Electronic Noise is Drowning Out the Internet of Things - IEEE Spectrum
ED 014 867 EF000 633 SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC …. 1. SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC TEACHING AIDS IN...
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R 0 R T. R, E S U ME ED 014 867 EF000 633 SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC TEACHING AIDS IN EDUCATION -- FUNCTIONS,. FACILITIES, BUDGETS. BY- FINSTAD, ALLAN STANFORD UNIV., CALIF., SCHOOL- PLANNING LAB. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. LABS. INC., NEW YORK', N.Y. PUB DATE 65 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$1.28 30P. DESCRIPTORS- *AUDIO EQUIPMENT, *AUDIO VIDEO LABORATORIES, *ELECTROMECHANICAL AIDS, *ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, *TELEVISION, AUDIO ACTIVE LABORATORIES, EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION,'ELECTRONIC CLASSROOMS, INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA, INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION, LANGUAGE LABORATORIES, LANGUAGE LABORATORY EQUIPMENT, TAPE RECORDERS, TELEVISED INSTRUCTION, VIDEO TAPE RECORDINGS, EFL, SPL THIS REPORT PRESENTS A BRIEF, NONTECHNICAL, PICTORIAL OVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL AND APPROXIMATE COST TO CERTAIN CONFIGURATIONS OF ELECTRONIC AUDIO, AUDIO - VISUAL, AND TELEVISION TEACHING SYSTEMS. EQUIPMENT IS CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH PROGRESSIVE MODES OF LEARNING ARE SERVED, THE NATURE AND COMPLEXITY OF THE HARDWARE AND SYSTEMS, AND THE ESTIMATED BUDGET REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE A GIVEN SYSTEMS CONFIGURATION. PROGRESSIVELY MORE COMPLEX INSTALLATIONS ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED FOR EACH OF THE THREE SYSTEMS. SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS AND STAFF MEMBERS CAN MORE EASILY VISUALIZE THE OVERALL SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC TEACHING SYSTEMS IN GRADATION OF FUNCTION AND COST THROUGH USE OF THIS BOOKLET. PICTURES, DIAGRAMS, AND ROOM LAYOUTS ARE PRESENTED FOR EACH GRADE OF SYSTEM SUGGESTED. INCLUDED IN THE ELECTRONIC DEVICES PRESENTED ARE TAPE RECORDERS, DICTATION LABORATORIES, LIBRARY LISTENING FACILITIES, LANGUAGE LABORATORIES, PROJECTION DEVICES, CLASSROOM COMMUNICATORS,. MULTI -MEDIA LABORATORIES, AND TELEVISION SYSTEMS. (RH) r 14. -. .1,A,
Transcript of ED 014 867 EF000 633 SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC …. 1. SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC TEACHING AIDS IN...
R 0 R T. R, E S U M E
ED 014 867 EF000 633SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONIC TEACHING AIDS IN EDUCATION -- FUNCTIONS,.FACILITIES, BUDGETS.BY- FINSTAD, ALLANSTANFORD UNIV., CALIF., SCHOOL- PLANNING LAB.EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. LABS. INC., NEW YORK', N.Y.
PUB DATE 65EDRS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$1.28 30P.
DESCRIPTORS- *AUDIO EQUIPMENT, *AUDIO VIDEO LABORATORIES,*ELECTROMECHANICAL AIDS, *ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, *TELEVISION,AUDIO ACTIVE LABORATORIES, EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION,'ELECTRONICCLASSROOMS, INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA, INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION,LANGUAGE LABORATORIES, LANGUAGE LABORATORY EQUIPMENT, TAPERECORDERS, TELEVISED INSTRUCTION, VIDEO TAPE RECORDINGS, EFL,SPL
THIS REPORT PRESENTS A BRIEF, NONTECHNICAL, PICTORIALOVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL AND APPROXIMATE COST TOCERTAIN CONFIGURATIONS OF ELECTRONIC AUDIO, AUDIO- VISUAL, ANDTELEVISION TEACHING SYSTEMS. EQUIPMENT IS CATEGORIZEDACCORDING TO THE EXTENT TO WHICH PROGRESSIVE MODES OFLEARNING ARE SERVED, THE NATURE AND COMPLEXITY OF THEHARDWARE AND SYSTEMS, AND THE ESTIMATED BUDGET REQUIRED TOACHIEVE A GIVEN SYSTEMS CONFIGURATION. PROGRESSIVELY MORECOMPLEX INSTALLATIONS ARE BRIEFLY DESCRIBED FOR EACH OF THETHREE SYSTEMS. SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS AND STAFF MEMBERS CANMORE EASILY VISUALIZE THE OVERALL SPECTRUM OF ELECTRONICTEACHING SYSTEMS IN GRADATION OF FUNCTION AND COST THROUGHUSE OF THIS BOOKLET. PICTURES, DIAGRAMS, AND ROOM LAYOUTS AREPRESENTED FOR EACH GRADE OF SYSTEM SUGGESTED. INCLUDED IN THEELECTRONIC DEVICES PRESENTED ARE TAPE RECORDERS, DICTATIONLABORATORIES, LIBRARY LISTENING FACILITIES, LANGUAGELABORATORIES, PROJECTION DEVICES, CLASSROOM COMMUNICATORS,.MULTI -MEDIA LABORATORIES, AND TELEVISION SYSTEMS. (RH)
r 14. -. .1,A,
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ory
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tor
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PHO
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City
, Cal
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ustr
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orp.
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p., N
orth
Hol
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Cal
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nia
A-V
Ele
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, Inc
., Fr
esno
, Cal
ifor
nia
Che
ster
Ele
ctro
nics
Lab
s, I
nc.,
Che
ster
, Con
nect
icut
Dag
e-B
ell C
orp.
, Mic
higa
n C
ity, I
ndia
naE
astm
an K
odak
Co.
, Roc
hest
er, N
ew Y
ork
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x T
each
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Syst
ems,
Mou
ntai
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iew
, Cal
ifor
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Jr. C
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Hill
s, C
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on H
igh
Scho
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unny
vale
, Cal
ifor
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Gen
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Pre
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abs.
, Ple
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tvill
e, N
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ork
Mar
dix,
Mou
ntai
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iew
, Cal
ifor
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Aud
io P
rodu
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Hol
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Cal
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Pack
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Bel
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ewbu
ry P
ark,
Cal
ifor
nia
Rad
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Cam
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New
Jer
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lect
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Edu
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Mou
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, Cal
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Cor
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Edu
catio
nal P
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cts,
Inc
., N
ew Y
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City
The
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, Sta
mfo
rd, C
onne
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utV
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Inc
., H
olbr
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Lon
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land
, New
Yor
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orp.
, Ben
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Har
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Mic
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Edu
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nal F
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Lab
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ION
The
pur
pose
of
this
rep
ort i
s to
pre
sent
a b
rief
, non
tech
nica
l pic
tori
al o
ver-
view
of
the
educ
atio
nal p
oten
tial a
nd a
ppro
xim
ate
cost
of
cert
ain
conf
igur
a-tio
ns o
f el
ectr
onic
aud
io, a
udio
-vis
ual,
and
tele
visi
on te
achi
ng s
yste
ms.
Info
rmat
ion
reco
rded
in th
e fo
rm o
f pr
int,
phon
ogra
ph r
ecor
ds, a
udio
tape
,tr
ansp
aren
t slid
es, f
ilm s
trip
s, m
otio
n pi
ctur
e fi
lm, v
ideo
dis
cs, a
nd v
ideo
tape
exis
ts a
s an
impo
sing
ban
k of
inst
ruct
iona
l res
ourc
e m
ater
ial.
Thi
s re
sour
cem
ater
ial i
s bo
und
for
stor
age
in s
choo
l lib
rari
es, i
nstr
uctio
nal m
ater
ials
cent
ers,
inst
ruct
iona
l res
ourc
e ce
nter
s, o
r w
hate
ver
the
late
st a
ppel
latio
nm
ay b
e. T
he b
asic
just
ific
atio
n fo
r th
e ex
iste
nce
of s
choo
l lib
rari
es a
nd th
eev
er m
ore
spac
ious
cen
ters
pla
nned
to h
ouse
the
accu
mul
atin
g le
arni
ngre
sour
ces
is a
nd e
ver
shal
l be
the
valu
e su
ch r
esou
rces
hav
e fo
r in
stru
ctio
nal
use
and
stud
ent r
esea
rch.
Tel
epho
ne in
terc
omm
unic
atio
n an
d pa
ging
sys
tem
s ha
ve lo
ng b
een
empl
oyed
in s
choo
ls to
per
form
an
adm
inis
trat
ive
mes
seng
er s
ervi
ce. M
anua
l mes
sen-
ger
serv
ice
is n
o lo
nger
eco
nom
ical
or
adeq
uate
for
tran
smitt
ing
impa
cted
know
ledg
e, in
sim
ulta
neou
s an
d m
ultip
le s
egm
ents
, thr
ough
out t
he te
achi
ngan
d le
arni
ng a
reas
of
a sc
hool
sys
tem
.
It is
sai
d th
at th
e ho
pe a
nd c
halle
nge
of A
mer
ican
civ
iliza
tion
is e
duca
tion
with
lite
racy
. The
mas
s of
edu
catio
nal r
esou
rces
em
brac
ing
new
and
exi
stin
gkn
owle
dge,
ski
lls, a
nd a
ttitu
des
is e
scal
atin
g. T
he te
chni
cal c
limat
e en
cour
-ag
es a
nd e
duca
tiona
l req
uire
men
ts n
eces
sita
te th
e de
sign
and
dev
elop
men
tof
con
veni
ent t
o us
e ed
ucat
iona
l com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems.
The
pro
mis
e of
elec
tron
ic tr
ansm
issi
on s
yste
ms
aris
es f
rom
the
spee
d w
ith w
hich
they
can
cond
uct l
earn
ing
reso
urce
s fr
om r
epos
itori
es to
teac
hing
and
lear
ning
spa
ces
for
conv
enie
nt u
tiliz
atio
n by
inst
ruct
ors
and
stud
ents
.
The
cur
rent
adv
ertis
ed a
rray
of
prop
osed
and
ven
ded
audi
o-vi
sual
pro
gram
s,ob
ject
s, a
rtic
les,
mac
hine
s, a
nd s
peci
aliz
ed s
yste
ms
pres
ents
a c
onfu
sing
pict
ure
at b
est.
Und
erst
anda
bly,
the
arra
y is
per
ceiv
ed a
s a
jum
ble
of te
ch-
nolo
gy s
cram
bled
with
phi
loso
phic
al s
eman
tics
by th
e bu
sy s
choo
l adm
in-
istr
ator
. Thi
s bo
okle
t atte
mpt
s to
impo
se s
ome
orde
r on
this
jum
ble
byca
tego
rizi
ng e
quip
men
t acc
ordi
ng to
: (a)
the
exte
nt to
whi
ch p
rogr
essi
vem
odes
of
lear
ning
are
ser
ved,
(b)
the
natu
re a
nd c
ompl
exity
of
the
hard
war
ean
d sy
stem
s, a
nd (
c) th
e es
timat
ed b
udge
t req
uire
d to
ach
ieve
a g
iven
syst
ems
conf
igur
atio
n.
The
mod
e of
the
lear
ner
may
be
pass
ive
rece
ptio
n, a
ctiv
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion,
or
inde
pend
ent p
ract
ical
exp
ress
ion.
Equ
ipm
ent w
hich
is d
esig
ned
to s
erve
one
or m
ore
of th
ese
mod
es w
ill p
rogr
ess
in c
ompl
exity
fro
m th
e si
mpl
e to
the
mor
e so
phis
ticat
ed, a
nd in
the
sam
e or
der,
fro
m th
e in
expe
nsiv
e to
the
mor
e co
stly
. Thu
s th
e re
quir
ed b
udge
t may
ran
ge f
rom
less
than
$20
0 fo
ra
sim
ple
port
able
cla
ssro
om r
ecor
der
to m
ore
than
$20
0,00
0 fo
r a
cent
raliz
edau
dio-
visu
al a
nd v
ideo
rec
ordi
ng a
nd tr
ansm
issi
on s
yste
m.
Thi
s pu
blic
atio
n is
not
inte
nded
to b
e te
chni
cally
pre
cise
. Nor
is it
inte
nded
to "
out-
gues
s" th
e bi
ddin
g ha
bits
of
com
petit
ive
cont
ract
ors.
It i
s de
sign
edto
hel
p sc
hool
adm
inis
trat
ors
and
staf
f m
embe
rs v
isua
lize
the
over
-all
spec
-tr
um o
f el
ectr
onic
teac
hing
sys
tem
s in
gra
datio
n of
fun
ctio
n an
d co
st. T
hepu
blic
atio
n se
eks
to s
ugge
st w
hich
lear
ning
fun
ctio
ns c
an b
e se
rved
, to
sym
boliz
e th
e na
ture
and
pro
gres
sive
com
plex
ity o
f ea
ch e
lect
roni
c sy
stem
,an
d fi
nally
to e
stim
ate
budg
ets
that
will
pro
vide
for
bot
h ad
equa
te s
yste
ms
and
engi
neer
ing
and
war
rant
y co
sts.
tt
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Students listen as a classroom group. The teacher playsrecorded material using a portable classroom record player or tape recorder equippedwith an amplified speaker. The teacher can also speak throughthe system using a microphone.
Budget $150 to $300 for a monaural or stereo set.
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Stud
ents
list
en in
sm
all,
isol
ated
grou
ps u
sing
a r
ecor
dpl
ayer
or
tape
rec
orde
r w
ith ja
ck b
ox a
nd h
eads
ets.
Sm
all g
roup
s ca
nlo
ok a
nd li
sten
usi
ng a
com
bina
tion
soun
dre
prod
ucer
and
slid
e or
film
str
ip p
roje
ctor
with
a r
ear
view
scre
en.
$400
A r
ecor
d or
tape
pla
yer
at $
250
8 dy
nam
ic h
eads
ets
at $
150.
4
.40
sct
Stud
ents
list
en s
ilent
lyas
a c
lass
room
gro
up u
sing
hea
dset
s.
Bud
get $
2,00
0 fo
r 36
stu
dent
sA
sin
gle
prog
ram
sou
rce
with
acc
esso
ries
and
inte
rcon
nect
ions
at $
400
Peri
met
er c
ondu
it in
stal
led
to c
onne
ctro
ws
of s
tude
nt s
tatio
ns w
ith h
eads
et a
nd v
olum
e co
ntro
l for
eac
h st
uden
t at $
1,60
0.
Inst
ruct
or s
elec
ts o
ne o
r m
ore
prog
ram
s fo
r si
mul
tane
ous
tran
smis
sion
todi
ffer
ent g
roup
s an
d in
divi
dual
s in
a cl
ass. I
aC
O.
Bud
get $
3,70
0 fo
r a
typi
cal m
ulti-
rate
dic
tatio
n la
bora
tory
, inc
ludi
ng 0
A m
obile
inst
ruct
or's
con
sole
with
4 ta
pe r
ecor
ders
and
a (
prog
ram
to s
tude
nt)
switc
h pa
nel a
t $2,
100
0 36
stu
dent
sta
tions
(le
ss f
urni
ture
)w
ith a
hea
dset
and
vol
ume
cont
rol f
or e
ach
stud
ent a
t $1,
600.
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viir
;A
Stud
ents
list
en to
rad
io a
nd r
ecor
ded
mat
eria
ls in
libr
ary
stud
y ar
eas.
Faci
litie
s ar
e ex
pand
ed to
acc
omm
odat
e cl
ass
grou
pssc
hedu
led
by in
stru
ctor
s an
d al
so s
tude
nts
who
see
k to
list
en in
depe
nden
tly.
Bud
get
$25,
000
for
a ty
pica
l lib
rary
list
enin
g fa
cilit
y,in
clud
ing
0 A
pro
gram
s co
ntro
l cen
ter
with
4 s
tere
o an
d 16
mon
aura
l cha
nnel
s at
$12,
5000
100
aud
io c
arre
ls w
ith h
eads
ets
and
volu
me
cont
rols
at $
12,5
00.
Stud
ents
list
en a
nd r
espo
nd u
sing
hea
dset
s an
dm
icro
phon
es.
Equ
ipm
ent p
erm
its s
tude
nts
to p
artic
ipat
e in
pro
gram
med
aud
io li
ngua
lpr
actic
e an
dal
so e
nabl
es in
stru
ctor
and
stu
dent
eva
luat
ion
and
inte
r-co
mm
unic
atio
n.
Bud
get $
10,0
00 f
or a
typi
cal a
udio
-act
ive
lang
uage
labo
rato
ry,
incl
udin
gA
n in
stru
ctor
's c
ontr
ol c
onso
le w
ith 4
prog
ram
sou
rces
and
am
onito
r-in
terc
om-d
istr
ibut
ion
pane
l at $
2,50
036
stu
dent
carr
els,
eac
h w
ith h
eads
et, a
mpl
ifie
d m
icro
phon
e an
d vo
lum
e co
ntro
l at $
7,50
0.
It
---
Stud
ents
list
en a
nd r
espo
nd u
sing
hea
dset
s an
dm
icro
phon
es.
Equ
ipm
ent p
erm
its s
tude
nts
to p
artic
ipat
e in
pro
gram
med
aud
io li
ngua
l pra
ctic
e an
dal
so e
nabl
es in
stru
ctor
and
stu
dent
eva
luat
ion
and
inte
r-co
mm
unic
atio
n. 0
Bud
get $
10,0
00 f
or a
typi
cal a
udio
-act
ive
lang
uage
labo
rato
ry,
incl
udin
gA
n in
stru
ctor
's c
ontr
ol c
onso
le w
ith 4
prog
ram
sou
rces
and
am
onito
r-in
terc
om-d
istr
ibut
ion
pane
l at $
2,50
036
stu
dent
carr
els,
each
with
hea
dset
, am
plif
ied
mic
roph
one
and
volu
me
cont
rol a
t $7,
500.
`VP=
vez:
44.1
4,
a
Students look and listen. Projectedtransparencies are programmed and synchronized with tape recorded sound.
Budget $600 A combination sound slide projector with automaticslide changer, remote controls, and "programmer:'
'..
sAl,m
,A
c,
-"-
a
t
4
AUDIO VISUAL
ii
Stud
ents
look
, lis
ten,
and
res
pond
to te
stin
g in
the
clas
sroo
m u
sing
mul
tiple
cho
kere
spon
ders
. The
inst
ruct
or's
con
sole
and
stu
dent
s're
spon
ders
ena
ble
inst
ant a
nd p
rogr
essi
ve e
valu
atio
n of
bot
h le
arni
ng a
nd in
stru
ctio
n.
Bud
get $
5,00
0 fo
r a
typi
cal c
lass
room
com
mun
icat
orsy
stem
, inc
ludi
ng 0
36
stud
ent m
ultip
le c
hoic
e re
spon
ders
and
cab
ling
at $
1,50
0 0
An
inst
ruct
or's
con
trol
con
sole
for
36
stud
ents
with
vis
ual p
erce
ntag
esc
orin
g m
eter
s, a
nd s
tude
nt p
erfo
rman
ce s
core
(di
gita
l) c
ount
ers
at $
3,50
0.w
cts1
=22
ate=
vi,:i
tk
Stud
ents
look
and
list
en. A
udio
-vis
ual p
rese
ntat
ions
are
sele
cted
and
rem
otel
y co
ntro
lled
by th
e in
stru
ctor
from
mul
tiple
slid
ean
d m
otio
n pi
ctur
e pr
ojec
tors
.
Bud
get $
1,60
0 A
mot
ion
pict
ure
proj
ecto
r ad
apte
d w
ithre
mot
e co
ntro
ls a
t$7
50 0
2 s
lide
proj
ecto
rs a
dapt
ed w
ith r
emot
e co
ntro
lsat
$50
0A
des
k to
p re
mot
e co
ntro
l pan
el a
nd a
cces
sori
esat
$35
0.
0,00 fq
,
111g
7;1
'mss
orw
1.7
Instructor magnifies living, anim
ated and stillteaching m
aterial using a vidicon TV
camera and a classroom
TV
receiver.rv
.t egrup-,Lew
1)
tru
,-V
Budget $3,000 0 A
vidicon TV
camera w
ith zoom lens,
tripod and dolly at $2,600 0 A classroom
VF/R
Freceiver w
ith TV
'stand and accessories at $400.
,1
-AL
Students look, listen, and respond as a large forum group.Instructor's program and pace multi-media audio-visual presentations.The instructor's console and equipment includes a "programmer" with recorder forencoding the control of the audio-visualselections, and the group's use of the communicator/respondersystem.A computer circuit and printer can furtherenable the data processing and print out of mass and individual scores,
Budget $30,000 for a typical multi-media teachingsystem, including 100 student stations with multiple choice responders 1 motionpicture projector and 2 slide projectors with remote controlsand installed for rear-screen projection Instructor's programming andcontrol console, and classroom communicator system for 100 students.
r
Inst
ruct
ors
team
teac
h in
larg
e cl
assr
oom
sus
ing
mor
e th
an o
ne T
V c
amer
a. T
his
perm
its g
reat
er f
lexi
bilit
y an
d a
larg
er"f
ield
" fo
r de
mon
stra
tion
activ
ity.
Bud
get $
12,5
00A
mob
ile A
V-T
V te
ache
r's c
onso
le a
nd4
VF/
RF
clas
sroo
m r
ecei
vers
at $
5,00
0 0
A v
iew
find
er T
Vca
mer
a ch
ain
with
ass
orte
dle
nses
, rem
ote
cam
era
cont
rols
, sim
ple
cam
era
switc
her
and
an a
udio
-vid
eo R
F m
odul
ator
at $
7,50
0.
"
V
14- a.
7-
Inst
ruct
iona
l res
ourc
e ce
nter
s tr
ansm
it se
lect
ed "
off
air"
TV
bro
adca
sts,
and
reco
rded
vid
eo p
rogr
ams
to te
achi
ng a
nd le
arni
ngar
eas.
/
A I
r
,
Bud
get $
65,0
00 f
or a
typi
cal c
lose
d ci
rcui
t tel
evis
ion
syst
em (
less
stu
dio)
,in
clud
ing
0 A
mob
ile A
V/T
V c
onso
le w
ith 2
cam
eras
for
rem
ote
clas
sroo
m u
se a
t $12
,500
A m
aste
r an
tenn
ae s
yste
m, c
entr
al d
istr
ibut
ion
pane
l and
50
VF/
RF
clas
sroo
m r
ecei
vers
at $
17,5
00E
ngin
eeri
ng,
labo
r an
d on
e-ye
ar w
arra
nty
at $
10,0
002
"bro
adca
st c
ompa
tible
" vi
deo
tape
rec
orde
rs a
t $25
,000
.
4.
.7.-
t.
MI ----
,..
_
Tea
cher
s an
d st
uden
ts p
artic
ipat
e in
the
"liv
e" p
rodu
ctio
n an
d re
cord
ing
of T
Vte
achi
ng p
rogr
ams
with
cen
tral
ized
TV
stu
dio
faci
litie
s.
Bud
get $
65,0
00 f
or a
typi
cal c
lose
d ci
rcui
t TV
sys
tem
(pr
eced
ing
page
)pl
us $
45,0
00 to
pro
vide
Stud
io li
ghtin
g fi
xtur
es, a
3-vi
ewfi
nder
cam
era
chai
n w
ith a
ssoc
iate
dca
mer
a co
ntro
l con
sole
, 2 s
tudi
o se
lf-
cont
aine
d re
mot
e ca
mer
as, e
ngin
eeri
ng, l
abor
, and
one-
year
war
rant
y.
V.941.1,
r--.44.r-
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r
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at
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6.4 t- S r stt, an , Its3
Pot
entia
l Sch
ool o
r S
choo
l Dis
tric
t Ele
ctro
nic
Tea
chin
gA
ids
Net
wor
k
IN S
UM
MA
RY
The
pre
cedi
ng p
ages
of
SPE
CT
RU
M h
ave
pres
ente
da
num
ber
of a
udio
-vi
sual
sys
tem
con
figu
ratio
ns f
or e
xten
ding
inst
ruct
ion
tom
ore
stud
ents
inle
ss ti
me.
The
pre
sent
atio
n ha
s ta
ken
into
acc
ount
sm
all,
med
ium
, and
larg
est
uden
t gro
ups
and
has
also
des
crib
ed e
mer
ging
sys
tem
s w
hich
can
bead
apte
d to
var
ious
mod
es o
f st
uden
t par
ticip
atio
n. T
he e
lect
roni
cm
eans
for
dist
ribu
ting
inst
ruct
iona
l res
ourc
es th
roug
hout
a s
choo
l pla
nt h
ave
been
illus
trat
ed in
an
orde
r fr
om th
e si
mpl
e to
the
mor
e co
mpl
ex a
nd h
ave
been
acco
mpa
nied
by
an a
ppro
xim
atio
n of
the
cost
s. I
t is
hope
d th
at S
PEC
TR
UM
will
be
a co
nven
ient
and
use
ful r
efer
ence
to th
ose
ente
ring
the
prel
imin
ary
stag
es o
f pl
anni
ng f
or e
lect
roni
c te
achi
ng s
yste
ms.
A W
ord
of C
autio
nSP
EC
TR
UM
doe
s no
t obv
iate
the
need
for
the
care
ful d
evel
opm
ent o
fa
utili
zatio
n pl
an p
rior
to th
e pu
rcha
se o
f el
ectr
onic
sys
tem
s. S
uch
syst
ems
doha
ve a
gre
at p
oten
tial a
nd th
ey a
re n
eede
d. T
he n
eed
for
them
is a
ckno
wl-
edge
d in
the
Nat
iona
l Edu
catio
n B
ill o
f 19
65, w
hich
exp
ands
fed
eral
aid
for
audi
o-vi
sual
item
s to
incl
ude
item
s fo
r al
l the
edu
catio
nal d
isci
plin
es. B
utel
ectr
onic
teac
hing
sys
tem
s ar
e m
eans
onl
y, a
nd th
eir
pote
ntia
l can
onl
y be
real
ized
thro
ugh
prog
ram
med
app
licat
ion.
A f
ew p
oint
s of
adm
oniti
on to
pot
entia
l buy
ers
of e
lect
roni
c te
achi
ng s
yste
ms
are
espe
cial
ly p
ertin
ent i
n th
is c
onte
xt:
1. S
peci
fy e
duca
tiona
l req
uire
men
ts. D
eter
min
e sp
ecif
ical
ly w
hat y
ou w
ant
the
equi
pmen
t to
do f
or y
ou. T
ake
adva
ntag
e of
the
cons
truc
tive
sugg
estio
nsof
peo
ple
who
will
use
the
syst
em. S
usta
in th
e "t
each
ing
tool
" pe
rspe
ctiv
ew
ith a
con
tinui
ng p
rogr
am o
f us
er p
artic
ipat
ion
in s
yste
m d
evel
opm
ent a
ndut
iliza
tion.
2. U
se q
ualif
ied
cons
ulta
nts.
Man
ufac
ture
rs' r
epre
sent
ativ
es c
an b
e ve
ry h
elp-
ful i
n co
rrel
atin
g eq
uipm
ent c
hara
cter
istic
s w
ith e
duca
tiona
l req
uire
men
ts.
How
ever
, spe
cifi
catio
ns f
or c
ompl
ex s
yste
ms
shou
ld b
e ev
alua
ted
and
pre-
pare
d in
fin
al f
orm
by
a co
mm
unic
atio
ns s
yste
m e
xper
t. H
is k
now
ledg
e is
inex
pens
ive
cons
ider
ing
the
maj
or m
ista
kes
that
can
be
avoi
ded.
3. A
void
fal
se e
cono
my.
Sub
stan
dard
or
nonc
ompa
tible
equ
ipm
ent i
sex
pen-
sive
at a
ny p
rice
. Sys
tem
s th
at a
re o
ver-
qual
ifie
d an
d el
abor
ated
to e
xcee
dsp
ecif
icat
ions
may
rep
rese
nt a
n un
nece
ssar
y ex
pens
e. U
seyo
ur e
xper
t to
eval
uate
and
app
rove
con
trac
tor's
dev
iatio
ns a
nd s
ubst
itutio
ns.
New
Dir
ectio
nsT
wo
inte
rest
ing
and
rela
ted
aspe
cts
not t
reat
ed in
SPE
CT
RU
M w
ill b
eex
celle
nt s
ubje
cts
for
sepa
rate
trea
tmen
t. O
ne is
new
dir
ectio
ns in
stu
dent
use
of p
rogr
amm
ed in
stru
ctio
n w
ith in
divi
dual
teac
hing
mac
hine
s an
d,a
seco
nd,
the
appl
icat
ion
of e
lect
roni
cs s
yste
ms
to d
ata
proc
essi
ng a
nd r
etri
eval
inth
e ov
er-a
ll ed
ucat
ive
proc
ess,
incl
udin
g co
unse
ling
and
adm
inis
trat
ion.
We
hear
teac
hers
say
, "I
love
to te
ach,
but
hav
e so
littl
e tim
e fo
r it:
' The
teac
her
need
s to
con
serv
e tim
e fo
r te
achi
ng b
y re
cove
ring
the
time
requ
ired
for
mec
hani
cal o
pera
tions
and
als
o th
e tim
e lo
st in
cle
rica
l det
ail.
So it
now
mak
es s
ense
to c
entr
aliz
e th
e te
chni
cal a
nd m
echa
nica
l ope
ratio
ns f
or q
uali-
fied
atte
ndan
ts to
han
dle,
and
fur
ther
to a
dd e
lect
roni
c fa
cilit
ies
for
proc
-es
sing
the
mul
titud
inou
s de
tails
ass
ocia
ted
with
test
ing,
cou
nsel
ing,
and
adm
inis
trat
ion.
The
illu
stra
tion
on th
e op
posi
te p
age
is s
ymbo
lic o
f w
hat i
s be
ginn
ing
and
wha
t will
sur
ely
happ
en. T
he n
erve
cen
ter,
or
bet-
ter
the
com
mun
icat
ions
inte
llige
nce
cent
er, i
s lo
-ca
ted
with
in th
e ar
ea o
f th
e in
stru
ctio
nal r
esou
rces
k0
faci
lity.
Pro
gram
s ar
e re
cord
ed a
nd tr
ansm
itted
to th
e st
uden
t stu
dy s
tatio
ns a
nd to
the
teac
hing
area
s. T
wo-
way
tran
smis
sion
is p
rovi
ded
to a
c-co
mm
odat
e re
mot
e re
cord
ing
and
inte
rcom
mun
i-ca
tion.
Rap
id in
terc
hang
e of
pro
gram
s am
ong
the
seve
ral s
choo
ls o
f a
dist
rict
is a
chie
ved
byel
ectr
onic
tran
smis
sion
link
s.
.."."
..
OT
HE
R R
EPO
RT
S FR
OM
EFL
BR
ICK
S A
ND
MO
RT
AR
BO
AR
DS
A g
uide
for
the
deci
sion
mak
ers
inhi
gher
edu
catio
n: h
ow th
e co
llege
s an
d un
iver
sitie
s ca
n pr
ovid
e en
ough
spac
efo
r th
e bu
rgeo
ning
enr
ollm
ents
of
this
dec
ade;
how
that
spac
e ca
n be
mad
e ad
apta
ble
to th
e in
evita
ble
chan
ges
inth
e ed
ucat
iona
l pro
cess
in th
e de
cade
s ah
ead.
(O
ne c
opy
avai
labl
e w
ithou
tch
arge
. Add
ition
al c
opie
s $1
.00.
)
CO
LL
EG
E S
TU
DE
NT
S L
IVE
HE
RE
A r
epor
t on
the
wha
t, w
hy, a
nd h
owof
col
lege
hou
sing
; rev
iew
s th
e fa
ctor
s in
volv
ed in
plan
ning
, bui
ldin
g, a
ndfi
nanc
ing
stud
ent r
esid
ence
s.
TH
E C
OST
OF
A S
CH
OO
LH
OU
SE A
rev
iew
of
the
fact
ors
cont
ribu
ting
to th
e co
st a
nd e
ffec
tiven
ess
of s
choo
l-ho
usin
g in
clud
ing
plan
ning
, bui
ldin
g, a
nd f
inan
cing
.
DE
SIG
N F
OR
ET
V-P
LA
NN
ING
FO
R S
CH
OO
LS
WIT
H T
EL
EV
ISIO
N A
repo
rt o
nfa
cilit
ies,
pre
sent
and
fut
ure,
nee
ded
to a
ccom
mod
ate
inst
ruct
iona
l tel
evis
ion
and
othe
r ne
w e
duca
tiona
l pro
gram
s. P
repa
red
for
EFL
by
Dav
e C
hapm
an, I
nc.,
Indu
stri
alD
esig
n.
RE
LO
CA
TA
BL
E S
CH
OO
L F
AC
ILIT
IES
A s
urve
y of
por
tabl
e, d
emou
ntab
le,
mob
ile, a
nd d
ivis
ible
sch
oolh
ousi
ng in
use
in th
e U
nite
dSt
ates
and
a p
lan
for
the
futu
re.
SCH
OO
L S
CH
ED
UL
ING
BY
CO
MPU
TE
R/T
HE
ST
OR
Y O
F G
ASP
A r
epor
tof
the
com
pute
r pro
gram
dev
elop
ed b
yM
IT to
hel
pco
llege
s an
d hi
gh s
choo
ls c
onst
ruct
thei
r co
mpl
ex m
aste
r sc
hedu
les.
SCSD
: AN
IN
TE
RIM
RE
POR
T A
fir
st r
epor
t on
the
Scho
ol
Con
stru
ctio
n Sy
stem
s D
evel
opm
ent P
roje
ct th
e fi
rstp
roje
ct in
the
U. S
. to
coor
dina
te th
e de
sign
and
use
of
a se
ries
of
inte
grat
ed c
ompo
nent
s to
bui
ld b
ette
r sc
hool
s m
ore
econ
omic
ally
.
TH
E S
CH
OO
L L
IBR
AR
Y A
rep
ort o
n fa
cilit
ies
for
inde
pend
ent
stud
y, w
ith s
tand
ards
for
the
size
of
colle
ctio
ns, s
eatin
g ca
paci
ty, a
nd th
ena
ture
of
mat
eria
ls to
be
inco
rpor
ated
.
TO
BU
ILD
OR
NO
T T
O B
UIL
D A
stu
dy o
f th
e ut
iliza
tion
ofin
stru
ctio
nal s
pace
in s
mal
l lib
eral
art
s co
llege
s, w
ith a
do-
it-yo
urse
lfw
orkb
ook
for
the
indi
vidu
al u
se o
f th
e in
stitu
tions
that
wis
h to
surv
ey th
eir
own
utili
zatio
n le
vels
.
A S
TU
DY
ON
ST
UD
YIN
G A
rep
ort f
rom
the
Com
mun
ity C
olle
gePl
anni
ng:C
ente
r on
Stu
dent
Stu
dy F
acili
ties.
prof
iles
of s
iglif
ican
t sch
ools
'A
ser
ies
o f r
epor
tsw
hich
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
on s
ome
of th
e la
test
deve
lopm
ents
'in
scho
ol p
lann
ing
and
desi
gn.
Bel
aire
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool,
San
Ang
elo,
Tex
asH
efith
cote
Ele
men
tary
Sch
ool,
Scar
sdal
e, N
ew Y
ork
Tw
o M
iddl
e Sc
hool
s, S
agin
aw T
owns
hip,
Mic
higa
nH
olla
nd H
igh
Scho
ol, H
olla
nd, M
ichi
gan
Scho
ols
for
Tea
m T
each
ing
ten
exam
ples
Hig
h Sc
hool
s 19
62ed
ucat
iona
l cha
nge
and
arch
itect
ural
cons
eque
nce
Scho
ols
With
out W
alls
open
pla
nsc
hool
des
ign
and
func
tion
Mid
dle
Scho
ols
new
des
igns
for
inte
rmed
iate
gra
des
case
stu
dies
of e
duca
tiona
l fac
ilitie
s
A s
erie
s of
rep
orts
whi
ch p
rovi
de in
form
atio
non
spec
ific
sol
utio
ns to
pro
blem
s in
sch
ool p
lann
ing,
des
ign,
and
con
stru
ctio
n.
1. C
ON
VE
NT
ION
AL
GY
MN
ASI
UM
VS.
GE
OD
ESI
C F
IEL
D H
OU
SE
A c
ompa
riso
n of
cos
t,sp
ace,
and
adva
ntag
es b
ased
on
a ca
se s
tudy
of
Wes
tB
ethe
sda
Hig
h Sc
hool
, Mon
tgom
ery
Cou
nty,
Mar
ylan
d.
3. L
AB
OR
AT
OR
IES
AN
D C
LA
SSR
OO
MS
FOR
HIG
H
SCH
OO
L P
HY
SIC
SC
hapt
er r
epri
nted
fro
m M
oder
n Ph
ysic
sB
uild
ings
: Des
ign
and
Func
tion.
4. A
DIV
ISIB
LE
AU
DIT
OR
IUM
/BO
UL
DE
RC
ITY
, NE
VA
DA
Cas
e st
udy
of a
nau
dito
rium
that
can
be
conv
erte
d to
inst
ruct
iona
l spa
ces
byth
eus
e of
sou
ndpr
oof,
ope
rabl
e w
alls
.
5. N
EW
CA
MPU
SES
FOR
OL
D: A
CA
SE S
TU
DY
OF
FOU
R C
OL
LE
GE
S T
HA
T M
OV
ED
Wha
t the
dec
isio
n to
mov
e m
eans
fro
m a
nec
onom
ic, a
cade
mic
, soc
ial,
and
phys
ical
poi
nt o
f vi
ew.
6. A
CO
LL
EG
E H
EA
LT
H C
EN
TE
R C
ase
stud
y of
a m
odel
cen
ter
for
smal
l
priv
ate
colle
ges;
arc
hite
ctur
al d
esig
n by
Cau
dill,
Row
lett
& S
cott.
7. N
EW
BU
ILD
ING
S O
N C
AM
PUS:
SIX
DE
SIG
NS
FOR
A
CO
LL
EG
E C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S C
EN
TE
RG
raph
ic r
epre
sent
atio
ns o
f th
e re
sults
of a
n ar
chite
ctur
al c
ompe
titio
n fo
r a
new
spac
eto
hou
se th
e ac
cout
rem
ents
of
inst
ruct
iona
l aid
s an
d m
edia
.
8. T
HE
SC
HO
OL
S A
ND
UR
BA
N R
EN
EW
AL
A c
ase
stud
y of
the
Woo
ster
Squ
are
rene
wal
pro
ject
in N
ew H
aven
, Con
nect
icut
.
9. A
IR S
TR
UC
TU
RE
S FO
R S
CH
OO
L S
POR
TS
A s
tudy
of
air-
supp
orte
d sh
elte
rs a
s ho
usin
g fo
r pl
ayfi
elds
, sw
imm
ing
pool
s,an
d ot
her
phys
ical
edu
catio
n ac
tiviti
es.
10. T
HE
NE
W C
AM
PUS
IN B
RIT
AIN
: ID
EA
S O
F C
ON
SEQ
UE
NC
E F
OR
TH
E U
NIT
ED
STA
TE
SR
ecen
t Bri
tish
expe
rien
ce in
uni
vers
ity p
lann
ing
and
its im
plic
atio
ns f
or A
mer
ican
edu
cato
rs, a
rchi
tect
s, a
nd p
lann
ers.
tech
nica
l rep
orts
1. A
CO
UST
ICA
L E
NV
IRO
NM
EN
T O
F SC
HO
OL
BU
ILD
ING
S by
Joh
n
Lyo
n R
eid
and
Dan
iel F
itzro
y A
cous
tics
of a
cade
mic
spac
ein
sch
ools
. An
anal
ysis
of
the
stat
istic
al d
ata
gath
ered
fro
m m
easu
rem
ent a
nd s
tudy
.
