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Transcript of EDEMA
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EDEMA
Dewi Nirmalasari (0610097)
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DEFINISI
• Edema: penimbunan cairan secara berlebihan di antara
sel-sel tubuh atau di dalam berbagai rongga tubuh yang terjadi sebagai akibat
ketidakseimbangan faktor-faktor yang mengontrol perpindahan cairan tubuh, antara
lain gangguan hemodinamik sistem kapiler yang menyebabkan retensi Na & air, penyakit ginjal
serta berpindahnya air dari intravaskular ke interstitium.
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DISTRIBUSI NORMAL CAIRAN TUBUH
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HUKUM STARLING
Fm= Kf (ΔP -Δπ)
Fm: kecepatan perpindahan cairanKf: permeabilitas kapilerΔP: perbedaan tekanan hidrostatik
intravaskular- ekstravaskularΔπ: perbedaan tekanan osmotik
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EDEMA
• permeabilitas kapiler ↑• tekanan hidrostatik ↑• tekanan osmotik ↓
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VDAE (Volume Darah Arteri Efektif)
• Def: Vol. darah arteri yang adekuat untuk mengisi keseluruhan kapasitas pembuluh darah arteri
• Normal CO:TPR seimbangNa>>me ↑ vol. ekstrasel VDAE merangsang natriuresis vol. tubuh normal
• Me ↓ pada: CHF, sepsis, sirosis hepatis ginjal memicu retensi Na & air
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Pe ↓ Aliran Darah Ginjal
VDAE ↓ aktivasi reseptor vol. pada PD besar (low-pressure baroreceptors, intrarenal receptors) pe ↑ tonus simpatis me ↓ aliran darah ginjal kompensasi menahan Na & air:
• pe ↑ reabsorbsi garam & air di tub. Proksimalrenin, Angiotensin II, pe ↑ tek. Osmotik kapiler glomerulus
• pe ↑ reabsorbsi Na & air di tub. DistalAngiotensin II, aldosteron
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SEKRESI ADH
• Pe ↓ VDAE merangsang reseptor vol. pada pembuluh arteri besar & hipotalamus pelepasan ADH retensi air oleh ginjal.
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ANAMNESIS• Apakah ada kelainan-kelainan (misal, PJK, hipertensi,
konsumsi alkohol) atau obat yang menyebabkan cardiac, hepatic, renal disease?
• Di mana lokasi edema?shortness of breath left heart failure; ascites cirrhosis; peripheral edema heart failure, renal disease/local venous disease. left ventricular dysfunction (eg, due to ischemia, hypertension, or valvular disease) pulmonary congestion; cardiomyopathy pulmonary and peripheral edema.
• Apakah edema intermitent/persisten?
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PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
• Pola, sifat (pitting/non pitting), distribusi edema
• JVP• Ada/tidaknya edema pulmonal
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PENUNJANG
• urinalisis• hematologi• chest X-ray
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Kapan Edema Diobati?
• Pulmonary edemalife-threatening and demands immediate treatment.
• Lainnya: pengeluaran cairan dapat perlahan
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PRINSIP TERAPI
I. Penanganan penyakit yang mendasariII. Me↓ asupan Na & air, baik dari diet maupun
IVIII. Me↑ pengeluaran Na & airIV. Hindari faktor yang memperburuk penyakit
dasar: diuresis yang berlebihan pe↓ volume plasma, hipotensi, perfusi yang inadekuat diuretik harus diberikan dengan hati-hati
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TERAPI• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor /angiotensin-
receptor blocker patients with calcium channel blocker–induced pedal edema
• Spironolactone (Aldactone) decrease morbidity and mortality rates in patients with NYHA class III or IV heart failure
• Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt large-volume paracentesis in relieving ascites and prolonging survival
• Travel stockings (i.e., “support hose”) worn during flights longer than seven hours to prevent edema & DVT
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TERAPI
• Spironolactone patients with cirrhosis and grade 2 or 3 ascites to combat hyperaldosteronism.
• Paracentesis grade 3 ascites and should be used in conjunction with sodium restriction and diuretic therapy.
• Long-term use of compression garments in conjunction with meticulous skin care and avoidance of blood pressure measurements and other constrictions lymphedema.
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Treatment Failure: Causes in Patients Taking Loop Diuretics
Noncompliance• Nonadherence to drug regimen• Nonadherence to sodium restriction
True diuretic resistance• Altered intestinal absorption of loop diuretics• Decreased renal perfusion caused by low volume, arterial
disease, or drug use (e.g., ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs)• Pharmacokinetic causes related to diuretic half-life• Reduced tubular secretion caused by low volume, kidney
disease, or drug use• Tolerance caused by chronic use of loop diuretics
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AKIBAT EDEMA• Nyeri pada pembengkakan• Sulit berjalan• Kekakuan • Kulit meregang gatal & tidak nyaman• Me ↑ risiko infeksi pada area pembengkakan• Scarring • Deposit Fibrous pada jaringan• Sirkulasi darah ↓• Me ↓ elastisitas arteri, vena, sendi & otot• Me ↑ risiko ulserasi
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