Filipinos. It eventually increased to 200,000 pesos in 1660 which resulted to the boycott of Filipinos in farming.

Monopoly of TobaccoJose Basco y Vargas, the governor general, aimed to expand the natural resources in order to become a product for trading, like tobacco, coffee, manila hemp. In 1781, the monopoly of tobacco was established which converted farm lands into tobacco fields. Force-labor intensified on those provinces under the monopoly of tobacco. Galleon TradeThe galleon trade connected Philippines to the West. It usually carries the king’s commands. Goods both from America and Europe came to the Philippines. These include the papaya, pineapple, avocado, guava, chocolate, horse and cow. Meanwhile, the Philippines were able to ship mango, tamarind, rice, carabao and tuba to America and Europe. Even religious items have also reached the Philippines through Galleon trade. With that, the economy became dependent

in Galleon trade which was later manipulated by the Chinese.

Effects of Colonizer (Positive and

Negative)

Positive Effects:- It helped the Philippines to become a country.

o Common suffering led

to the unification of Filipinos to fight for their rights and to end the Spanish colonization

- Spain modernized the Philippines through established roads, bridges, schools, hospitals and theaters.

Negative Effects:- Poverty- Continuous increase in tax- Death of many male Filipinos- Negligence in agriculture which resulted to hunger- Filipinos learned to gamble

Positive Effects:- The streets, bridges, ports,

and rails or railroad are expanded. If we compare the situation during Spanish to American Colonization, road structure increased from 1,000 to 13,000 miles in the whole archipelago, and railroads increased from 195 to 1,396 kilometers.

- The arrival of new types of vehicles such as trucks and cars has improved the journey from the former use of kalesa. The first car arrived in 1903.

- To fasten the journey in the ocean, the colonial government opened more than a hundred local port for sailing in 1902.

- In the field of communication, Americans expanded the use of the public

Positive Effects:- During the Second World

War, the Filipinos learned how to be strong.

- The Filipinos became creative in a sense that they were able to invent things that would substitute their basic needs during the war.

Negative Effects:- Many died during the war.- Goods were expensive

because majority were confiscated by the japanese.

- There were no available occupations because industries were shut down.

- Buy and sell became the main source of livelihood

- “racketeering”- “Hoarding”- looting

telephone line. The radio-telephone service started in the year 1933. The post offices across the country have reached more than a thousand in 1935.

Negative Effects:

- Due to road improvements and gas imported from Unites States, the trading of our natural resources became easier.

Reaction of the Filipinos to the

Colonizers

Response of Filipinos - Acceptance- Resistance- Escape

When the Spaniards first came to the Philippines, different reactions from the FiIipinos were observed. Some were angered and eventually organized uprisings and rebellions to push away the Spaniards. However some managed to ally with the colonist and help them. Generally, here are some reactions from the Filipinos to the Spanish colonization:

The Filipinos found the Americans to be friends and saviors from the Spanish colonization. They were not afraid of how the Americans treated them and continued to fight for their freedom.

The Filipinos perceived the Japanese to be:

1. Oppressive2. Selfish3. Cruel4. Violent

They were seen as:- savior from other colonists- cruel- strong and unbeatable by other countries- they were feared because of the notion that they are strong- abusive

KASPIL2EG

Modyul 2

Miyembro:

Ahorro, BiancaCuartero, Maejann

Fernandez, RaphaelMamaril, Jaca

Tanghal, RachelleTejada, Carl

Submitted to:Sir Mactal