Ecotourism for Youths in Austria...5 2.2 Youth Education 39 2.2.1 Definition of Youth Education 40...
Transcript of Ecotourism for Youths in Austria...5 2.2 Youth Education 39 2.2.1 Definition of Youth Education 40...
EcotourismforYouthsinAustria
BachelorThesisforObtainingtheDegree
BachelorofBusinessAdministrationin
Tourism,HotelManagementandOperations
SubmittedtoEvaAileenJungwirth-Edelmann,MA
KatharinaStrnad
1511068
Vienna,31May2019
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Affidavit
IherebyaffirmthatthisBachelor’sThesisrepresentsmyownwrittenworkandthatI
haveusednosourcesandaidsotherthanthoseindicated.Allpassagesquotedfrom
publicationsorparaphrasedfromthesesourcesareproperlycitedandattributed.
The thesiswasnot submitted in the sameor ina substantially similar version,not
evenpartially,toanotherexaminationboardandwasnotpublishedelsewhere.
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Abstract
Topic:EcotourismforYouthsinAustria
NameofAuthor:KatharinaStrnad
Course/Year:BBATourism,HotelManagementandOperations2019
Pages:98
Content:Theimportanceofeducatingyouthabouttherelevanceofecotourismhas
not receiveda lotofattention in the literature so far.Nevertheless, theupcoming
generations have a significant role in protecting the planet further. Especially
ecotourismrepresentsasubstantialpartinthisprocesssincethetravelindustryhas
gainedalotofattentioninthelastseveraldecadesandhasasignificantinfluenceon
thewellbeingofthenaturalenvironment.
This thesis aimed to investigate the topic of ecotourism for youth in Austria. The
primarypurposewastofindoutmoreaboutyouthattitudetowardsecotourismand
environmentally friendlybehavior.Furthermore, itwasto illustratethe importance
ofenvironmentallearningtoraisethelevelofecologicalawarenessamongyouth.
Quantitative research has been conducted; more precisely, a semi-structured
questionnaire has been developed to obtain a more in-depth knowledge about
youth perception of ecotourism. Furthermore, a comprehensive literature review
wascarriedout.
Thefindingsoftheresearchhighlighttheimportanceofenvironmentallearningand
teachingmethodsthatfocusonsustainable,responsiblebehavior.Youthneedtobe
educated about the importance of acting environmentally friendly to protect the
planet for upcoming generations. The results show that youth already have some
knowledgeabouttheimportanceofmaintainingthewellbeingoftheenvironment.
Nevertheless, most students are not aware of the concept that is ecotourism.
Furthermore, there is still a lack of putting the theory into practice,which can be
improvedthroughspecifictoolsthatfurtherpromoteecotourismamongyouth.
Supervisor:EvaAileenJungwirth-Edelmann,MA
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TableofContents
Affidavit 2
Abstract 3
TableofContents 4
ListofTables 6
ListofFigures 7
ListofAbbreviations 9
1 Introduction 10
1.1 MotivationandCognitiveInterest 10
1.2 OutlineoftheThesis 12
1.2.1 AimandSecondaryAimsoftheBachelorThesis 12
1.2.2 ResearchQuestion,HypothesisandLimitations 13
1.3 OverviewoftheThesis 15
2 LiteratureReview 16
2.1 Eco-Tourism 17
2.1.1 DefinitionofTourism 17
2.1.2 FormsofTourism 20
2.1.3 DefinitionofEcotourism 21
2.1.3.1 EcologicalAwareness 23
2.1.4 FormsofEcotourism 25
2.1.4.1 Nature-basedTourism 25
2.1.4.2 AdventureTourism 26
2.1.5 EcotourismDevelopmentinLocalCommunities 27
2.1.6 EcotourisminAustria 28
2.1.6.1 GeneralInformationofAustria 31
2.1.6.2 TheImportanceofEcotourisminAustria 33
2.1.7 ProtectionLabelsandActionPlans 35
2.1.7.1 ProtectionLabelsandActionPlansinAustria 36
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2.2 YouthEducation 39
2.2.1 DefinitionofYouthEducation 40
2.2.1.1 YouthEducationinAustria 41
2.2.1.2 ExtracurricularActivitiesandInformalEducation 42
2.2.1.3 TheParentalRoleinExtracurricularActivities 45
2.2.2 PsychologyofYouth 46
2.2.3 EnvironmentalPsychology 47
2.2.4 EcologicalAwarenessandEducation 48
2.2.5 EnvironmentalEducation 49
2.2.6 EducationandEcotourism 51
2.2.6.1 AdventureCampPrograms 52
2.2.7 EcotourismforYouthinAustria 53
3 Methodology 55
3.1 Aim 56
3.2 ResearchDesign 57
3.3 UnitofAnalysis 59
3.4 DataPreparationandAnalysis 61
3.5 Participants 63
3.5.1 SelectionCriteria 63
3.5.2 ConstructionoftheQuestionnaire 64
3.5.3 ReflectionsConcerningtheQuestionnaire 66
4 SummaryandInterpretationoftheQuestionnaires 71
4.1 QuestionnaireParticipants 71
4.2 SummaryandInterpretationoftheQuestionnaires 72
5 Conclusion 95
Bibliography 99
Appendices 108
Appendix1:Survey(German) 108
Appendix2:Survey(English) 113
Appendix3:Results 119
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ListofTables
Table1FormsofTourism........................................................................................................20
Table2ElementsofOutdoorAdventurePracticesUtilizedTherapeutically...........................53
Table3StructureoftheThesis................................................................................................55
Table4ParticipantsoftheQuestionnaire...............................................................................71
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ListofFigures
Figure1Leiper’sModelofTourism.........................................................................................18
Figure2TheFourPillarsofEcotourism...................................................................................22
Figure3LevelofEcologicalAwareness...................................................................................23
Figure4ThemostImportantSourceMarketsofAustrianTourism........................................29
Figure5MostPopularTouristRegionsinAustria...................................................................30
Figure6CORINELandCoverTypes–2012..............................................................................32
Figure7TouristInterestsinAustria.........................................................................................34
Figure8Natura2000SitesinAustria......................................................................................38
Figure9PredominantLearningModels..................................................................................40
Figure10TheAustrianEducationSystem...............................................................................41
Figure11ExtracurricularActivities..........................................................................................43
Figure12TheImpactofEnvironmentalEducationonStudents.............................................49
Figure13PrimaryandSecondaryAimsoftheThesis..............................................................56
Figure14Semi-StructuredSurveys..........................................................................................59
Figure15ProcessofDataPreparationandAnalysis...............................................................61
Figure16WhatisYourGender?..............................................................................................72
Figure17InWhatAgeGroupareYou?...................................................................................73
Figure18WhatisYourLevelofEducation?............................................................................74
Figure19DoYouLiveinanUrbanorRuralArea?...................................................................75
Figure20DoYouUsuallyTravelWith….................................................................................76
Figure21Figure21:ITravelBecause…..................................................................................77
Figure22WhatTypeofHolidaydoYouUsuallyDo?..............................................................78
Figure23DoYouUsuallySpendYourHolidayinanOutboundorInboundDestination?.......79
Figure24PleasePicktheMethodofTransportationYouWouldPrefertoTravelWith........80
Figure25AreYouAwareoftheConceptThatisEcotourism?................................................81
Figure 26 To What Extend do You Consider Yourself to Behave in an EnvironmentallyConsciousWay?.......................................................................................................................82
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Figure27HowImportantdoYouThinkEco-TourismisLikelytobefortheFuture?..............83
Figure28WhereWouldyouFindInformationAboutEcotourism?........................................84
Figure 29Which of These Criteria do You Think Indicates That an Accommodation is Eco-Friendly?..................................................................................................................................86
Figure30ConsideringYourLastHoliday,PleaseSpecifyHowImportantWeretheFollowingMotives....................................................................................................................................87
Figure 31 Considering Your Last Holiday, Please Indicate What Activities Have You TakenWhenonHoliday.....................................................................................................................89
Figure32IfIGoonHoliday,IWouldEnjoy….........................................................................90
Figure33IaminFavorofSavingRemote,WildernessAreas..................................................91
Figure34TheFollowingStatementsRelatetoYourEverydayLife.PleaseIndicatetheExtenttoWhichYouAgreeorDisagree..............................................................................................92
Figure35MindMap–ProtectionofMothersEarth...............................................................93
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ListofAbbreviations
GenY GenerationY
GDP GrossDomesticProduct
UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizations
EU EuropeanUnion
LA21 LocalAgenda21
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1 Introduction
1.1 MotivationandCognitiveInterest
Ecotourismisaconceptthatgainsalotofattentionforseveraldecades.Thenumber
of organizations and destinations addressing environmental issues and developing
environmentallyresponsiblemeasurementsissteadilygrowing.Butitisasignificant
concerntoevenputsomefocusontheyoungpeopleofourgenerationtoeducate
themandmakethemawareofenvironmentalissues.Youtharetherepresentatives
of the future, and therefore it is necessary to direct them into a way where
environmentalprotectionbecomesapartofeverydaylifeaswellasdecision-making
processes.
Overthelastcentury,theimportanceoftourismsignificantlyincreasedandplayeda
significant role when it comes to economic benefits, employment or recreational
activities (Cinietal.,2010).Thisbooming industrycannowadaysbedivided intoa
varietyof subcategorieswhereoneof theessentialones isecotourism (Cinietal.,
2010). Themain characteristics of ecotourism include theminimizationof harmful
impacts of tourism on the natural as well as cultural surroundings; it creates
economic profit for local communities and also develops ecological awareness
among tourists and locals (Cini et al., 2010). Ecotourism serves as a symbol to
connectthepositiveelementsofsocial,culturalandeconomicresources(Cinietal.,
2010).
Especially the degree of individual’s environmental awareness, which is
characterized by someone’s ecological knowledge, values or willingness to act
responsibly, is influenced by a variety of factors like intentional or situational
elements (Zsóka et al., 2013). Individual’s knowledge and attitudes are of high
importancebecauseithasapotentialimpactontheirbehavior(Zsókaetal.,2013)
Toensureandmaintainthequalityofdestinations,theirnaturalenvironmentaswell
as tourist attractions, it is essential to bring people closer to topics like
environmentalawareness,environmentaleducation,andnature ingeneral (Ciniet
al., 2010). Besides the fact that ecotourism shows several potential benefits, the
promotion and advertisement of ecotourism addressing younger individuals
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becomes more critical because they show a high potential to develop ecological
awarenessinthefuture(Cinietal.,2010).
Especiallyyoungpeopleneedtobeeducatedaboutthe importanceofacting inan
environmentallyresponsiblewaytoprotectnatureforupcominggenerations(Ciniet
al., 2010). However, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning young people’s
perceptionandpersuasionaboutecotourism thatdeservesmoreattention (Cini&
Passafaro,2019).Reasonstofocustheattentiononyouthinclude,forinstance,that
they are anticipated to contribute an essential part in promoting a sustainable
lifestyle in the future (Cini&Passafaro,2019). Furthermore, theyounggeneration
representsoneofthetouristsectorshavingthehighestpotentialtoincrease,andat
thesametime,theyarethetouristsectorshowingtheleastattractiontoecotourism
atthemoment(Cini&Passafaro,2019).Focusingmoreonyoungtargetgroupscan
lead to a more advanced relationship between young travelers and the natural
environment. Furthermore, it is a great tool to build up beneficial attitudes and
behaviorsregardingthesituation(Cinietal.,2010).
However, this study will put some special effort on the analysis of ecotourism in
Austria,howyouthsinAustriaarebeingtaughtintermsofenvironmentaleducation
and how they deal with topics like environmental behavior, ecological awareness
andprotectionmeasurements fornature (Cinietal.,2010). It is crucial thatyoung
people take on the responsibility tomaintain the current and improve the future
qualityofnaturalsurroundings.Promotingsustainabletourismamongyouthshows
theiractivepartinthedevelopmentofamoresustainableoutlook(Cinietal.,2010).
It is for sure; childrenwill have a significant influence on the environment in the
future, whichmakes the institutionalization of sustainability topics into education
veryimportant(Cinietal.,2010).
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1.2 OutlineoftheThesis
1.2.1 AimandSecondaryAimsoftheBachelorThesis
The focus of this Bachelor thesis lies on examining the significance of tourism,
ecotourism,ecologicalawarenessandenvironmentallyeducationforyouth.Littleis
knownaboutAustrianattitudesandknowledgetowardsecotourism,environmental
responsible behavior and their degree of environmental education. Consequently,
theaimofthisresearchistoexaminetheimportanceofecotourism,environmental
educationandenvironmentallyresponsiblebehaviorofyouthlivinginAustria.
Moreover, the objective is to give a detailed overview of youth interest and
knowledge about ecotourism through using questionnaires that will be answered
fromstudentstoobtainadeeperinsightintoyouthminds.
Thesecondaryaimsofthisstudywillcoverseveraldefinitionsaswellascreatinga
connectionbetweenthedifferenttopicsofinterest:
1) Toillustratethekeyelementsoftourismandecotourism
2) To provide more information about the definition of youth and youth
education
3) Toshowtheimportanceofenvironmentaleducationintodayssociety
4) To demonstrate the growing relationship of ecological awareness and
environmentaleducation
5) Toexemplifythesignificantconnectionbetweeneducationandecotourism
6) Toillustratewhetherthereisarelationbetweenecotourismandyouthliving
inAustria
Throughgivingdetailed informationabout theabove-mentionedtopicsof interest,
thethesis isgoingtoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofthecurrentsituationof
youthlivinginAustria,theirinterestinecotourismandtheirstatusofenvironmental
education. Although the theoretical part gives a lot of information about the
differentresearchvariables,themainfocusisputontheprofessionalaspectsofthis
subjectusingexperiments.
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1.2.2 ResearchQuestion,HypothesisandLimitations
Ecotourism is becoming a more important topic of interest that needs to be
addressedduetotherisingsignificanceofenvironmentalprotectiontoofferastable
environment for upcoming generations. Furthermore, the topic of ecotourism in
connectiontoyouthisofmajorimportancebecausetheyrepresentfuturedecision
makersthatneedtobeawareoftherelevancethatenvironmentalfriendlybehavior
hasinordertoprotecttheupcominglifeonearth.
Furtherresearchneedstobedone in thematterofecotourismandyouthandthe
impact of environmental education on the behavior of youth regarding the
environmentandmeasurementsinordertoprotectit.Theresultsofthisstudycan
be valuableespecially for schools andorganizations thatput a lotof efforton the
commonnessofenvironmentalbehaviorinordertorealizetheimportanceofyouth
education in environmental topics and to work on a sustainable future plan
consideringyouth.
Referringtothetheoreticalpartofthestudy,thethesisaimstoanswerthefollowing
researchquestions:
• Whyisecotourismsuchasignificantpartoftoday’stravelindustry?
• How do ecological awareness and education impact youth behavior
regardingtheenvironment?
• How does environmental education change the way youth perceive the
importanceofecotourism?
• Why is it important tocreateandspreadenvironmentalawarenessamong
schoolstudents?
• Howimportantisittoincludeenvironmentalstudiesinyoutheducation?
• How does environmental education influence ecotourism for youth in
Austria?
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Basedon the information given and the above-mentioned researchquestions, the
followinghypothesiscanbedeveloped:
‘Earlyandcontinuousenvironmentaleducationhasapositiveinfluenceonthe
attitudeofyouthlivinginAustriaconcerningfutureecologicalawarenessand
ecotourism.’
Consideringthisstatement,thethesisaimstogiveanoverviewoftheimportanceof
ecotourismandwhyyouthshouldbeintegratedintofurtherconcepts.Furthermore,
it is intended to provide recommendations for further improvement and
developmentconcerningecotourismforyouthinAustria.
Even if all the research has been done in a careful manner, there are still some
limitationsthatmustbeconsideredwhengeneralizingtheresults.
Although the use of questionnaires gives a comprehensive overview of youth
attitudes towards ecotourism and environmentally responsible behavior, there is
little academic literature that offers information about ecotourism in the
relationship with youth. There is a limitation regarding the restricted access to
existing literature like books and journals when it comes to secondary data
collection.Furthermore,thereisalimitationintimetogoinmoredetailandtogive
a more comprehensive overview of the study. In addition to that, there is a
limitation when it comes to primary data collection and the outcomes of the
surveys.Itisnotpossibletointerviewthewholetargetpopulation,whichcanhave
an effect on the outcomes of the study due to the fact that the number of
respondentsmaynotbeanadequatesamplesizetobeabletogeneralizetheresults
to the whole population. It is to mention that not an expert dealing with youth
attitudes and ecotourism does the research, but through interviewing youth, it is
possibletoobtainprofessionalknowledgethatthestudycanrelyon.
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1.3 OverviewoftheThesis
The thesis consists of five major parts, which are subdivided into several
subchapters.Thefirstmainpartintroducesthetopictothereaderinordertogeta
better overview of the thesis through providing detailed information about the
motivationandcognitiveinterestoftheauthorandfurthermoretooutlinetheaim
oftheresearch,theresearchquestions,thehypothesisaswellasitslimitations.
The secondpart represents the literature review.Throughextensive research, this
part provides an overview of theoretical concepts derived from secondary data
about tourism, ecotourism, youth education and ecotourism in Austria.
Furthermore,thispartexemplifiesseveralconceptsthatareoutsidethemainfocus
of the research topic. Topics like ecological awareness, youth psychology or
environmental education and training techniques, are going to be expounded in
moredetail.
Thenextpart isdedicated to themethodologyof the thesis andconsistsdifferent
subchapters.Firsttheaimisgoingtobeelucidated;whichreferstothemaininterest
ofgivingmoreinformationaboutyouthbehaviorrelatedtoecotourismandtowhat
degree theyarealready informedabout this topic.Afterward, the researchdesign
will be described in more detail, which gives an overview of the data collection
techniquesandquestionnairedesignused.Throughgoingintomoredetailaboutthe
unitofanalysis,thereadergetsmoreinformationabouttheprocessaswellasthe
differentphasesofdatapreparationandanalysis.The lastpart isdedicatedto the
participantsof thedata collectionprocess andgivesmore informationabout their
characteristics.Thissectionallowsabetterunderstandingoftheselectioncriteriaof
theparticipants,theconstructionofinterviewsaswellasreflectionsconcerningthe
questionnaire.
Thefourthpart,asaresult,dealswiththeevaluationandfurther interpretationof
the questionnaires. However, this process involves a detailed description of the
respondentsofthesurveyaswellasfurtheranalyzingprocesseslikeasummaryand
utilization.
The last chapter number five outlines the final conclusion of the thesis including
furtherresearchandrecommendations.
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2 LiteratureReview
Ecotourismisanenvironmentallyresponsiblesubcategoryoftourismwherepeople
traveltomostlyundisturbedareasinanaturalsurrounding(Scheyvens,1999).Eco-
tourists are characterized by putting a lot of emphasis on the promotion of
conservation with minimized impacts of visitors on the natural environment
(Scheyvens,1999).Researchersemphasizethewidespreadrecognitionthatnature-
based tourism serves as a significant ecosystem service to generate substantial
resourcesfortheconservationaswellasthelocaleconomicdevelopment(Balmford
etal.,2009).Thesecircumstancesstandincontrasttothesteadilygrowingconcerns
regarding a loss of connection between people and their natural environments.
Urbanizationisgoingto increase,andindoorpastimesholdconcerningareduction
in informal, outdoor recreation, which can have a significant consequence for
childhood development, physical and mental welfare as well as environmental
knowledge and concern (Balmford et al., 2009). A lot of people see these
circumstancesasasignificantchallengeforbiodiversityconversationbecausepeople
thatdonotexperiencenatureandknowlittleabouttheirenvironmentsarenotable
tocareaboutit(Balmfordetal.,2009).
The authors Vermeersch, Sanders andWilson (2016) found out that for instance,
GenYshowsinterestinseveralissuesrelatedtotheenvironmentbutstillputmore
importanceonsatisfyingtheirownneedswhenitcomestotraveling.Mostofthem
are not willing to pay extra fees to in return act environmentally responsible
(Vermeerschetal.,2016). Inadditiontothat,theauthorsmentionthatGenYhas
more interest in cultural tourism thannature-based tourismexperiences,whereby
nature-basedmotivationsareoftendrivenbyself-enjoymentratherthantheactual
protectionofwildlifeandnature(Vermeerschetal.,2016).Accordingtotheauthors,
Gen Y doesnotwant to takeover responsibilitywhen it comes to green traveling
behavior, which shows that self-interest is more important than their values
regarding the environment (Vermeersch et al., 2016). These results indicate that
travelershaveadeficiencyofawarenessandknowledgeofenvironmental impacts,
which can lead to future tensions regarding environmental ethics of society
(Vermeerschetal.,2016).
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2.1 Eco-Tourism
The concept of ecotourism already exists for a long time, but in recent years the
importance and attention towards this term increased a lot (Cini et al., 2010).
Ecotourismisanall-naturebasedwayofexperiencingtourisminwhichtravelerscan
enjoythewildernessandtraditionalmethodsoflivingaswellasobservingdifferent
culturesofpeoplethatarelocatedinnaturalsurroundingsincludinganeducational
andrecreationalcomponent(Cinietal.,2010).Itisaboutthepurposetovisitareas
and places to discover and learn more about the different elements of natural
surroundings and resources (Orams, 1995). However, tourist activities like skiing,
fishing,mountainbikingor climbingarenature-basedand therefore fall under the
classification of ecotourism, although they are famous for several hundred years
(Orams,1995).Thetermecotourismsomewhatbecamemorepopularaccordingto
the fact that nature-based recreation and tourism go hand in hand and are used
more frequent nowadays (Orams, 1995). Several organizations emphasize the
increasing significanceof sustainable tourism to raiseawareness,protectareas for
future generations and advance tourism management to improve sustainable
development (Cini et al., 2010). Operators that value ecotourism need to apply
management strategies which change the behavior of customers in a more
environmentally sensitivewayand furthermore tochange theirattitude towardsa
moreecologicallyresponsibleone(Orams,1995).Thevisionofmakingholidaysina
naturalenvironmentthatoffershighquality,aswellastheideaofprotectingitfrom
adverse impacts, became a common and profitable one (Orams, 1995).
Managementobjectivesarecreatedtogetmorecontroloftheinteractionbetween
touristsandthenaturalenvironmenttoprotecttheenvironmentfromharmaswell
as to promote delightful experiences for tourists (Orams, 1995). So-called eco-
tourists need to change from a passive role into a more active role where their
expertiseisnotonlybasedonthenaturalenvironmentbutrathercontributetothe
well-beingandgrowthofthoseenvironments(Orams,1995).
2.1.1 DefinitionofTourism
Tourism can be defined as a multidimensional phenomenon that appears if non-
residents travel to different locations outside of their usual life and work
environment for a temporary short-term stay without the intention to become a
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permanent resident (Cruz, 2006). Furthermore, tourism consists out of several
different stakeholders like for example a range of individuals, businesses, and
organizations as well as locations that together create a travel experience for
tourists(Cooperetal.,1993).
Over the last years, policymakers and scholars realized the growing importanceof
tourism through the growthofmass tourism in the 1950s (Robinsonet al., 2013).
Throughtherecognitionofthevalueandaccessibilityoftourismforadestination,it
waspossibletoestablishseveralideasandconceptstocreateafieldofstudyaswell
as an activity that has significant influences on destinations economies,
communities, and environments (Robinson et al., 2013). After some time tourism
evenbecamea fieldofstudy forseveraluniversities that focusontheexperiences
and impacts of travel and furthermore deals with marketing and destination
management. According to Robinson, Lück and Smith (2013) tourism is multi-
disciplinary where perspectives like for example anthropology, sociology or
psychologyplayasignificantrole.Oneessentialcharacteristicoftourismisthatitis
incredibly susceptible toanychanges thatappearwithin theexternalenvironment
(Robinsonetal.,2013).Therefore,itisnecessarythekeepuptodatewithdifferent
occurrencesintheindustryaswellasregularlymonitoringchanges(Robinsonetal.,
2013).
Figure1:Leiper’sModelofTourism
Source:Leiper,1995
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According to Leiper’smodel of tourism, three elements are essential to consider,
namely:
1)Touristsaretheactors:Itisvitaltorealizethattouristsplayacrucialroleinthe
systemoftourismwhenanalyzingthefactthattourismisahumanexperience.
2) Three geographical elements: Namely, traveler-generating region, tourist
destinationregionandthetransitrouteregion.
• The first one shows the generating market for tourism, meaning where
travelers get stimulated and motivated for travel. It represents the
situationwhere tourists are looking for information,make theirbookings
aswellaswherethedeparturetakesplace.
• Thetouristdestinationregionrepresents thepartwherethetotal impact
oftourismisfeltaswellaswhereplanningandmanagementstrategiesare
putintoaction.
• Finally,thetransitrouteregiondisplaysthesmallextentoftraveltoreach
the tourismdestination and furthermore the familiar places that tourists
maystopbyenroute.
3) Tourism industry: This element represents all the different organizations and
businessesinvolvedintheactualtourismproduct
Source:Cooperetal.,1993
However, according to the fact that tourism is amulti-sector activity and includes
environmental, social as well as economic influences, prosperous and sustainable
tourism needs careful planning (Cooper et al., 1993). Tourism plans should be
flexibleandreactivewhenitcomestofurtherdevelopmentstrategies.Accordingto
theauthorsCooper,Fletcher,Gilbert,andWanhill (1993),developmentplansneed
to facilitate the desired goals while also considering factors that are subject to
change,whichhas an influenceon theobjectives aswell as themeans to achieve
them(Cooperetal.,1993).
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2.1.2 FormsofTourism
Ingeneral,severalformsoftourismcanbeidentifiedwhichleadstoadifferentiation
of numerous tourist typologies (Hvenegaard, 2002). According to Hvenegaard
(2002), these tourist typologies are based on the travelmotivations of individuals
like allocentric, mid-centric or psychocentrics. Tourist typologies are furthermore
usedtosegmenttouristpopulationscharacterizedbytrip indices, travelbehaviors,
interests, and opinions (Hvenegaard, 2002). The identification of tourist types is
beneficial for the management, marketing, and planning of tourism. It allows
managers to focus on different motivations, experiences, and impacts of tourist
types(Hvenegaard,2002).
Some of the most common forms of tourism based on specific motivations and
interestsaredisplayedbelow.
TypeofTourism Definition Source
CulinaryTourism Type of tourism where tourists put a lot of emphasis on food as anattractionandtravelmotivation. Itdealswithdiningexperiencesandthetastingofnewdishes,butotherthanthat itcanalsohaveaneducationalcomponentwheretouristslearnaboutthedifferentculturesofcuisine,thepeoplethatareinvolvedinpreparingthefoodaswellasacontributionoftouriststosustainability.
Long,2013
EventTourism Events can be a significant motivation tool for tourism and play anessentialroleinthemarketingplansandfurtherdevelopmentprocessesofmanydestinations.Adestinations’competitivenessoftendependsonthecharactersofeventstheyplanandhowsuccessfultheyare.
Getz,2008
DarkTourism Deals with the presentation of death as well as certain kinds of death.There are a variety of sites and tourist experienceswhere travelers visitplaceswhere tragedies or historically noteworthy death has takenplace.Individuals travel either to a particular destination such as graveyards,prisons, the holocaust or travel in a specific form like slavery-heritagetourism.
Stone,2012
Stone&Sharpley,
2008
ReligiousTourism
Oneoftheoldesttypesoftourismandmainlycharacterizedbytripsthatareentirelyoratleaststronglymotivedbyreligiouspurposes.Nationalandinternational religious centers are visited by one to ten million pilgrimsevery year, where the number of visitors is rising during specialceremoniesor jubilees anddecreasesbasedonpolitical issues, recessionorwar.
Rinschede,1992
CulturalTourism Based on the participation in new and profound cultural experiences,either aesthetic, emotional, psychological or intellectual. Cultural touristsinterest can be found on museums, artistic performances, galleries,festivals,architecture,heritagesitesorhistoricruins.Morethan40%ofallinternational tourists have cultural motives. For many tourists, culturalinterestsarethecentralpurposeoftravelingandofvitalimportancewhenchoosingaholidaydestination.
Stebbins,1996
McKercher&DuCros,2003
Table1:FormsofTourism
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2.1.3 DefinitionofEcotourism
Especiallyenvironmentalrelatedphenomenalikeforexamplethechangeinclimate
haveraisedenvironmentalawarenessandfurthermoretheinterestinprotectingthe
environment as well as maintaining ecology (Chiu et al., 2014). Through this
recognition,anewtravelnichecalledecotourismgained importance in theoverall
travelandtourismindustry(Chiuetal.,2014).
AccordingtoCaterandCater (2015),ecotourismcanbedescribedasasustainable
formof tourism that is basedonnature aswell as cultural elements (Cater et al.,
2015).Ecotourismiscloselyrelatedtosustainabletourismandthereforecontributes
to a more successful development of sustainability (Cater et al., 2015). However,
sustainable tourism strives for environmental protection resulting from enhanced
local livelihoodsaswellas increasedprofitsforthetourismindustry itself(Cateret
al.,2015).
Therearefivefundamentalprinciplesofecotourism,namely:
1) Tourismneedstobenature-based2) Itshouldbeecologicallysustainable3) Environmentallyeducative4) Locallybeneficial5) Ithastoensurethesatisfactionoftourists
Source:Cateretal.,2015
Severalorganizationsputa lotofattention intothedevelopmentofecotourismto
protect natural resources and improve the quality of life as well as to further
enhanceprospectsformanylocalcommunities(Cateretal.,2015).Ecotourismisan
alluringalternative tomass tourismandrepresentsamoreethicalandresponsible
formoftravel.AccordingtoFennell(2009),itsprimaryfocusdealswiththenatural
historyofaregionbutalsoinfluencesofcultureoradventurecanbefound(Fennell,
2009).
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Inordertoachieveamoreresponsibleformoftourism,theprinciplesoffourpillars
mustbefollowed:
Figure2:TheFourPillarsofEcotourism
Source:Fennell,2009
The first aspect deals with the minimization of environmental impacts (Fennell,
2009).Secondly,itisnecessarytorepresenttheminimumimpactonandmaximum
respect for local cultures and communities (Fennell, 2009). The third pillar deals
with maximum economic benefits to the host country’s grassroots. Finally, it is
crucialtoreachmaximumsatisfactionofparticipatingtourists(Fennell,2009).
Another aspect of ecotourism is the educationof humans and the involvement of
residents into the development of an environmentally responsible destination by
concentrating on local resources and as a result creating economic value through
attracting tourists (Chiu et al., 2014). Another crucial aspect of ecotourism is the
behavioroftouriststhathelpstolimitoravoiddamagetotheenvironment(Chiuet
al., 2014). This environmentally responsible behavior can be seen in individuals
concern and commitment regarding the situation as well as someone’s ecological
knowledge (Chiu et al., 2014). It is necessary that tourists understand the
consequence of their behavior on the environment. Some characteristics of
responsibletouristsmanifestinactionslikerecycling,education,greenconsumption
FirstPillar
Minimalizanonof
environmentalimpact
SecondPillar
ThirdPillar
Minimumimpactonandmaximumrespectforlocalcommunines
Maximumeconomicbenefits
FourthPillar
Maximumsansfacnontoparncipnngtourists
23
aswellascommunityactivism(Chiuetal.,2014).
According to the authors, it is necessary to understand the connection between
perceived value, activity involvement, and satisfaction to ensure environmentally
responsible behavior (Chiu et al., 2014). If tourists’ needs are met, they usually
create a unique understanding and involvement in ecotourism. It is therefore
essentialtofocusonthecreationofvalue inecotourismthroughputtingemphasis
ontheplanningofecologicalresourceslikeforexampleenhancingguideactivitiesor
leisure activities, providing an excellent environmental quality as well as an
authenticenvironmentalexperience(Chiuetal.,2014).
2.1.3.1 EcologicalAwareness
Ecological awareness can be described as a general concept that includes the
perception and consideration of threats, changes as well as the opportunities
applicable(Takala,1991).Furthermore,itevenconsistsofthevalues,attitudes,and
preferencesregardingconflictinggoals(Takala,1991).
Figure3:LevelofEcologicalAwareness
Source:Kubacka,M.,&Macias,A.,2016
AccordingtoKubackaandMacias(2016),recentresearchfoundoutthatthegeneral
degreeofecologicalawarenessandknowledge is significantly low (Kubacka,M.,&
Macias, A., 2016).Most participants stated that they have an average or just low
level of ecological awareness.Nevertheless,most respondents point out that they
24
areinterestedintheconditionsoftheenvironmentandfurthermore,theyindicate
that it isnecessary toprotectenvironmental resourcesandassets (Kubacka,M.,&
Macias,A.,2016).
During the last severaldecades, therehasbeendonea lotof research to findout
more about the factors that influence environmental behavior (Niankara et al.,
2018).Besidesecologicalknowledge,threeotherfactorswereidentifiedtoclassify
the changing environmental behavior of individuals, namely cognitive, situational
and affective elements (Niankara et al., 2018). Cognitive factors are based on an
individual’s level of awareness of the environment, their understanding of critical
environmental concepts as well as their abilities to take actions (Niankara et al.,
2018). Those cognitive factors represent the level of ecological awareness,
understandingoftheenvironmentandecologicalconcepts,aperson’sperceptionof
action strategies regarding environmental problems aswell as individual skills and
abilitiestoeffectivelyapplythoseactions(Niankaraetal.,2018).Inadditiontothat,
affective factors like attitudes and emotions related to environmental issues also
playanessentialrole.Peoplewhoputalotofemphasisonbiosphericvaluesoften
tend to have stronger environmental beliefs and are more likely to act in an
environmentally beneficial way (Niankara et al., 2018). Other useful factors
influencing someone’s intention to serve are the impression of the ease of the
specific task, and individual’s pro-environmental self-identity as well as religiosity
(Niankara et al., 2018). Finally, situational factors are based on the physical
environmentwherehumanbeingslive(Niankaraetal.,2018).Theauthormentions
that direct contacts with nature or if someone has already been involved in
environmental actions, containing in-kind experiences in youth, the influence of
parents, being part of ecological clubs or observing actions of deductions of the
naturalsurroundingcanallhaveanimpactonenvironmentalbehavior(Niankaraet
al.,2018).
Recentresearchhasshownthatprogramsinnatureeducationcanhaveasignificant
contribution toenvironmentalawarenessaswell as theattitudeof itsparticipants
(Uzun et al., 2012). For example ecology- based education programs or summer
campscanhelpstudents tochange theirenvironmentalattitudespositivelyand to
become more familiar with nature, ecological values and to gain information
25
regarding ecological systems and current awareness (Uzun et al., 2012). Especially
activities that contain active learning methods and techniques can enhance an
individual’s environmental knowledge and are essential to achieving the ethical,
practicalandbehavioralobjectivesofenvironmentaleducation(Uzunetal.,2012).
2.1.4 FormsofEcotourism
Throughthegrowingsignificanceofecotourism,researchersidentifieddifferenteco-
tourist typologies todistinguisheco-tourists fromother tourist types (Hvenegaard,
2002). According toHvenegaard (2002), they can be differentiated based on their
engagementinparticularactivities,thesitestheyareenteringortheparticipationin
specifictours(Hvenegaard,2002).Furthermore,eventheirdegreeofmotivation in
environmentalprotection, social values, interest level, andawarenessmakes them
stand apart (Hvenegaard, 2002). Based on the special interests of eco-tourists,
different formsofecotourismhavebeendeveloped;allbasedonthesamegoalof
further protecting, conserving andmaintaining the natural environment to defend
PlanetEarth(Hvenegaard,2002).
2.1.4.1 Nature-basedTourism
Naturetraveldescribesastyleoftourism,whichhasasmallenvironmentalimpact,
is often defined as labor intense, contributes socially aswell as economically to a
destination and moreover combines recreational, educational and adventurous
components(Valentine,1992).Nature-basedtourismcanfurthermorebedescribed
as a journey to mostly undisturbed natural areas to study and admire the
environment including its cultural background, wild animals and plants. However,
naturaltouristsseektoenjoynaturalareaswhileobservingnature(Valentine,1992).
According to Mehmetoglu (2007), nature-based tourism is growing faster than
tourismingeneral.Nowadaysabout60%ofinternationaltouristshavenature-based
motives,andfurthermore,itisbeneficialforhosteconomies(Mehmetoglu,2007).
Nature-basedtourismiscloselyrelatedtoothertermslikeresponsibleorethical
tourism,environmental-friendlytravelbehavior,greentourismorsustainable
tourism(Valentine,1992).However,tobeecologicallysustainable,theextentof
tourismhastobeadequateforthelocationandshouldnotproducepermanent
harmforthenaturalenvironment.Recentresearchshowsthattrekkingandhiking
26
arethemostpopularactivitiesinnature-basedtourism,followedbybirdwatching,
naturephotography,andwildlifesafarisaswellascamping(Valentine,1992).
Furthermore,theauthormentionsthattherearefourtypesofnaturetourists:
1) Hard-core nature tourists: This type of tourists consists of scientific
researchersand tourmembers interested ineducationand the removalof
litter.
2) Dedicated nature tourists: These individuals undertake trips to protected
areasandfurthermoretounderstandthe local,naturalandculturalhistory
ofadestination.
3) Mainstream nature tourists: This category of tourists visits destinations
suchastheAmazonortheRwandangorillaparkwiththeprimarypurposeof
takinganunusualtrip.
4) Casual nature tourists: These tourists partake nature as part of a broader
itinerary.
Source:Mehmetoglu,2007
2.1.4.2 AdventureTourism
Adventure tourism can be described as guided commercial tours that take place
outdoorswith a particular emphasis onnatural terrains. In the last few years, the
importance of adventure tourism has grown significantly since outdoor recreation
gaineda lotofattention (Buckley,2007).According toWilliamsandSoutar (2009),
adventure tourism is the most rapidly growing outdoor tourism niche within the
specialinteresttourismsectorandislikelytocontinuebuilding.Theannualgrowth
rate is about 15%, and almost one-quarter of the European package tourmarket
offeringshaveadventuretravelasanoption(Williams&Soutar,2009).
Adventure tourists are mostly young, well educated, and affluent; they seek an
active thrill and spend a lot ofmoney to experience some adventure (Williams&
Soutar, 2009). Adventure travellers often visit some of the most remote and
extreme surroundings worldwide to satisfy their expectations to experience
emotional highs, risk, challenge, excitement aswell as novelty (Williams& Soutar,
2009). In addition to that, adventure tourism combines travel, sport, and outdoor
27
recreation(Beddie&Hudson,2003).
Someofthemostpopularactivitiesinadventuretourscontainmountainbiking,off-
roaddriving,white-waterkayaking,raftingandclimbing(Buckley,2007).According
totheauthorsBeddieandHudson(2003),therearefour individual-basedandfour
settingbasedattributesthatneedtobeconsideredduringanadventureexperience
(Beddie&Hudson,2003).Someexamplesforthoseattributesincludetheindividual
skill level, the locus of control, involvement, naturalness, social orientation,
equipment,aswellasconcentrationandtypeofrisk(Beddie&Hudson,2003).
2.1.5 EcotourismDevelopmentinLocalCommunities
Ecotourism represents the fastest growing area in tourismwith an annual growth
rateof10-15%(Scheyvens,1999).Touristsarelookingforremote,naturalandexotic
surroundings, which leads to an increase in ecotourism ventures in developing
countries(Scheyvens,1999).Asaconsequence,wildernessareasandenvironments
inhabitedby indigenouspeople arenowopen to tourists,which canhave cultural
disruption and environmental degradation as a result (Scheyvens, 1999). Several
authorshighlight the importanceofboth, thewellbeingof localpeopleaswellas
the environment when it comes to ecotourism, which in practice often does not
workout successfully. In somecases,business is theprimary interest,whichoften
leads to alienate, rather than actual benefits for local communities (Scheyvens,
1999). Some ecotourism ventures are entirely controlled from outside operators
wheremosteconomicbenefits that result fromtourismaccrue to thegovernment
(Scheyvens, 1999). Therefore it is necessary to focus on the needs, concerns, and
welfare of indigenous people and furthermore it is important to give local host
communitiesmorecontrolovertourismactivitiesaswellasahighdegreeofbenefits
that arise (Scheyvens, 1999). It is significant to develop a community- based
approachtoimprovethelivingstandardsofahostpopulationintheshortandlong
term.Thegovernmentoftendoesnotconsiderhowfinancialbenefitsresultingfrom
ecotourismshouldbedistributedamongthecommunityorinwhichdegreetheyare
affected socially or culturally by the ecotourism ventures (Scheyvens, 1999). To
achieve a higher degree of life quality, it is vital to empower local people so that
they can maximize their benefits and to get back some control over their land
(Scheyvens,1999).
28
AccordingtoScheyvens(1999),therearefourlevelsofempowerment:
1. Psychologicalempowerment
2. Socialempowerment
3. Politicalempowerment
4. Economicempowerment
Source:Scheyvens,1999
However,thedistributionofeconomicbenefitsresultingfromtourismissignificant
to be a successful and sustainable ecotourism venture (Scheyvens, 1999). An
optimisticlocalcommunityshowsthecharacteristicsofhavingfaithintheabilitiesof
its residents; is self-reliant and furthermore demonstrates pride regarding their
traditionsandculture(Scheyvens,1999).Inseveral localsocieties,thepreservation
oftraditionsisessentialtoupholdacommunity’sself-esteemandtobuildupmental
power(Scheyvens,1999).Aclearsignofsocialempowermentcanbeseenifprofits
resultingfromecotourismactivitiesareusedtosupportsocialdevelopmentprojects
like for example water supply systems or health clinics in local areas (Scheyvens,
1999).Politicallyempoweredcommunitiescanusetheirvoiceandconcernstodirect
ecotourism development projects from the feasibility stage up till its
implementation(Scheyvens,1999).Toimplementtheseempowermentprojectsand
to give local societies more control over ecotourism activities, it is necessary to
decentralize the general power from a national level to a community level
(Scheyvens,1999).However, this canappearby involvinggrassrootsorganizations,
local church groups or domestic institutions when it comes to decision-making
processesaswellasonrepresentativebodieslikenationalparkbordersorregional
tourismassociations(Scheyvens,1999).
2.1.6 EcotourisminAustria
Embacher(1994)statedthatsinceseveraldecades,tourismrepresentsasignificant
part in the Austrian economy (Embacher, 1994). The tourism sector contributed
8.8%tothetotalGDPofAustriain2016.Domestictouristsandtouristscomingfrom
Austriaspentmore than40billioneuro in2016whileonholiday (FederalMinistry
Republic of Austria, 2019). In addition to that, Austria offers more than 64,500
accommodation establishments including about 1.1 million beds. The main
29
motivations for tourists to visit Austria are themountains, the skiing destinations,
and the 9 UNESCOworld heritage sights, festivals, and concerts, thermal springs,
and spas as well as conferences, conventions, and seminars (Federal Ministry
RepublicofAustria,2019).
Figure4:ThemostImportantSourceMarketsofAustrianTourism
Source:FederalMinistryRepublicAustria,2019.
AccordingtotheFederalMinistry(2019),morethan41.5millionguestsspendabout
141millionovernightsinAustriaeveryyear.Thethreemostsignificantmarketsare
Germany,thedomesticmarketandtheNetherlandscoveringmorethan71%ofall
overnights(FederalMinistryRepublicofAustria,2019).Observeddatafromrecently
made surveys shows that tourists highly appreciate the Austrian landscape and
nature, the sports offerings during summer as well as the alpine winter.
Furthermore, Austria offers a high quality of food and drinks, a wide variety of
hotels, accessibility and warm hospitality (Federal Ministry Republic of Austria,
2019).
30
Figure5:MostPopularTouristRegionsinAustria
Source:FederalMinistryRepublicofAustria,2019.
The Federal Ministry (2019) stated that most tourists prefer travelling to Tyrol,
followedbySalzburgaswellasVienna,thecapitalofAustria.Onaveragetheyspend
3.4 days in Austria, mostly accommodated in 5/4 stars hotels and 3 stars hotels
(FederalMinistryRepublicofAustria,2019).Around74%ofthesetouriststravelto
Austriabycar, followedbyairplaneandtrain(FederalMinistryRepublicofAustria,
2019).Accordingtotheauthor,especiallyregionaldevelopmentandtransportation
are of vital importance when it comes to environmentally responsible
measurements in Austria (Leuthold, 2001). Several regions are faced with the
challengeofholidaytraffic,whichneedstobedecreasedbyseveralareas(Leuthold,
2001).
Besidesoftraditionalformsoftourism,theimportanceofnaturetourismbecamea
significant part of the Austrian tourist industry (Leuthold, 2001). This growing
industrysectoroffersnewsourcesof livelihoodincontrasttoruralareas. Itcanbe
describedastourismwithactivitiesthataremainlyrelatedtonature(Nastaseetal.,
2010).TypicalactivitiestopromoteecotourismindestinationslikeAustriawouldbe
31
for instanceofferings for tourists to stay inor get to knownature throughguided
tours innationalparksornature reservesaswell ashiking tours (Leuthold, 2001).
Another possibility would be educating tourists about ecological, cultural and
historicalaspectsoftheregion(Leuthold,2001).
2.1.6.1 GeneralInformationofAustria
Austriahasabout8.7million inhabitantsand is located inCentralEurope(Austrian
Embassy, 2019). The total size covers 83,878 square kilometers and there is an
appearance of a temperate and alpine climate. The capital and at the same time
largestcityofAustriaisVienna(AustrianEmbassy,2019).TherepublicofAustriacan
bedescribedasaFederalStateconsistingofnineautonomousprovinces(Parliament
ofAustria,2019).Thefederalprincipledescribesasystemwherethelegislativeand
executive forces are shared between the provincial governments and the federal
governments(ParliamentofAustria,2019).
Thefederalprovincesare:
1) Vienna
2) LowerAustria
3) UpperAustria
4) Tyrol
5) Styria
6) Salzburg
7) Vorarlberg
8) Carinthia
9) Burgenland
Source:ParliamentofAustria,2019
MostpartsofAustriaarehighlymountainousincludingtheAlpsandjustabout32%
of the country’s total area is less than 500meters high (Austrian Embassy, 2019).
Onemajor issue regardingAustrian landscape is the appearanceof a sceneunder
cultivation (Dramstad et al., 2003). A research project was developed to create a
sectorial and transnational coordination system to evaluate the functions of
landscape and to create a method for efficient land use (Dramstad et al., 2003).
32
Accordingtotheresults,theeffectsofagricultureonnumerouslandscapefunctions
suchas resourceprotection, thehazarddamageprotection, the spatial structuring
function,thehabitatfunctionaswellastherecreationfunctionareincludedintothe
appearanceofalandscape(Dramstadetal.,2003).Thealreadymentionedfunctions
were identified inanareaof intenseagricultural landuseanda lowappearanceof
woodland. In general, there is a need for better protection of agricultural land
startingfromanational, international,politicalaswellasscientific level (Dramstad
etal.,2003).Agriculturallandisoftenseenasaremainingarea,andforthatreason,
severalprojectsaimtoachieveamoresustainableandeconomicuse(Dramstadet
al.,2003).Researchers identifiedanon-going trendabout segregation into regions
thathaveintensiveproductionandextensivelyusedareas(Dramstadetal.,2003).
Asaconsequence,thereisadiminutionofagriculturalfunctionstojustonepurpose
on one side and the expiration of agricultural land use at all on the other side
(Dramstad et al., 2003). These circumstances represent the need for a thorough
planning process, especially in areas that are under high pressure regarding
competing for land uses.However, agricultural land and green structure elements
even offer functions besides food production and rawmaterials (Dramstad et al.,
2003).
Figure6:CORINELandCoverTypes–2012
Source:EuropeanCommission,2017
33
The above-displayed map of Austria shows the different land cover types of the
country(EuropeanCommission,2017).Themainareasareoccupiedbyforestedland
and semi-natural vegetation (European Commission, 2017). Arable land and
permanentcropscover largecities inthenortheast followedbyartificialareasand
pastures and mosaics (European Commission, 2017). Wetlands and water bodies
represent the smallestpartof landusewherebyopenspacesorbare soils regions
arealmostnotfeasible(EuropeanCommission,2017).
Ingeneral,Austriacontains12differentlandscapetypes,andeachofthemshowsa
distinctspatialconfigurationofhabitatsandspecificenvironmentalfactorsbasedon
anthropogenicandnaturalinfluences(Zechmeisteretal.,2003).
Someofthoselandscapetypesaremainlyinfluencedbyagriculture:
1) Semi-naturalgrasslandofthesubalpinebelt
2) Anagriculturalmountainouslandscapewithmanagedgrassland
3) ManagedgrasslandinAlpinevalleysandbasins
4) Managedgrasslandinextra-Alpinelowlandvalleys
5) Lowlandmixedagriculture
6) Lowlandwithmainlyarablecropland
7) Alandscapedominatedbyvineyards.
Source:Zechmeisteretal.,2003
Accordingtorecentresearch,eveninAustriaclimatechangemustbeconsideredas
a significant issue to biodiversity combined with habitat change, invasive alien
species, pollution, and overexploitation (Renetzeder et al., 2010). Especially in the
highAlps changes in ecosystem related to climate changehavebeendocumented
(Renetzeder et al., 2010). The evidence is given through the spreading of invasive
species, the threat of plant diversity and essential ecosystem services like the
availabilityofwaterandwaterqualityoragriculturalproductivity(Renetzederetal.,
2010).
2.1.6.2 TheImportanceofEcotourisminAustria
Besideshotelsandtraditionalwaysofaccommodation,Agri-tourismhasagrowing
role inAustria’stourismsector(Embacher,1994).Morethan21,000farmsprovide
34
about 109,000 rooms for tourists, which shows that Austrian farm holidays gain
significance (Embacher, 1994). According to Embacher (1994), this niche offers an
additional income for farmers, and furthermore, tourists have the opportunity to
spend valuable and fascinating holidays on a traditional farm (Embacher, 1994).
Farmholidays canbedescribedasa sustainable formof tourismsince theoffer is
regional and the resources are already built up. In addition to that,most benefits
remain in the region; locals provide the service and farmers offer mainly local
products to the tourists (Embacher, 1994). Moreover, farm holidays are relevant
whenitcomestoenvironmentallyandsociallyfriendlyformsoftourismsincethey
arehighlyecological(Embacher,1994).
Avarietyofindicatorsforeco-regionsareorganicfarmerswithinaparticularregion
offeringbiological products, co-operationbetweenagricultureand tourism like for
example tourism packages including agriculture products or initiatives and
associations for activities and tours in natural surroundings (Leuthold, 2001).
IndependentinterestgroupsandrepresentativesofAustrianassociationsneedtobe
taken into account to effectively create new innovative ideas to further improve
sustainablestrategiesforregionaldevelopmentinalpineregions(Leuthold,2001).
Figure7:TouristInterestsinAustria
Source:Leuthold,2001
Accordingtoasurveyregardingthetravelpurposeoftourists,49%oftouriststravel
toAustriaforhikingtours,15%cometomakeaculturalholidayand28%arelooking
49%
15%
28%
TouristInterestsinAustria
HikingTours
Culturalholidays
Sportsandbicycleexperience
35
for a sports or bicycle experience (Leuthold, 2001). These results showecological
and social tourist intentions and furthermore indicate a responsible stay in eco-
touristicallyareas.Anothersurveypointedoutthatabout29%oftouriststravelling
inand toAustriahavenature-basedandenvironmental interests (Leuthold,2001).
Furthermore, 64% of interviewed people expect environmental information from
their travel agents about the holiday destination and prefer agents that act
environmentallysensitive(Leuthold,2001).Anotherinterestingresultisthat34%of
touristsinAustriashoweco-touristmotivationthroughtheirinterestingettingmore
informationaboutdifferentsurroundings,gettingincontactwithlocalsorobserving
animals in their natural environments (Leuthold, 2001). To summarize theoverall
findings,itcanbesaidthataboutonehalfoftheovernightstaysinAustriashoweco
tourist motivations and that the most popular ecotourism activities in Austria
includetripstonationalparksandnaturereserves,flowedbyvisitstowildlifeparks
andstaysinregionslessfrequentedbytourists(Leuthold,2001).
2.1.7 ProtectionLabelsandActionPlans
Over the last several decades, the preservation of natural heritage that remained
became amajor global topic of concern (Borre et al., 2011). Due to that issue, a
significant number of legislative initiatives at different administrative levels are
taking thisproblem intoaccount (Borreetal.,2011). In1992, theEuropeanUnion
adopted the Habitats Directive, commanding on EU member states to put more
emphasisontheconservationofrareandthreatenedhabitatsandspecies(Borreet
al., 2011). Besides the fact that protected areas function as biological diversity
reservoirs, they furthermore offer a great green infrastructure and provide
environmentalresilienceaswellasecosystemservices(Katietal.,2015).Inaddition
tothat,protectedareasplayanimportantrolewhenitcomestohumanwell-being
and localwealthbasedonnationalandglobalscales (Katietal.,2015).Benefitsof
ecosystemservices includeessentialtaskssuchasthesupplyoftangibleresources,
water,andsustainablygrowncropsandtimberaswellasprocessesthatcontrolthe
qualityofwaterandair(Gantioleretal.,2014).Inadditiontothat,protectedareas
evenoffersocialserviceslikeforexampletheopportunityofrecreationandtourism,
themaintenanceofculturalidentityandsenseofplace(Gantioleretal.,2014).The
protection of these ecological processes is significant to preserve the overall
36
functioning of natural systems. Habitats that are healthy and well operation can
improvetheresilienceofecosystemstoresistorevenadapttodisruptionsbeyond
thesitelevel(Gantioleretal.,2014).Ecosystemsthatarevaluableinfloraandfauna
are often marked as national parks or biosphere reserves (Bastian, 2013). These
areas can be seen as a precondition and framework for sustainable development
throughtheprovisionofnumerouseconomicactivitieslikeforexampleagriculture,
forestryornature-basedtourism(Bastian,2013).
Two regulations are of major significance when it comes to environmental
protection:
• Natura2000isanEU-widenetworkthatrepresentsoneoftheworldsmost
aspiringprojectdevelopmentsconcerningtheconservationofbiodiversity.It
is designed to prevent the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of
ecosystem services in the EU (Bastian, 2013). According to Gantioler, the
network includes about 26,000 sites and covers roughly 18% of the EU
territory. The member states are committed to developing conservation
measurements to restore Europe’s most endangered species and habitat
typesfortodaybutalsoforupcominggenerations(Gantioleretal.,2014).
• Agenda 21 is an international blueprint for sustainable development and
oneofthemostenduringandeffectiveoutcomesduringtheEarthSummit
in1992.InEurope,about4,000cities,municipalitiesataregionalandlocal
levelandauthoritiesareengagedinthisprocess(Evans&Theobald,2003).
Agenda 21 represents a vision of global ecology that furthermore defines
significant problems like global warming, population growth, and species
extinction.AccordingtoDoyle(1998),Agenda21isaconceptofsustainable
development thatpromotes theaimofprogress througheconomicgrowth
andindustrialization(Doyle,1998).
2.1.7.1 ProtectionLabelsandActionPlansinAustria
Vienna, the federal capital of Austria, has approximately 1.8 million inhabitants
(Feichtinger & Pregernig, 2005). Politically, Vienna holds a unique position within
Austriangovernmental structures, since it is thenational capitalofAustria,oneof
nine federal states, and amunicipalitywith the unique legal status of a statutory
town(Feichtinger&Pregernig,2005).In1997,acomprehensivestrategyforanLA21
37
for the entire city of Viennawas elaborated and just a few years later a citywide
meta-structure,namelytheAssociationLocalAgenda21inVienna,wasestablished
(Feichtinger&Pregernig,2005).TheAssociationservesasacoordinationofficeand
takesonadditionalresponsibilitiessuchasthefinancingofagendaprocesses,public
relationswork, and networkingAustrian and international activities (Feichtinger&
Pregernig, 2005). Local Agenda 21 activities have concentrated upon a coalition
between citizens, the people working in the Agenda Office and sympathetic
politicians(Feichtinger&Pregernig,2005).
The LA21 process in Vienna is very much based on the principles of grassroots
democracy and citizens’ self-determination. The central aim is to develop and
supportsustainabledevelopmentatthedistrictlevelvialocalcitizens’participation
(Feichtinger&Pregernig,2005).Thecentralinstrumentsofcitizens’involvementare
theworkshopsofprojectsandideasandtheprojectgroups(Feichtinger&Pregernig,
2005). These workshops are a forum, in which new ideas are presented, and the
progress of existing projects is reported and discussed (Feichtinger & Pregernig,
2005). The workshop-like setting allows interested citizens to get in contact with
other like-mindedpeople, to joinanexistingprojectgroupor to findsupport fora
new idea (Feichtinger & Pregernig, 2005). The way Agenda projects ideas are
formulated, represents a very emancipatory viewaccording towhich local citizens
areperceivedasexpertsontheirownlivesandtheurbanenvironment.Altogether
theLA21processseemsto fulfill thenormativedemandsofparticipationtoavery
high degree (Feichtinger & Pregernig, 2005). In principle, the process is open and
inclusive for all individuals who may wish to participate; citizens have significant
influence on both the content and the process of work in LA21 initiatives; and,
finally, the style of interaction comes close to a social space of rational and
enlighteneddeliberationanddebate(Feichtinger&Pregernig,2005).
38
InadditiontoLA21projects,delaysandcomplaintsconcerningsitedesignationand
management were decisive to furthermore establish Natura 2000 action plans in
Austria (Geitzenauer et al., 2016). By 2012, all of the federal states that were
selected implemented action plans including consultants that supported them by
constructing these plans as well as financial estimates (Geitzenauer et al., 2016).
These plans involve guidelines of protection andmeasurements including specific
sites, species, and habitats that need protection (Geitzenauer et al., 2016). The
planning process consists of two phases, a risk analysis, to specify the most
imperative needs formeasure and the concepts for conservation. The plans even
serveasaguidelinetodefineparticularfieldsofaction(Geitzenaueretal.,2016).
Figure8:Natura2000SitesinAustria
Source:EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,2012
Themaprepresentedabove,showsthespecificareasinAustriathatareunderthe
regulationofNatura2000(EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,2012).Furthermoreitis
possibletoseethespatialcombinationofsites.InAustriathereisanappearanceof
overlaps between nationally designated sites andNatura 2000 sites,which is very
significant.TheseareasaredisplayedinalightgreencolorwithamajorityofNatura
2000 sites in Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna and Styria (European
EnvironmentAgency,2012).
39
2.2 YouthEducation
Education can be described as an intentional learning process either public or
privateandfurthermoreitincludesprimary,secondaryorpost-secondaryschooling,
which is accredited by the government or another body (Dryden-Peterson et al.,
2015).However,educationcanbenon-formal, includingcatch-upclasses, tutoring,
or other structured but non-credential-bearing activities, which are managed and
organizedeitherbyacommunityor individuals (Dryden-Petersonetal.,2015).The
definition of youth varies from country to country (Dryden-Peterson et al., 2015).
AccordingtotheUnitedStates,youthdescribespersonsthatarebetweentheages
of 15 and 24 (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2007).
Recent statistical data shows that about 1.03 billion, meaning 18 per cent of the
totalworldpopulationareyouth.Thisagegroupdefinespersonsthatareinaperiod
of transition between childhood’s dependence and adulthood’s independence
(United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2007). Furthermore,
people of this age are in the phase of leaving compulsory education and starting
their first employment. Based on the demographic, financial, economic and socio-
cultural setting, the definition of youth can vary (United Nations Department of
EconomicandSocialAffairs,2007).Researchersaroundtheworldsay that there is
growing consensus that youth is a social construct where themarkers define the
start aswell as the end of the stage,which differs, based on culture and context
(Dryden-Petersonetal.,2015).
Besides the formal education system, there are informal possibilities that can
influenceyoutheducationsignificantlylikecampprograms,whichcanbedescribed
asleisureactivitiesforyouth(Schelbeetal.,2018).Recentresearchhasshownthat
adventurecampshaveapositiveinfluenceonthedevelopmentofyouthandspecific
areassuchas thedevelopmentof self-constructs, social relationships,physicaland
cognitive skills as well as spirituality (Schelbe et al., 2018). Young people,
experiencing camp life are likely to havemore unique social skills, self-confidence
and self-esteem and are more likely to grow up independent and adventurous
(Schelbeetal.,2018).
40
2.2.1 DefinitionofYouthEducation
In the modern education system of high schools, it is possible to identify three
differentlearningmodelsthataredominant(Lynch,2000).
Figure9:PredominantLearningModels
Source:Lynch,2000
1. Firstly, vocational education is a program established to prepare students to gain
knowledge as well as job skills to offer them a direct opportunity to enter
employmentimmediatelyaftergraduation.Vocationaleducationisusedtoprepare
students for the labor market and to teach practical and life skills like word
processing,anintroductionofhowtoworkwithcomputers,technicaleducationas
wellasfamilyorconsumersciences.Morethan75percentofcomprehensivehigh
schoolsoffernumeroussubjectsaboutspecific labormarketpreparationprograms
like agriculture, business and office, trade and industrial, childcare, hospitality or
technology.
2. Secondly, several schools offer curriculums with a major, where students choose
specificsubjectssuchasgeneral,professionalorappliedwork,organizeinternships
andmanage projects.Majors can vary from areas like performing arts and liberal
artstotechnology,math,andscience.
3. The third model is about work-based learning experiences, which represent an
integralpartoftheoverallcurriculum.
Source:Lynch,2000
According to the authors, this model is an educational approach that takes
advantageofworkplacestostructurelearningexperiences,whichcontributetothe
Vocanonaleducanon
Curriculumsofferingamajor
Work-basedlearningexperiences
41
social, intellectual, academic and career development of youth (Lynch, 2000).
Furthermore,this issupplementedbyschoolactivitiesthatapply, refine,reinforce,
or extend their way of studying, which happens through working in a company.
However, through this, students create attitudes, skills, habits, knowledge, and
insights from school as well as work experiences and therefore they can connect
learningwithactivitiesinthework-life(Lynch,2000).
2.2.1.1 YouthEducationinAustria
In Austria, the education system ismainly organized on a regional basis,meaning
that the Federal Government has just little influence (Green, 1999). State-run
schools dominate the overall school system, yet at the secondary level, these are
selectivebyacademicability(Green,1999).
Figure10:TheAustrianEducationSystem
Source:BundesministeriumfürBildung,2016
The grades are divided into a Primary level, Lower Secondary level, and Upper
secondary level. After primary school, students’ can choose between continuing
their studies at aNew Secondary School or an Academic Secondary School Lower
Cycle(BundesministeriumfürBildung,2016).Afterfouryears,students’eitherfinish
theirmandatoryschoolthroughdoingoneyearataPre-vocationalSchooltostarta
Part-timeVocationalSchoolandApprenticeshiporIntegrativeVocationalTraining.If
studentsdecidetokeepondoingafurthereducationtheyhavetheoptionsofeither
Primaryschool
AcademicSecondarySchoolLowerCycle
SchoolforIntermediate
VocanonalEducanon
CollegeforHigherVocanonalEducanon
NewSecondarySchool
AcademicSecondarySchoolUpperCycle
42
doing a School for Intermediate Vocational Education, a College for Higher
Vocational Education or an Academic Secondary School Upper Cycle
(BundesministeriumfürBildung,2016).Thedifferentschooltypesarecharacterized
byavaryinglevelofdifficulty,lengthandgraduationtype(Green,1999).Atthepost-
compulsory education level, provision ismainlywork-based, predominated by the
dual system of the so-called apprentice training, which combines in-company
training with a specific number of days per week, an individual has to spend in
schoolto learnmoreaboutgeneraleducationsubjectsaswellasvocationaltheory
(Green,1999). AccordingtoGreen (1999), theunionsandchambersofcommerce
worksignificantlysupportthissystem.Theparametersoftightfederalcontroltryto
maintainahighqualityoftraining(Green,1999).
2.2.1.2 ExtracurricularActivitiesandInformalEducation
According to the authors Eccles, Barber, Stone andHunt (2003), youth passmore
than half of their time in leisure activities (Eccles et al., 2003). Recent research
documents that a significant number of young people spend this time for
unstructured activities likewatching television. Scientists argue that thismisspent
timecouldbeusedwellthroughwaysthatpromotepositivedevelopmentandatthe
same time avert the formation of developmental problems (Eccles et al., 2003).
Extracurricular activities entail developmental consequences that improve the
psychologyanddevelopmentofyouthpositivelyandfurthermore;adolescentsthat
participate in such programs get entirely prepared for the transition to becoming
adulthood(Ecclesetal.,2003).
AccordingtoFeldmanandMatjaski(2005),75%of14-year-oldsalreadyparticipate
inextracurricularactivities(Feldmanetal.,2005).
43
Figure11:ExtracurricularActivities
Source:Feldmanetal.,2005
Based on the figure displayed above, most students are interested in sports and
athletics,followedbyactivitiesrelatedtomusicandacademicclubs(Feldmanetal.,
2005).Vocationalclubsandparticipationinanewspaperoryearbooksupportthese
activities, and the smallestproportionof students ispartofa cheerleadingordrill
team(Feldmanetal.,2005).
In Austria, several organizations support extracurricular activities like charity
organizations, self-governing youth associations and social organizations (Federal
Ministry of Families and Youth, 2015). Youth organizations use an integrative and
participatoryeducational structureandpromotecreativity to furtherdevelop skills
and talents (Federal Ministry of Families and Youth, 2015). Youth Information
Centers help young people through their developmental phase and support them
with relevant information to more comfortable cross the transformation into
adulthood. Other sectors provide Professional Open Children and Youth Work
organizationsthathelpyoungpeopletopracticerecreationalactivities,tofindtheir
ownidentityinsocietyandgiveadviceaswellasorientationhints(FederalMinistry
ofFamiliesandYouth,2015).
18%
30%
6%13%
20%
13%
ExtracurricularAc]vi]es
Academicclubs
Athlencs
Cheerleading
Yearbook
Music
Vocanonalclub
44
However, scientists pretend that organized and constructive activities provide
severalopportunitiesforyouthdevelopment(Ecclesetal.,2003):
1. Youthgainandpracticespecificskillsreferringtosocial,physical,and
intellectualsettings
2. Youthgetafeelingofbeingamemberinacommunityandbeinginvolvedin
thewellbeingofthegroup
3. Youthbecomeamemberofavaluedandsociallyacknowledgedcommunity
4. Youthcanbuildupasocialnetworkwithadultsandpeersthatcanbe
supportiveinthepresentaswellasinthefuture
5. Youthhavetodealwithnewchallengesandexperiences
Source:Ecclesetal.,2003
The authors furthermore describe a relationship between extracurricular activities
and school achievements, which is supported by sociology studies, leisure studies
andinterdisciplinarystudiesofyouthdevelopment(Ecclesetal.,2003).Moreover,it
can be argued that there is a secure connection between extracurricular activities
andadulteducationalattainment,earningsandprofession(Ecclesetal.,2003).
Otherpositiveeffectsofextracurricularactivitiesinclude:
1. Enhancedinterpersonalcompetencies
2. Abetterself-concept
3. Anadvancedhighschoolgradepointaverage
4. Moreenthusiasticschoolengagement
5. Increasingeducationalaspirations
6. Ageneralhighereducationalachievement
7. Abetterqualityofemployment
8. Ahigherdegreeofactiveparticipationinpoliticalprocesses
9. Improvedengagementinsports
10. Thebettersituationofmentalhealth
Source:Ecclesetal.,2003
45
Basedonalreadyexistingliterature,itcanbeassumedthatextracurricularactivities
helpyouthtoexpresstheiridentitythroughskillsdevelopment,creatingpreferences
and connecting with others (Feldman et al., 2005). Furthermore, adolescents can
developsocialandhumancapital,andtheyexperienceachallengingsettingthat is
notpartofanacademicenvironment(Feldmanetal.,2005).
2.2.1.3 TheParentalRoleinExtracurricularActivities
Besidesthepositiveeffectsofextracurricularactivities,therealsoexistsanimageof
overworked and over-busy young people (Kremer-Sadlik et al., 2010). Several
researchers criticize that youth do not have enough space to experience self-
determinedcreativeinvestigationoftheenvironmenttheyliveinandfurthermore,
they argue that these circumstances limit the possibility of engaging into intimate
friendships (Kremer-Sadlik et al., 2010). Overworked children do not have the
opportunityof feeling free,emptyandunplannedwhich is said tobeessential for
children’sfurtherdevelopment(Kremer-Sadliketal.,2010).Severalauthorsputalot
of emphasison findingabalancebetweena child-centeredapproachorparenting
andapushforachievement(Kremer-Sadliketal.,2010).Itissignificanttoavoidtoo
much pressure to participate in activities, which often occurs in societies where
childrenareexpectedtoperformlikeadultsandtogrowupfasterthantheyshould
(Kremer-Sadliketal.,2010).
Instead of creating pressure, parents need to support and stimulate a children’s
development and furthermore, promote their social as well as cognitive skills
(Kremer-Sadliketal.,2010).Parentshelptheirchildrenbyprovidinganenvironment
that improves reasoning and verbal skills, a children’s sense of individuation and
arrangingactivitiesthatfocusonthedevelopmentofpersonalskills (Kremer-Sadlik
et al., 2010).Mostparentsperceiveextracurricular activities as anopportunity for
theirchildrentoacquirevitalskillsandtraitsthatwillhelpthemtohaveprofessional
andpersonalsuccessinthefuture(Kremer-Sadliketal.,2010).Overallfindingsshow
that parents play a significant role in the practical experience of a child in
extracurricular activities (Anderson et al., 2003). It is recommended that parents
rather encourage their children’s involvement instead of creating pressure
(Anderson et al., 2003). Children need tomake their own decisions based on the
activities theywant toparticipate inand towhatdegree theywant tobe involved
46
(Anderson et al., 2003). A positive level of encouragement will affect a children’s
perceivedlevelofenjoymentinactivities(Andersonetal.,2003). Ifchildrendonot
enjoy the activities they participate in, they will not benefit from positive skill
developmentandpeerinteraction(Andersonetal.,2003).Accordingtotheauthors,
it would be beneficial if parents were willing to share and experience activities
togetherwiththeirchildrentoraisemotivationandoptimizedevelopmentaleffects
(Kremer-Sadliketal.,2010).
2.2.2 PsychologyofYouth
Youthpsychologymainlydealswithdevelopmentalpsychology,whichisaprocessof
growthandincreasingcompetence(Larson,2000).Furthermore,thisdealswiththe
social and emotional development of youth and how to become a motivated,
socially competent, directed, compassionate and psychologically vigorous adult
(Larson, 2000). Nowadays, it is a surprising phenomenon that a high number of
youngpeople tend tobebored,unexcitedandunmotivated in their lives,which is
mostlyasignofadeficiencyinpositivedevelopment(Larson,2000).Althoughthese
boredadolescencesdotheirhomework,getalongwiththeirparentsandgooutwith
friends to positively get through the day, they are not feeling excitement or
willingnesstoinvestinpathsintotheirfuture(Larson,2000).However,itisofgreat
necessitytolitadolescents’firestobeabletodevelopacomplexofdispositionsand
furthermore to create skills that are needed to take charge of life (Larson, 2000).
Onekeyrequirementtoenhancepositivedevelopmentistheinitiativetostrengthen
youthcreativity,leadership,altruism,andcivicengagement.Anotherusefulmethod
fordevelopmentalpsychology is thepossibility togiveyoungpeopleactivities that
are equivalent to family, school, and peers (Larson, 2000). For instance, the
participation in school extracurricular activities or community organizations is
proofed tohaveapositive influenceonhigher self-esteem, feelingof controlover
life,highereducationalmotivations,andgoals,aswellaslowerratesofdelinquency
(Larson,2000). According to theauthor,evenadventureprograms foraperiodof
one or two weeks can be a great tool, because youth have to challenge severe
mental,physicalandinterpersonaltasksinawildernesssurrounding. Inadditionto
the challenges, youth have to complete, the social integration into a group is
another step into the right direction of positive development (Larson, 2000).
47
Sociological theory points out that a process of secondary socialization, which
involves the assimilation of a group’s norms and internalization, follows the
integration into a group (Larson, 2000). Through the participation in service
activities,youthcanobserveandpractice fundamental rolesandprocessesofcivic
engagement and that the creation of relationships to group members and adult
leaders provides them with a valuable social capital (Larson, 2000). However,
psychologists also suggest that practical knowledge in service activities can offer
interestingreflectivematerialatacriticaljunctureintermsofidentitydevelopment,
whichyouthincorporateintotheiridentitywork(Larson,2000).
2.2.3 EnvironmentalPsychology
Environmental psychology deals with the transaction between human individuals
andtheirnaturalenvironment(Giffordetal.,2012).Itisabouttheassumptionthat
the actions of individuals change the natural environment and furthermore that
their experience andwell-being are changed in turn by the climate (Gifford et al.,
2012). Some theories in environmental psychology emphasized the central
psychologicalprocess likestimulationandcontrol.Oftenthere isanappearanceof
toomuch or too little stimulus, which furthermore predicts that a great range of
behavior and experiences is going to be influenced by someone’s stage of
stimulation(Giffordetal.,2012).Ontheotherhand,sometheoriesmainlyunderline
the significance of a person’s perceived or actual control over the environment.
However, the ecological approach claims that the importance of the behavioral
setting, a naturally appearing small-scale social-physical unit comprises out of
regular patterns of person-environment behavior (Gifford et al., 2012). Integral or
holisticapproachesdescribethecompleteinterrelationshipbetweenindividualsand
thesetting.Finally,therealsoexistsanoperantapproach,whichrepresentsabstract
principlesandgivespreferencetoadirectproblem-solvingapproach(Giffordetal.,
2012). This approach deals with behavior modification methods to deal with
problematic environmental behaviors. One primary employment of ecological
psychology is the enhancement of nature management and its significant but
restrictedresources(Giffordetal.,2012).
48
2.2.4 EcologicalAwarenessandEducation
The word ecology originally comes from the ancient Greek term for household,
describing the connection between organisms to each other as well as to their
environment (Cohen, 1992). Nowadays, ecology and issues related to it have
become a significant topic in our lives and ecological concerns are becoming a
subjectallovertheworld(Cohen,1992).Especiallytheurgencytofigureoutmore
effectivemethodsofpromotingenvironmentalawarenessandbehaviorfocusingon
the conservation and preservation of our limited natural resources is a significant
concernaffectingboth,childrenandadultsinoursociety(Cohenetal.,1990).
Particularlyamongtheyounggeneration,thisissuehasgainedcriticalsignificanceas
theconcernforourendangeredplanedbecamereasonable(Cohen,1992).Through
the use of numerous activities and projects that are ecologically inspired, the
knowledge and ecological awareness of environmental issues should be improved
andfurtherdeveloped inapositiveway(Cohenetal.,1990).Practices intendedto
promoteyouthawarenessof crucial environmental issuesneed tobeappropriate,
takeplaceacrossrealsettingsandincludeactiveexplorationofyouth(Cohen,1992).
Inadditiontothat,learningenvironmentsforyouththatareecologicallybasedneed
to offer real interactions with nature. Research has shown, that the involvement
withnaturerepresentsacrucialcomponent inpromotingyouth’sunderstandingof
ecology(Cohenetal.,1990).
However,anothercentralissue,concerningoursociety,showstheneedtoworkon
achange inourattitudeandbehaviortogetabetterunderstandingoftheplanets
limited, natural resources (Cohen, 1992). Researchers found out that through the
use of games dealing with ecological units, students get a unique opportunity to
learn more efficiently about specific contents while they gain relevant skills in
problem-solving(Cohen,1992).However, integratedlearning iscrucialforstudents
ofeveryagegroup.Ifstudentsstartworkingasscientists,theybecomemoreusedto
topics concerning the environment as well as general scientific problems (Cohen,
1992). According to Cohen (1992), students must become more involved in the
searching process for solutions to ecological issues. Educators need to improve
youth’sawarenessandencourageactiveaswellascreativeeffortstopreserveand
furtherprotectPlanetEarth(Cohen,1992).
49
2.2.5 EnvironmentalEducation
Environmental knowledge can be described as someone’s awareness of ecological
problems, which in result could increase peoples concern about the environment
(Zsóka et al., 2013). Through an appropriate education method, it is possible to
change students’ attitudes regarding the situation, which includes an
environmentally conscious lifestyle, consumption habits or other solutions
addressingenvironmentalproblems (Zsókaetal.,2013).Achange inattitudesand
valuesisthefirststepforfurtheractions.Pro-environmentalbehaviorcanbeseenin
internal factors like for example knowledge, beliefs or values but also in external
factors like the availability of suitable infrastructure or the degree of sacrifice
entailed (Zsóka et al., 2013). The behavior of youth can be influenced most
effectively through the immediate environment like family, friends, and education
(Zsókaetal.,2013).
Figure12:TheImpactofEnvironmentalEducationonStudents
Source:Zsókaetal.,2013
TheauthorsZsóka,Szerényi,Széchy&Kocsis(2013)surveyedtoshowtheimpactof
environmentaleducationonstudents(Zsókaetal.,2013).Thestudyshowsthat11%
of students that were taking part in the survey reported not to make any
environmental-related course. Another 29% said that they never heard about the
environmentthroughouttheirstudiesand35%ofstudentswereabletolistthreeor
11%
29%
35%
14%
ImpactofEnvironmentalEduca]ononStudents
Noenvironmental-relatedcourse
Neverheardaboutanyenvironmentaltopicduringcourses
Threeoremoresubjectsdealingwithenvironment
Specializedinenvironmentalissues
50
moresubjectsdealingwithenvironmentaltopics(Zsókaetal.,2013).Finally,14%of
university students were specialized in environmental studies at the time of
sampling. Based on these results, the authors furthermore mention that
environmental education has excellent power when it comes to environmental
awareness, everyday life and consumer behavior of youth (Zsóka et al., 2013). A
variety of different education institutes found out that the integration of
sustainability issues into education has a positive effect on students’ behavior of
acting environmentally responsible aswell as their attitudes regarding sustainable
consumption(Zsókaetal.,2013).Studentsmostlytendtoenvironmentallyfriendly
activitiesthathaveminorchangesconcerningtheirlifestylelikerecycling,usingfair
tradeproductsorsavingenergyandwater.Environmentaleducationhasshownthe
bestresultwhenusingactivitieswherestudentsarewillingtoengagebutmoreover
wherewillingnessisincreasingalongwiththerecognizedutilityoftheaction(Zsóka
et al., 2013). According to Zsóka, Szerényi, Széchy & Kocsis (2013) environmental
education influencesstudents’environmentalbehaviorpositively throughavariety
ofways including the transferofvaluesandknowledgeand furthermoreproviding
examplesandformingtheinstitutionintoasocialsetting(Zsókaetal.,2013).Abig
challenge for environmental education will be to go beyond the part of just
transferringknowledge.Inadditiontothat,itisessentialtofindaneffectivewayof
how to encourage sustainable lifestyles among students by offering tools that are
efficientenoughtocreateabroadersocietalimpact(Zsókaetal.,2013).However,it
has been found out that attitude-focused teaching methods tend to be more
successfulwhenitcomestobehavioralchangesthantheuseofknowledge-oriented
instruments.Educationneeds to takeover the roleof leading students tobecome
active and responsible individuals when facing sustainability-oriented challenges
(Zsóka et al., 2013). An effective way to achieve behavioral change through
educationistheapplicationofsystematicandholisticthinking,integratingdifferent
views,promotingskills likeproblem-solvingorcritical thinkingaswellasbecoming
anactiveagentforchange(Zsókaetal.,2013).Itisachallengingprojecttoprovide
youthwith all skills that are necessary to become a change agent. Environmental
education aims to engage students with a complex set of tools that contains
cognitive,practicalaswellasconativeelementsthatfosterbehavioralchange(Zsóka
etal.,2013).
51
2.2.6 EducationandEcotourism
However,onecentralaspectofmanagingenvironmentalgrowthisthepromotionof
ecotourismand furthermore to focusonenvironmental learning,whichcouldbea
significant tool to reduce negative impacts and improve ecological awareness
(Kimmel,1999).Thegrowingindustryofecotourismmotivatesmanypeopletovisit
differentenvironmentswheretouristscan learnmoreabout localhabitsaswellas
environmental principles, which can raise their sense of understanding and
awareness of the importance of environmental protection (Kimmel, 1999).
Ecotourism is an excellent opportunity to encourage environmental education to
create affection in peoples mind, which furthermore can lead to a more careful
treatmentoftheenvironment(Kimmel,1999).
AccordingtoDonaghey(2012),whomadeacasestudyabouteducationstructures
forecotourisminShangri-La,oneofthesignificantchallengesinthedevelopmentof
ecotourism is the necessity of sustainable training programs in local communities
(Donaghey, 2012). To understand the different elements of ecotourism and to
furthermore implement it the right way, it is essential that all participants in the
industry are equally informed considering not only policymakers but also the
cooperation of local communities (Donaghey, 2012). The Eastern Tibet Training
Instituteoffers training for local youths toeducate them in languageandbusiness
skills to prepare them for the increasing labor force in the service industry
(Donaghey, 2012). Furthermore, the institute puts a lot of effort on teaching
students the ideaof ecotourismandhow this concept is connected to the service
industryas it isalsorelatedtoseveralsectors likehospitality,adventure,natureas
well as cultural tourism. Donaghey (2012) even mentions that environmental
training programs for youth are essential since they are the upcoming decision
makers regarding the establishment of sustainable ecotourism in the future
(Donaghey, 2012). The institution offers courses like for instance tourism and
hospitality, small businessmanagement butmore importantly training sessions in
green technologies including solar panel installation, construction skills or
agricultural techniques (Donaghey, 2012). Furthermore, students learn about
pollution, transportation, landscapes, and recycling during their classes.
Organizationsputalotofeffortonecotourismbecausetheyviewitasacrosscutting
52
matteras it isconnectednotonlytosustainabledevelopmentbutevendealswith
theengagementof thecommunityaswellasenvironmentaleducation(Donaghey,
2012). Through real-life working illustrations, also called research trips for
communities, youth should get an idea of ecotourism best practice examples.
According toDonaghey (2012),environmentaleducationand the trainingofyoung
peopleisessentialtopreparethemtoworkinasustainablyresponsibleway,which
becomesvitalintheforeseenfuture.Theengagementofyoungpeopleiscrucialfor
creating a self-sustainable industry and allows them to specialize in the field of
ecotourism,whichcaninfuturemotivatethemtoestablishorbecomepartofnew
initiatives for ecotourismdevelopment (Donaghey, 2012).Moreover, it is essential
to encourageenvironmental education as a crucial part of the industry to achieve
moresignificantgrowthofecotourisminmaturity(Donaghey,2012).
2.2.6.1 AdventureCampPrograms
AdventureCampProgramsalreadyhavealongandvariedhistorywheretheorigins
can be found in organized camping as well as environmental and experiential
education movements (Attarian, 2001). As the overall importance is growing,
adventure recreation nowadays plays a significant role in humans’ leisure
experience. According to Attarian (2001), itwas possible to recognize growth in a
variety of adventure programs, based on demographic and socioeconomic factors
likeforexampleprofessionalpreparationprograms,college,university,andcamping
programs (Attarian, 2001). Since the demand for adventure camp programs
increased, resourcemanagers have to respondwithmanagerial actions to help to
maintain a balance between the protection of resources and recreational use
(Attarian,2001).
Numerousprograms,especially thosedesigned foryouth,useactivitiesoroutdoor
adventure to develop personal attributes like self-esteem, confidence, trust, and
responsibility,tobuildupindividuals’achievementsandsuccesstofacilitatefurther
development(Pearson,1991).
Child and youth care practices already use camping, outdoor recreation and
adventureprograms forchildandyouthdevelopment forseveraldecades (Harper,
2017).Outdoorexperientialprogrammingisausefulmethodtocreateameaningful
anddeepconnectionwithnatureandalsotomitigaterisktopromoteresilience in
53
youthfurther(Harper,2017).Especiallyadventuretherapyisagrowingfield,which
can be described as an umbrella term capturing the confluence between outdoor
adventureandhumanservicepracticesfocusingonsocialwork,psychotherapyand
health promotion (Harper, 2017). However, adventure therapy also includes
methods likeoutdoor,wilderness,nature-basedaswellasplace-basedapproaches
for treatment and education. Outdoor adventure camps include several elements
wherebyeachofthemdeservesattentionandexplorationrelativetothechildand
youthcare(Harper,2017).
Table2:ElementsofOutdoorAdventurePracticesUtilizedTherapeutically
Source:Harper,2017.
In theUnited States, there aremore than 14,000 camps that servemore than 14
million children annually (Schelbe et al., 2018). Adventure Camps have created
intentional practices with the achievement of effecting positive developmental
outcomesforyouthwhoparticipateintheseprograms(Schelbeetal.,2018).
2.2.7 EcotourismforYouthinAustria
Austriaoffersgreatpreconditionsforalargevarietyofecotourismopportunitiesand
activities (Leuthold, 2001).More than 19% of the total area is covered by natural
reservesand40%of theAustrian countryside including severaleco-regions canbe
54
usedforecotourism(Leuthold,2001).Furthermore,culturaleducationissupported
by a large number of museums providing knowledge about the traditional
characteristics of the region (Leuthold, 2001). To maintain and further develop
ecotourism in Austria, it is necessary to create further initiatives for the
advancement of regional ecotourism. In addition to that, it is crucial to design
ecotourismprojectsandtrainingprogramsaswellasinformationeventstopromote
responsibleenvironmentalholidays further (Leuthold,2001).Ecotourism inAustria
has excellent potential to keep growing and gain significance by using the
possibilitiesofmarketingandtargetingtherightgroupsofpeople(Leuthold,2001).
Sensibleplanning,acleardevelopmentstrategy,andappropriatemarketingbythe
respectiveregionwillbenecessarytobecomemoresuccessful(Leuthold,2001).
However,toevendirectyouthintoawaytomakethemunderstandthesignificance
of ecotourism it is crucial to have natural reserves, a cooperating community and
learning centers (Donaghey, 2012). To give locals an idea of the importance of
tourism,ecotourism training should involvedifferentelements like forexamplean
ecotourismworkshop, cultural practice, health, and safety training aswell as local
guideknowledgetraining(Donaghey,2012).Theaimofachievingagreeneconomy
is to develop better social equity, lowering ecological scarcities as well as being
efficientinhandlingresources(Donaghey,2012).Eventhoughecotourismisaglobal
model,ithastostartonalocalbasiswhereeducationandtrainingthatisbasedon
sustainabilityplaysakeyrole(Donaghey,2012).
Pendergast stated that youth are “the new visitors in the tourism market”
(Pendergast, 2010, in Buffa, 2015, p. 14046). “The importance of this market
segmentliesinthefactnotonlythatitisbecominglargerbutalsothatitrepresents
themarketofthefuture”(Vukicetal.,2015,inBuffa,2015,p.14046).
Considering the quotation of Pendergast and Vukic (2015), youth are becoming a
significantmarketsegmentintoday’stravelindustry(Buffa,2015).Accordingtothe
fact that young people have a growing influence on the tourism business, it is
furthermorenecessarytosteerthemintoadirectioninwhichtheyunderstandthe
importanceofsustainable,responsibletravelbehavior(Buffa,2015).Inthelongrun,
youth will be responsible for tourism in the future, and therefore it is crucial to
introducethemintotheideaandfurtherdevelopmentofecotourism(Buffa,2015).
55
3 Methodology
The followingpartwillofferadeeper insight into themethodologyused,bygoing
intomoredetail regarding the structure and constructionof the thesis. The figure
belowshowsthedifferentsteps thatarenecessary for theprocessofconstructing
thethesis.
Table3:StructureoftheThesis
Inthefirststepofthedevelopmentofthethesis,itisofimportancetocomeupwith
a research topic and to furthermore define the different aims related to it.
Afterward, it isnecessary to formulateappropriate researchquestionsaswellasa
hypothesis that reflects the research questions. The second step covers
comprehensive literature research to provide extensive secondary data from
journals,casestudies,andbooks.Inadditiontothat,theliteraturereviewprovides
thebasistoformulateandcreatethequestionsofthesurvey,whichisdoneinstep
numberthree.Afterward,thesurveywillbeconductedbyhandingthemouttothe
selected respondents. As soon as step number three is completed, the
questionnaires are going to be evaluated, summarized, carefully analyzed and
interpreted in the fourth step. As a result, the evaluation of the surveys will
completethisstep, followedbytheoverallconclusionofthethesis inthe laststep
numberfive,whereaninferencewillbemadeanddirectlylinkedtothehypothesis
ofthethesis.
• Decisionoftheresearchtopicandaimofthethesis• Determinanonoftheresearchquesnonandhypothesis
Step1• LiteratureresearchStep2• Formulanonandcreanonofthesurveyquesnons• Implementanonofsurveys• ConnnuingliteratureresearchStep3• Evaluanon,summary,analysisandinterpretanonofthesurveys• Conclusionofthesurveys• Connnuingliteratureresearch
Step4• ConclusionofthethesisStep5
56
3.1 Aim
Theprimaryinterestofthethesisdealswiththetopicofecotourismandhowyouth
arerelatedtoit.Forthisreason,therehasbeensetuponeprimarygoalandvarious
secondarygoalsrightatthebeginningofthethesistodeterminetheobjectiveofthe
thesis.
Figure13:PrimaryandSecondaryAimsoftheThesis
Themain purpose of the thesis is to find outmore about youth behaviorwhen it
comes to ecotourism and how much they are informed about the topic.
Furthermore, it is necessary to outline to what degree sustainability and
environmental protection play a role in today’s curriculum and if there are
differences based on the numerous school types. Since ecotourism is a very
multifaceted topic, several secondary aims have been formulated. Some of them
include how environmental education impacts the degree of environmental
awareness of humanity in general and especially of youth as well as how this
changes their opinion about the importance of sustainability and ecotourism.
Furthermore, the impact of ecotourism on local communities should be discussed
andhowlocals,aswellastourists,canbetrainedandinformedofhowtoactinan
environmentally friendly way. In addition to that, the different forms of
environmental education, aswell as the science of environmental psychology, are
anothertopicofinterest.
Ecotourism
Localcommunines
Importanceofsustainability
YouthBehaviour
Youtheducanon
Youthpsychology
EnvironmentalEducanon
Environmentalawareness
Environmentalpsychology
57
3.2 ResearchDesign
Based on the aims outlined in the previous section, a useful data collection
technique is using questionnaires including techniques like checklists, a Matrix,
rating scales as well as open-ended questions that can provide data based on
personal emotions and feelings, behavior aswell as interests (Allen-Meares et al.,
1990). In the study, a combination of data collection methods is used combining
automated data collection over the Internet and paper-based questionnaires
(Fowler, 2013). Digital data collection does not involve an interviewer at all, and
furthermore, data can be collection independently of distance and place (Fowler,
2013).Ingeneral,Internetsurveysprovidearelativelyhighspeedofreturnsandare
a not very cost-intensive data collection instrument (Fowler, 2013). An occurring
problem of a self-administered approach could be the challenge of getting
respondentstoreturnanaccomplishedquestionnaire(Fowler,2013). If there isno
interviewer present, the intrinsic motivation of people could be a critical issue
(Fowler,2013).
According to Brace (2018), there are different options of data collection like self-
completion and interviewer-administered modes (Brace, 2018). For the thesis, an
interviewer-administered questionnaire in the form of a face-to-face technique
represents a useful data collection method in addition to online surveys (Brace,
2018). This method has the advantage that the interviewer is present during the
process and in case that respondents cannot answerdue to a specific reason; the
interviewer can clarify any uncertainties, which can appear based on the level of
education,whichisdifferentbasedonthetypeofschool(Brace,2018).Thelevelof
knowledge and understanding can also be affected by a students’ immigration
background,theirlanguageskillsandiftheschoolislocatedinacatchmentareadue
toahighnumberofimmigrants(Brace,2018).
The questionnaire was initially designed in the English language and afterward
translated intoGerman, tomake iteasier for the students. Furthermore, it canbe
assumedthatthelevelofEnglishof13or14-yearoldstudents’isnothighenoughto
fullyunderstandthequestionnaire.Inadditiontothat,asimplelanguagewasused
toassurethatallstudentsfromdifferentagesandlevelofeducationunderstandthe
questions.Mostly, the questionnaire was held in person through getting in touch
58
withvariousschools,goingthereanddistributingthesurveydirectlytothestudents.
Since distancewas a big issue especially regarding schools located in thewestern
regionofAustria,anonlinesurveywasconductedaswell.
Due to ethical reasons, participation in survey research must be voluntary for
respondents(Fowler,2013).Furthermore,respondentsmustbeinformedaboutthe
projectandthepurposeofthestudyincludingabriefdescription(Fowler,2013).In
addition to that, it is necessary to name the university and the name of the
researcher that is carrying out the surveys (Fowler, 2013). Fowler (2013) argued,
that respondents also need to be informed about the protection of their answers
concerning confidentiality and data protection (Fowler, 2013). This information
mustbegiventotheparticipantsinadvanceandbrieflyreviewedbeforebeginninga
questionnaire(Fowler,2013).
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3.3 UnitofAnalysis
Theconductionofsemi-structuredquestionnaireshasbeenchosenastheresearch
method as quantitative research methods are characterized by using techniques
designed to show relationships that are already described by the theory (Allen-
Meares et al., 1990). This type of research relies on statistical, observable and
objectivefactsofspecificsocialrealitycomponents(Allen-Mearesetal.,1990).
Figure14:Semi-StructuredSurveys
According to O’Leary (2017), the first step in developing a semi-structured
questionnaire is toprepareanextensivebackgroundof literature, to furtheradapt
thetheoryandsubsequentlyspecifythehypothesisandtopicsofinterestthatneed
tobegenerated(O’Leary,2017).
The next step comprises the creation of the questionnaire based on a semi-
structured design to collect quantitative data (O’Leary, 2017). Semi-structured
questionnaires represent a mixture of a structured and unstructured design
(O’Leary, 2017). Primarily because the respondents are young students, it was
essential tousemainlyclosed-endedquestionbecause theyaremorecomfortable
andmore quickly to answer (Ross, 2005).Moreover, closed answer questions are
often a more useful tool than open questions (Fowler, 2013). If respondents are
askedtoanswerintheirownwords, itemsoftenhappentobesolvedveryvaguely
and incomplete(Fowler,2013).However,throughtheuseofoneopenquestion, it
waspossibletogetadeeperinsideaboutstudents’spontaneousideasregardingthe
topic and furthermore this technique can add new information (Ross, 2005). In
addition to that, open questions allow the researcher to get answers that were
unanticipatedandit ispossibletoobtainmoreinformationabouttherespondent’s
real attitude (Fowler, 2013). Nevertheless there is a risk that respondents write
answersthatareirrelevanttothestudy(Babbie,2007).
LiteratureResearch
Developingthequesnonnaire
Selecttherespondents
Evalutaionofquesnonnaires
60
The third step deals with the selection of respondents. Participants are students
betweentheagesof13–20,whichcanbedescribedasyouths.Duetothefactthat
theparticipants are students living inAustria, thepreferred locationsofdoing the
surveysareschoolbuildingsinAustria.
Basedonthefactthatmost inquiriestakeplace inschoolduringclass, thesurveys
are group-administered (Fowler, 2013). According to Fowler (2013), students
provide a response rate of almost 100% when they are asked to fill out a
questionnaire during class (Fowler, 2013). The surveys consist out of 20 questions
anddonotexceedthedurationof20minutes.
Thefinalstepdealswiththeevaluationandanalysisofthequestionnaires.Statistical
processeshavetobedone,andaconclusionmustbemadethateithersupportsor
notsupportsthehypothesis (O'Leary,2017). Inadditiontothat,acodebookneeds
tobepreparedtoenter theobtaineddata intoacomputersystem(Ross,2005).A
codebook isacomputer-basedstructurefileusedtoguidedataentry(Ross,2005).
AccordingtoCreswellandCreswell(2017),dataanalysisincludesseveral important
aspectslikeiftheoutcomesanswerthehypothesisandresearchquestionsandifthe
findingsareabletoexplainwhytheresultsoccurred(Creswell&Creswell,2017).As
a laststep,the implicationsofthefindingsshouldbediscussedfor futureresearch
andpractice(Creswell&Creswell,2017).
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3.4 DataPreparationandAnalysis
Fowler stated, that once data has been collected, the information must be
transformedforanalysisdonebyacomputer(Fowler,2013).
Thereareseveralstagesintheprocessofdatapreparationandanalysis:
Figure15:ProcessofDataPreparationandAnalysis
Source:Phakiti,2010
Inthefirstphase,thedataneedstobecheckedtofindoutifallsectionswerefully
completedbytherespondents(Phakiti,2010).Afterward,participantcodesshould
be assigned to check if thedata is accurate after entered into a computer system
(Phakiti, 2010). Furthermore, the researcher has to decide on a format and the
specificwaythedataisgoingtobeorganizedinafile(Fowler,2013).
In the coding phase, it is significant to classify the obtained data sets and
furthermore, the complexity of the data set must be reduced (Phakiti, 2010).
According to Phakiti (2010), it necessary to differentiate between nominal data,
ordinaldataorintervaldata(Phakiti,2010).Duringthisstage,astudent’sansweris
goingtobeallocatedwithacertainvaluethatcanbehandledbyamachine(Fowler,
2013).Furthermoreitdescribestheprocessoftransformingresponsesintostandard
categories(Fowler,2013).
Checkingandorganizingdata
Datacodingphase
Dataentrystage
Datascreeningandcleaningstage
Reliabilityanalysisstage
Datareducnonstage
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In the third phase, the data needs to be keyed into a software program, which
representsthemosttime-consumingpart(Phakiti,2010).Whenitcomestothedata
screeningandcleaningstage, it isnecessary todoa finalcheckontheaccuracyof
the data, its completeness and consistency before setting on the analysis (Fowler,
2013).Inthefifthphaseitisessentialtomakesurethattheobtaineddataisderived
fromreliablemeasures(Phakiti,2010).Astudycannotbevalidiftheinstrumentis
not considered safe. Finally, the sixthphase is aboutdata reduction,whichmeans
that thenumberofvariablesneeds tobe reduced tomoreefficientlymanageand
analyzethedata(Phakiti,2010).
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3.5 Participants
According to Fowler (2013), several aspectsneed tobe considered concerning the
sampleselection (Fowler,2013).Thesample framerepresents thepeople thatcan
be selected during the process of data collection (Fowler, 2013). Consequently, a
sampledescribes the representativeof thepopulace that is already implicit in the
sampleframe(Fowler,2013).Furthermore,thedesign,size,andproceduresofthe
sample can have an impact on the results of how likely it is to have accurate
estimatesthatcanrepresentthewholepopulation(Fowler,2013).Thequalityofthe
effectsofsampledatahardlydependsonthecommunitythatisusedtocollectdata
(Fowler, 2013). For the study, a convenience sample is used instead of a random
sample,becausestudentsexclusivelyfilloutthesurveys(Creswell&Creswell,2017).
This procedure can be described as a quasi-experiment because not the whole
populationisrelevantintheproject(Creswell&Creswell,2017).
Theparticipantsofthequestionnairearescholarsbetweentheagesof13–20.The
students’ filled out the survey either on paper but also through an online survey.
They attend different school types from junior high, high school, and secondary
schools to vocational schools. It is necessary to use a random sample survey in
different school types to avoid falsified data. Furthermore, they have different
immigrationbackgroundsandsocialbackgrounds,whichcaninfluencetheobtained
data. Other participants in the process of collecting data were the Education
DirectoratesoftheninefederalstatesofAustria.Theyhadtogivetheirpermission
to do the surveys in different schools. As a next step, the principal ship of each
schoolhadtogivetheirapprovalandalsotheparentsofallstudentsundertheage
of18hadtosignaconsentform.
3.5.1 SelectionCriteria
The respondents were selected according to their type of education and more
specifically based on their age. Since the thesis is about ecotourism for youth in
Austria,itwasessentialtohaverespondentsthatarebetweentheagesof13–20.
Gender, social background or origin did not influence the selection process. As
alreadymentioned,thestudentswerechosenasvaluablerespondentsfromvarious
perspectives:
64
1. Age
2. Schooltype
3. LivinginAustria
The different attitudes and opinions of students are of interest as the research
question is aboutwhat youngpeople thinkabout ecotourismandhowmuch they
considersustainabilitywhengoingonholiday.Furthermore,itisinterestingtoseeif
there are differences when it comes to a comparison of school types based on
differenteducation levelsandteaching focuses. Inadditionto that, therecouldbe
evendifferenceswhencomparingresponsesfromstudentslivinginvariousstatesof
Austriaandstudentslivinginaruralorurbanarea.
3.5.2 ConstructionoftheQuestionnaire
According to Ross (2005), some rules need to be considered when designing a
questionnaireforyouths.Onesignificantaspectistokeepthevocabularyassimple
aspossible(Ross,2005).Thisaffectsmainlytheuseoftechnicaltermsor jargonas
well asavoiding theuseofacronyms.Another tool thatneeds tobeconsidered is
theutilizationofshortquestions.Thegeneralruleistohaveamaximumof25words
per questionor less (Ross, 2005). For instance,Matrix questions provide a unique
format,which isveryhelpful if theresearcherwantstoaskseveral itemsusingthe
same set of answer categories (Babbie, 2007). This question format has the
advantageofusingspaceefficiently (Babbie,2007).Theyarefastertoanswer,and
furthermore, they increase the comparability of responses (Babbie, 2007).
Furthermore, the use of closed-ended question can be useful since students’
answersareeasiertomanage,theyareeasiertohandle,andtheydonottakealot
of time for students’ to fill out (Ross, 2005). On the other hand, difficulties can
appear because there is a tendency for respondents to answer questions on a
systematic basis (Ross, 2005). Through using open-ended questions, the students’
can express their ideas and add new information to the topic of interest (Ross,
2005). Ross (2005) stated that forsomestudents’open-endedquestionscouldbe
difficult to answer based on their level of education aswell as the fact that they
require some ability ofwriting and legible handwriting (Ross, 2005). Furthermore,
theopen-endedquestionrepresentsahigherchallengeforstudentsregardingeffort
and time (Ross, 2005). Moreover, there is the possibility of a nonresponse error
65
describingthoseselectedtobeincludedinasamplethatdoesnotprovideanydata
(Fowler, 2013). These circumstances can occur if the sample does not actually
receivethedatacollectionproceduresandthereforehasnopossibilitytoanswer,if
the people asked to reject to provide data or if they are not able to perform the
requested task (Fowler, 2013). To avoid nonresponse, it is essential to use an
informativelettertoreassureahigherrespondentsrateandtoprovidemoredetails
abouttheobjectoftheproject(Fowler,2013).Inadditiontothat,itisnecessaryto
assurethatrespondentsdonotfeelthreatenedbyfulfillingtheessentialtaskorthe
functiontowhichthedataisgoingtobeput(Fowler,2013).Basedonthedesign,it
is useful tomake a clear layout to give a better overview of the process (Fowler,
2013). The survey questions should be uncluttered, pleasingly spaced and easy to
readandunderstand(Fowler,2013).Areasonablerespondentsrateoftendepends
onthegeneralnatureofthesampleaswellasofthestudy,thelevelofmotivation
ofrespondentsandthedegreeofdifficulty(Fowler,2013).Fowlerstatedthatmost
respondentscouldanswerquestionsaccurately (Fowler,2013). Ifpeopleareasked
abouteventsfromthepast,itcanappearthattheydonotreportaccuratelyduetoa
misinterpretationof thesubjector if theydonotknowtheanswer (Fowler,2013).
Moreover, respondentsareprobablynotable to recall aneventeven though they
knowitortheydonotwanttogiveinformationaboutitinthequestionnairecontext
(Fowler,2013).
Regarding the item placement and construction of the questionnaire, Ross (2005)
stated that thatnon-sensitivedemographicquestions shouldbeasked rightat the
beginning since theyareeasy toanswer (Ross,2005). Important issues thatareof
significantinterestshouldcomedirectlyafterwardbecausetheopportunityishigher
thatstudent’sstillanswerthemcarefully(Ross,2005).Sensitivequestionsshouldbe
placed at the end not to influence other items in case they have provoking
characteristics (Ross, 2005). Furthermore, questions focusing on the same topic
shouldbegroupedaswellasquestionsusingsimilarresponseformats(Ross,2005).
The questionnaire has been created based on the guidelines of semi-structured
surveydesign.Acatalogofnumerousquestionshasbeenconstructedasaguideline;
mainlyconsistingoutofclosed-endedquestionsandonlyoneopenquestiontokeep
the survey as simple as possible. Every student receives the same questionnaire,
66
which includes 19 closed-ended questions and one open question. As the
investigationsareaccomplishedwithyoungstudents,thesurveyquestionsareeasy
to understandwithout using expert jargon. The use of specific words referring to
ecotourism and sustainability are still used since non-utilization was unavoidable
basedontheresearchquestion.However,thequestionshavebeenstructuredina
generic-to-specificapproach,throughstartingwithgeneralquestionsaboutageand
gender,followedbymorespecificquestionsbasedonstudents’personalopinion.All
thequestionnaireswerefilledoutbytherespondentsandafterwardreturnedtothe
researcher.
3.5.3 ReflectionsConcerningtheQuestionnaire
Onequestionnairehasbeendevelopedforallrespondentstoobtainadirectresult
andcomparisonbetweenthedifferentlevelsofeducation,agegroups,andplaceof
residence. The questionnaires were semi-structured with closed-ended questions
andoneopen-endedquestion.
Regarding the item placement in the questionnaire, it was essential to start with
non-sensitive demographic questions as they are easy to answer (Ross, 2005).
Afterward, issues that are of significant interest to the research topic have been
asked because the concentration was still higher (Ross, 2005). Lastly, the more
sensitive items covering controversial issues have been requested (Ross, 2005).
Furthermore, it is of great importance to also write instructions for answering a
questiontoavoiduncertainties(Ross,2005).
The firstpartof thequestionnaireconsistsofquestions that refer to thestudents’
generalinformationlike:
• Whatisyourgender?
• Inwhatagegroupareyou?
• Whatisyourlevelofeducation?
• Doyouliveinanurbanorruralarea?
When asking about the students’ gender, it was important to only use male or
femalebecauseoftheassumptionthatsomeofthemwouldhavepickedoptionslike
transsexualduetoun-seriousnessandapotentialappearanceofafunfactordueto
their still growing mind. This assumption is based on the age group of the
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respondents and that some of them are still adolescence, which could influence
their seriousness of answering this question. Furthermore, it is necessary to know
aboutstudents’agegrouptobeabletoassessiftherearedifferencesbasedonthe
levelofeducationandawarenessrelatedtostudents’age.Also,thedifferentschool
types and students’ level of education can have an impact on the answers given.
Their level of knowledge can influence environmentally friendly thinking and their
degree of awareness. Finally, the question based on the living area can have an
impactonstudents’mindsinceruralareashaveabiggerofferbasedonrecreational
activities and leisure activities that are influenced by nature in different ways.
Furthermore,itcanbeassumedthatstudents’livinginaruralareahaveadifferent
view because they have direct access to nature in contrast to youths living in an
urbanregion.
Thesecondpartofthequestionnairewasaboutmorespecificquestionsreferringto
theresearchquestionof thethesis.Thesubjectscanbedivided into fourdifferent
sections,astudents’generaltravelbehavior,andtheirattitudetowardsecotourism,
their travel motivations, and activities and finally their behavior towards
sustainabilityaswellasoneopenquestion.
Generaltravelbehavior:
• Doyouusuallytravelwith…
• Itravelbecause…
• Whattypeofholidaydoyouusuallydo?
• Doyouusuallyspendyourholidayinanoutboundorinbounddestination?
• Pleasepickthemethodoftransportationyouwouldprefertotravelwith.
In the first question, the students’were askedabout their travel partners, like for
examplefriends,relativesorothers.Afterward,thequestion‘Itravelbecause…’was
usedtoassessiftherespondentswanttomakeajourneyor iftheytravelbecause
their parents want them to. It was essential to clarify this question to avoid
misunderstandings. Several students’ do have a long way to school and could
interpret thisas ‘travel toschool’option. In thequestion referring to thedifferent
holidaytypes, itwasofgreat interesttofindoutmoreabouttheirmotivations like
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forexampledoingabeachholiday,acampholiday,activeholidaysorcitytours.The
studentswereasked topick twodifferent typesofholiday.Thenextquestionwas
about to findout if the students’doholidays inAustriaorabroadand finally they
had to choose their preferred method of transportation. In this question, it was
interestingtoseeifstudentsthinkeco-friendlyalreadywhenitcomestotheirchoice
oftransportation.
Questionsreferringtoecotourism:
• Areyouawareoftheconceptthatisecotourism?
• Towhatextentdoyouconsideryourselftobehaveinanenvironmentally
consciousway?
• Howimportantdoyouthinkeco-tourismislikelytobeforthefuture?
• Wherewouldyoufindinformationaboutecotourism?
• Whichof these criteria do you think indicates that an accommodation is
eco-friendly?
The questions abovewere used to find outmore about respondents attitude and
knowledge concerningecotourism. Firstof all, itwas to findout if students’ know
what ecotourismmeans or if they have no idea about the concept. Furthermore,
theyhadtospecifytheirbehaviorregardingactingenvironmentallyfriendlyornot,
whichrepresentsaself-assessmentoftheirselves.Thequestion‘Howimportantdo
you think eco-tourism is likely to be for the future’ includes a short definition of
ecotourism in case they did not know what ecotourism means and shows if
students’thinkingisfuture-orientedornot.Furthermore,thequestionaboutwhere
tofindinformationaboutecotourismgivesinformationabouttheiractualinterestin
ecotourism,iftheyalreadydealtwiththistopicoriftheybasicallydonotcareabout
it or even to getmore information about it. Finally the question ‘Which of these
criteria do you think indicates that accommodation is eco-friendly’ gives some
feedback if students’ informthemselvesabouteco-friendlyaccommodation if they
maybe even already visited this type of housing and furthermore if they already
havean ideaaboutwords likegreenenergyorsolarpanels.Thequestionprovides
11differentanswerswherebytheyhavetochoosethethreemostimportantones.
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Travelmotivationsandactivities:
• Considering your last holiday, please specify how important were the
followingmotives.
• Considering your last holiday, please indicate what activities have you
takenwhenonholiday.
• IfIgoonholiday,Iwouldenjoy…
The three questions above are used to getmore information about the students’
actualmotivesandinterestswhengoingonholiday.Thefirstquestionwasusedto
findoutmoreaboutstudents’prioritiesthroughprovidingastatementlike‘beingin
awilderness,remotearea;’‘learningmoreaboutanimalsandplants’or‘discovering
newplaces’andafour-pointLikert-scalewhereonemeansveryimportantandfour
means not important at all. The next question asks about the different activities
respondents do while going on holiday with 22 different options like mountain
climbing, horse riding or nature walks, and students’ are asked to choose a
maximumof five activities. Finally, the third question asked aboutwhat students’
wouldenjoywhengoingonholidayevenprovidingdifferentstatementslike‘visiting
lakes;’ ‘going to the beach’ or ‘watching television’ with a four-point Likert-scale
whereonemeansveryimportant,andfourmeansnotimportantatall.
Generalbehaviortowardssustainability:
• Thefollowingstatementsrelatetoyoureveryday life.Please indicatethe
extenttowhichyouagreeordisagree.
Thelastquestionreferstostudents’everydaylifeandshouldgiveinformationabout
thedegreetheyactenvironmentalresponsibleornot.Someexamplesofstatements
are:
• Iaminfavorofsavingremotewildernessareas.• Iworkonoutdoorprojectstoimprovetheenvironment• Italktoothersabouthelpingtheenvironment• ItrytorecycleasmuchasIcan• IpickuplitterwhenIseeitinaparkoranaturalarea
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After reading the statements students’ have to pick if they agree or not and
moreoveriftheyareactingthiswayornot.
Open-endedquestion:
• What ismost important to youwhen you think about the protection of
MothersEarth?
Togetmoreprofound insightsaboutwhat respondents’ thinkabout sustainability,
environmentalprotection,andresponsibility,anopenquestionwasincludedaswell.
Students’ were asked to write down some bullet points about what they think is
important to protect the planet. This even points out their existing interest and
knowledgeaboutsustainability.Furthermore,itgivesinformationaboutifstudents’
actaccordingtoitandtheirdegreeofenvironmentalawareness.
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4 SummaryandInterpretationoftheQuestionnaires
4.1 QuestionnaireParticipants
Thedatacollectionprocesswascarriedoutover95days.Atotalof1366participants
filledoutthesurvey.
FederalStateofAustria NumberofParticipants
Vienna 384
LowerAustria 137
UpperAustria 118
Tyrol 220
Carinthia 255
Burgenland 207
Total:6 Total:1,321
Table4:ParticipantsoftheQuestionnaire
Table4givesanoverviewof thequestionnaireparticipantsseparatedaccordingto
the different Federal States of Austria. A total of 1321 students filled out the
questionnaire with a majority living in Vienna (384) and Carinthia (255). Tyrol
participated with 220 students, followed by Burgenland with 207 participants. In
Lower Austria, 137 students filled out the survey and 118 in Upper Austria. The
Federal States of Styria and Salzburg were not considered since no school
participated in the questionnaire due to negative or no responses to the request.
EventhoughseveralschoolsfromVorarlbergwantedtojoin,theeducationauthority
ofthestatedidnotprovideitspermissiontocarryoutthesurvey.Thereisagapof
45missingquestionnaires.This issuecanbeexplainedsincesomestudentsdidnot
wanttoreporttheirplaceofresidenceorthelocationoftheschool.Anotherreason
couldbeafailureofaccuratelycompletingthesurvey.
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4.2 SummaryandInterpretationoftheQuestionnaires
In the following section, the questionnaires are summarized and interpreted. A
varietyofgraphswillvisualizetheanswersoftheparticipantsindetail.Furthermore,
conclusionsofeachspecificquestionareprovidedaswellascomparisonstoalready
existingliterature.
The firstpartof thequestionnaireconsistsofquestions that refer to thestudents’
generalinformation:
Whatisyourgender?
Figure16:WhatisYourGender?
Intotal,1,366surveyresponseswerecollected,ofwhich59%werefemale,and41%
weremale. This result showsa clearmajorityof female respondents compared to
male respondents. Especially in Colleges for Higher Vocational Education, it was
possibletoobserveahighernumberoffemalestudentsthanmalestudents.
Comparedtoalreadyexistingliterature,theoutcomesofgenderdistributioninthe
studydifferfromthegeneralgenderdistributioninAustrianschools.In2014,atotal
of1,134,863studentswereregistered,including49%offemalestudentsand51%of
male students (FederalMinistry of Education andWomen, 2015). Referring to the
genderdistributionbasedonthedifferentschooltypes,thereisaclearmajorityof
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female students at Colleges for Higher Vocational Education and Academic
Secondary Schools and amajority ofmale students atmore technical-commercial
schooltypeslikePart-timeVocationalSchoolsandApprenticeships(FederalMinistry
ofEducationandWomen,2015).
Considering the obtained results and already existing literature, the occurrence of
morefemalethanmaleparticipantsinthestudycanbeexplainedsinceamajorityof
Colleges for Higher Vocational Education, and Academic Secondary Schools were
involved compared to technically based education types like Part-time Vocational
SchoolsandApprenticeships.
Inwhatagegroupareyou?
Figure17:InWhatAgeGroupareYou?
Lookingatotherdemographicfactorssuchasagegroups,thegroupof13-14-year-
old students made up a significant part of respondents (38%), equivalent to 521
people.Thenextmostprominentagegrouprepresentsstudentsbetweentheages
of17-18(28%),followedbythegroup15-16yearsold(22%).Thesmallestgroupof
studentsisintheagegroupof19-20with166respondents,equivalentto12%.Two
respondents did not want to answer this question, which does not significantly
influencetheresultduetothesmallnumberofnon-respondents.Fortunately,itwas
possible to get respondents of every age group that describes the phase of being
74
youthful.Thereforeitispossibletoobtainopinionsandviewsfromstudentsofevery
agegrouprelevanttothestudy.
Theclearmajorityofyoungstudentsbetweentheagesof13-14andtherelatively
smallpresenceofstudents intheagegroup19-20canbedescribedsincethetotal
number of students is generally decliningwith increasing age (STATISTIKAUSTRIA,
2017).AccordingtoStatistikAustria,therewereatotalnumberof329,551children
registeredinAustrianPrimaryschoolsin2015,morethan179,480studentsvisiteda
NewSecondarySchool,115,631studentswereenrolled inanAcademicSecondary
School LowerCycle and91,439 studentswere reported in anAcademic Secondary
SchoolUpperCycle.About43,900studentsweregraduatesfromhighereducation,
and just a total of 34,539 students made a College degree (STATISTIK AUSTRIA,
2017).
Whatisyourlevelofeducation?
Figure18:WhatisYourLevelofEducation?
Figure18givesmoreinformationregardingtheeducationlevelofstudents,showing
that648 students (48%)visit aCollege forHigherVocationalEducation,521 (38%)
respondents studyonaNewSecondarySchool and182 (13%) respondentsattend
anAcademicSecondarySchool.Onlyfourrespondentsdidnotindicatetheirlevelof
education;onestudentindicatedtodoanApprenticeship,threestudentsvisitaPre-
Vocational School, and seven students are currently enrolled in a Part-time
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Vocational School. Unfortunately, the last three statements cannot be taken into
accountsincetherewasnoApprenticeshipprovider,Part-timeVocationalSchool,or
Pre-VocationalSchool involvedduring thedatacollectionprocess.Thiserrormight
occur because some students are uncertain about their level of education.During
datacollection repeatedly, the scenarioappeared, inwhichstudentsdidnotknow
theireducationallevel,andteachershadtohelpthemanswerthisquestion.
Based on already existing literature, a total number of 179,480 students are
registered in New Secondary Schools; a total of 207,070 students attended an
AcademicSecondarySchool, anda totalof206,629 studentswere inaCollege for
Higher Vocational Education or a School for Intermediate Vocational Education
(STATISTIK AUSTRIA, 2017). This data does not necessarily relate to the obtained
results sincedatacollectionwasmainlydependentonschools thatwerewilling to
takepartinthestudy.
Doyouliveinanurbanorruralarea?
Figure19:DoYouLiveinanUrbanorRuralArea?
Regarding the question, if students live in an urban or rural area, 57% of the
respondents indicatedto live inarural region,which isequivalent to782students
and42%(575)answeredtoliveinacity.Only1%(9)ofrespondentsdidnotanswer
thequestion.
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Comparing theseresults to recent researchdone in2016,only33.97%of the total
population inAustria lives inruralareas,andabout66.03%ofthetotalpopulation
livesinanurbanregion(TradingEconomics,2016).Furthermore,itcanbesaid,that
mostcities inAustriaaresmallandmedium-sizedcities.Bigcities likeVienna,Linz,
or Graz have to deal with an annual growth rate of 1.23% compared to a yearly
growthrateof0.94%inruralareas(TradingEconomics,2016).
Theobtainedresultscanbebasedonthecircumstancethatmostrespondentslivein
a Federal State outside of Vienna. Several New Secondary Schools and Academic
Secondary Schools are situated in small cities or villages outside of big centers.
EspeciallyinthemorewesternandsouthernregionsofAustria,thereisamajorityof
smalltownsandvillages.Someschoolsevenprovideaboardingschoolforstudents
comingfromfar,actuallylivingoutofthecity,insmallregionsofAustria.
Generaltravelbehavior:
Doyouusuallytravelwith…
Figure20:DoYouUsuallyTravelWith…
LookingattheresultsofFigure20,themajorityofstudentstravelwiththeirfamily
(1180) followed by holidays with friends (160) and others (17). There is a non-
respondents error of just 1% (9). The termothers can refer to travel partners like
grandparents since most parents do not have enough time to go based on the
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limited availability of holidays. Another option would be circumstances where
studentstravelwithinagrouplikeBoyScoutsortrainingcamps.ReferringtoFigure
17,onlyasmallproportionofrespondentsareovertheageof18,whichexplainsthe
smallpercentageofstudentstravelingwithfriends.Mostrespondentsdonothave
sufficient financial resources available to go on their own since they are still in
school,ortheirparentsdonotallowthemtotravelaloneuntiltheyreachaspecific
age.
Itravelbecause…
Figure21:ITravelBecause…
Referring to the next question, 640 students state that they prefer to travel with
theirfamily,527respondentsindicatethattheyareinterestedintravellingand136
respondents point out that they go because their parents want them to travel
together. As already mentioned in the last question, just a tiny number (56) of
studentsindicatethattheytraveltogetherwiththeirfriends.Theitemshowsanon-
respondentserrorof seven.This result indicates thatmost studentswish to travel
along with their parents and a high percentage of respondents are interested in
traveling,regardlessofwhothetravelpartnersmightbe.Nevertheless, there isan
appearance of students that are not interested in traveling, where parents push
themtotakepartonatrip.
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Whattypesofholidaydoyouusuallydo?
Figure22:WhatTypeofHolidaydoYouUsuallyDo?
Concerningtheresultsofthequestionwhattypesofholidaystudentsusuallydo,the
primarytrendisbeachholidayswith909respondents,followedbycityandcultural
holidays (471) and visiting friends and relatives (282). Other preferred types of
holidayarewalkingandactiveholidays(233),luxuryholidays(213),wellnessandSpa
holidays (201) andwildlife and nature holidays (92). Alternative holiday types like
farm holidays (40) or camps (54) are not very attractive for students. About 12
studentsdidnotindicateanyholiday.Referringtocampholidays,themostpopular
ones were Boy Scouts, training and sports camps, extreme sports camps, riding
camps,campsofCatholicchildrengroups, languagecamps,campsbasedonmusic
orothercampsorganizedbyspecificassociations like thevolunteer firebrigadeor
the Austrian Youth Red Cross. Different popular holiday types not included in the
questionwere skiing holidays, cruises, festivals, fishing holidays, a trip towatch a
football game or biking holidays. The obtained results clearly show that most
students seek for relaxationwhileonholiday,either through lyingat thebeachor
visiting a thermal spring. A relatively high number wants to explore new cities,
questioningiftheculturalaspectofinterestisbasedonthestudentsthemselvesor
ifparentswantthemtoexperiencethecultureofacity.Unfortunately,justasmall
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number of students are interested in holiday types that are based on eco-
touristicallyaspectslikewildlifeandnatureholidaysorfarmholidays.Nevertheless,
233studentsindicatetodowalkingandactiveholidays,whichcanbeinterpretedas
a part of ecotourism based on mountaineering activities or walks in a natural
environment.
Comparing the results toalreadyexistingdataobtained in2015, themostpopular
travel motives of Austrians were visiting friends and relatives with 20,9%, active
holidayswith20,5%,cityandculturalholidayswith17,5%,recreationalholidayswith
17,3%andbeachholidayswith10,7%(AustrianTravelAssociation,2015).
Comparingtheresultsfromthequestionnairewithalreadyexistingdata,itisevident
that subjects likevisiting friendsand family,beachholidays, activeholidaysor city
tripsarethemostpopulartravelmotivesfortheAustrianpopulation.Eventhough
therankingsofpreferredincentivesdifferinbothdatasources,itiscleartoseethat
alsothemajorityofthegeneralpopulationofAustriahasalmostnointerestintravel
motivesthatarebasedoneco-touristicallyaspects.
Doyouusuallyspendyourholidayinanoutboundorinbounddestination?
Figure23:DoYouUsuallySpendYourHolidayinanOutboundorInboundDestination?
Figure23showstheresultsofthequestionifstudentsusuallyspendtheirholidayin
anoutboundorinbounddestination.Theanswersnoticeablyshowthatthemajority
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of students (77%) are traveling abroad and just 22% are in favor of domestic
tourism. Based on the last question, it was possible to observe that most
respondentspreferbeachholidaysandcitytrips,whichcanbeanexplanationofthis
result sinceAustriahasnoaccess to the sea. Furthermore, theassumptioncanbe
set up thatmost respondents are attracted to famous cities like London, Paris, or
AmsterdaminsteadofGraz,Innsbruck,orLinz.
New data collection from Statistik Austria, done in 2018, shows that 32% of the
Austrian population spends their holiday in inbound destinations, and 68% are
traveling abroad (STATISTIK AUSTRIA, 2018). The most popular destinations in
Austria are Styria (20,8%), Salzburg (18%) and Carinthia (16,9%). The top
destinationsabroadareItaly(20,7%),Croatia(15,1%),Germany(9,1%),Spain(7,4%)
andGreece(5,7%)forAustrians(STATISTIKAUSTRIA,2018).Anotherdatacollection
approach found out that 33% of short-trips are done abroad, and 33% of main
holiday tripsarebookedabroad (AustrianTravelAssociation,2015). Incomparison
tothat,only16%ofshort-tripsaretakeninsideofAustria,and16%oftheAustrians
spendtheirmainholidaytripsinAustria(AustrianTravelAssociation,2015).
Pleasepickthemethodoftransportationyouwouldprefertotravelwith.
Figure24:PleasePicktheMethodofTransportationYouWouldPrefertoTravelWith.
The figure above illustrates the preferred transportation type of students when
traveling.Themostpopularoneisgoingbyairplanewith48%,followedbytraveling
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bycar(37%)andtravelingviatrain(12%).Only1%(20)ofstudentswanttotravelby
bus, and some respondents indicate togowitha camper, ship, andmotorcycleor
evenwithabicycle.Atotalofninestudents(1%)didnotreportanytransportation
type. The fact that most respondents travel via airplane can again be explained
throughtheresultsfromFigure22.Ifstudentsmainlyspendholidaysatthebeachor
in a famous city,most destinations are faster andmore comfortable to reach via
airplaneorcarcomparedtotransportationtypeslikebusortrain.
According to recent researchdonebyoneof themostpopular journals inAustria,
about27%ofAustrianstravelbybusorcar,43%travelbyairplaneand1%prefersa
cruise(DerStandard,2018).Especiallyyoungpeopletendtobookaflightinsteadof
other transportationalternatives (Der Standard,2018).Referring todatabasedon
domestic travel,77,7%ofAustrianswouldchooseto travelbycar,12,1%travelby
train,andonly10,2%travelbybus(Wagner,2018).
Theobtainedresults indicate thatAustriansofeveryagegrouppreferairplanesor
carstomoreenvironmentallyfriendlytravelmethodsliketrainsorbuses.
Questionsreferringtoecotourism:
Areyouawareoftheconceptthatisecotourism?
Figure25:AreYouAwareoftheConceptThatisEcotourism?
Theresultsofthequestion ifstudentsareawareoftheconceptthat isecotourism
demonstrate that most students never heard of this term (45%), several
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respondentsindicatetobeunsureaboutthemeaningofecotourism(38%)andjust
16%pointedout that theyknowabout theconceptofecotourism.There isanon-
respondentserrorof1%(9).
Comparingtheobtainedresultswithalreadyexisting literatureofastudyaimedto
examine theknowledge, intentions,andattitudesof students towardsecotourism,
the research demonstrated that themajority of participants show a tight level of
environmental awareness (Cini et al., 2015). Although several students perceive
ecotourism as a nature-based action, other critical key components of ecotourism
like, for instance, sustainability, environmental education, or the local community
stayunderrepresented(Cinietal.,2015).Furthermore,15%ofparticipantsdidnot
knowanydefinitionofecotourism(Cinietal.,2015).
Thiscomparisonindicatesthatschoolsshowacleargapofteachingtheimportance
ofsustainability,ecologicalconceptsandecotourismnotonlyinAustria,butalsoon
aninternationalbasis.
To what extend do you consider yourself to behave in an environmentally
consciousway?
Figure26:ToWhatExtenddoYouConsiderYourselftoBehaveinanEnvironmentallyConsciousWay?
Based on the results exemplified in Figure 26, 42% of respondents indicate to
behave in a slight environmentally conscious way, 40% state that they act in an
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environmentally consciousway and 10% point out not to behave environmentally
friendlyatall.Justatinypercentage(7%)indicatestoactinaveryenvironmentally
consciousway. A total number of 13 (1%) students did not answer this question.
Based on the displayed results, it is evident that most students perceive their
behavior as responsible or a bit reliable. Nevertheless, it is difficult to say if all
answers are based on students actual practice or if they want to seem
environmental capable.A smallnumberof138 students indicatednot toact inan
environmentallyresponsibleway,whichiseitherasignforenvironmentalignorance
andalackofinterestorstudentsansweredstraightandhonest.
TheobtainedresultscanalsobesubjecttoaphenomenoncalledHawthroneeffect
(Stand, 2000). This effect often serves as justification when a surprisingly high
numberoffavorableresultsappearinstudies(Stand,2000).Undertheawarenessof
being observed, people often show behavioral changes (Stand, 2000). This effect
could explain the phenomenon of most environmentally friendly acting students
since it describes behavior-modifying effects that change into a positive direction
sincetheparticipantsaresubjecttoasocialinvestigation(Stand,2000).
Howimportantdoyouthinkeco-tourismislikelytobeforthefuture?
Figure27:HowImportantdoYouThinkEco-TourismisLikelytobefortheFuture?
Figure 27 illustrates the results of the question of how important students’ think
eco-tourismislikelytobeforthefuture.Themajorityofrespondentsansweredwith
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significant(39%),followedbyimportant(33%)andquitesubstantial(21%).Atotalof
6%indicatedtothinkthateco-tourismisnotvery important(5%)ornot important
atall(1%).Only1%ofrespondentsdidnotanswerthequestionatall.Theobtained
results clearly show that most students believe that ecotourism is an important
concept,whichneedstobeappliedinthefuture.
Even though positive responses dominate the obtained results, some researchers
suggestthatyoungpeoplestravelbehaviorispredominatedbyvaluesinfluencedby
identity, social recognition, and self-image, which often stand in contrast to
environmental benefits (Line et al., 2010). Most students are aware of the
significanceofenvironmentalprotectionandclimatechange,buttheyoftendonot
realize that there is a link between individual behavior and environmental
responsibility (Line et al., 2010).At the same time, they are in favorof saving the
planetandshowingapathytowardsclimatechange,whichstandsinrelationtothe
timingandintangibilityofimpactsassociatedaswellastheirlacquerofself-efficacy
withconcernstotacklingthischallenge(Lineetal.,2010).
Wherewouldyoufindinformationabouteco-tourism?
Figure28:WhereWouldYouFindInformationAboutEcotourism?
Regardingthenextquestionofwherestudents’wouldfind informationabouteco-
tourism, most respondents indicated to look for sources via online-tools (85%).
About9%of respondentspointedout that theywouldnotbe interested in finding
informationabouteco-tourism.Onlyasmallnumberofstudentsindicatedthatthey
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would look for informationby readingabrochure (3%)or throughvisitinga travel
agent(2%).Thereisanon-respondentserrorof1%.Sincetherewastheopportunity
toanswerwith‘Itwouldnotinterestme,’theresultsclearlyshowthatamajorityof
studentsisinterestedinthetopicandtheyalreadyknowwheretofindinformation.
Furthermore,theresultsarenotsurprising,sincetheaccesstoonlineinformationis
nowadaysway easier than finding a travel agent or a brochure that writes about
eco-tourism.
Even when it comes to holiday bookings, the majority of Austrians (56,3%) book
their trips online (Der Standard, 2016). Reasons to do so are the easy way of
comparing prices, the small amount of time needed to book a vacation and that
people do not have to take opening hours into account (Der Standard, 2016).
Nevertheless,about30,4%oftheAustrianpopulationprefersbookingatripthrough
a travel agency since they have a better feeling of being advised, and employees
provideahigh levelofknow-how.However,peopleevenprefertheInternet(62%)
when theywant to gather information about a specific destination (Der Standard,
2016).Otheralternatives forgathering informationare friendsandrelatives (46%),
brochures, and travel guides (36%)orblogsaswell as socialmediaplatforms (Der
Standard,2016).
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Which of these criteria do you think indicates that an accommodation is eco-
friendly?
Figure29:WhichofTheseCriteriadoYouThinkIndicatesThatanAccommodationisEco-Friendly?
Basedontheresultsexemplified inFigure29,moststudents’ thinkthat theuseof
solar panels (882), proving information of public transportation options (655) and
planting any trees indicates that an accommodation is eco-friendly. Also, the
categoriesofprovidingcomprehensiveinformationonnaturalandculturalheritage
(407), using a green energy tariff (400) and asking for green feedback from
customers(369)refertoeco-friendlyoperationsofahotel.Thelowestratingshave
theresponseoptionsofprovidingfacilitiesforcustomerswithmobility impairment
(193),provingmorechoicesoffood(182),offeringvegetarianfood(174)aswellas
networking and sharing best practice (170). The question has a non-respondents
errorof43.
According toAlexander andKennedy (2002), themost critical anduseful practices
for a hotel to act environmentally friendly are the implications of a zero waste
approach,energyefficiency,waterconservationtoolsandsolidwaste(Alexander&
Kennedy,2002).Especiallytheuseofgreenenergy intermsofheatingandcooling
systems can significantly influence energy efficiency in a hotel (Alexander &
Kennedy,2002).Furthermore,solarpower isnowadaysrecognizedasanunlimited
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natural resource providing economic and environmental benefits (Alexander &
Kennedy,2002).Particularlythermalandlightenergycanbegeneratedinnovatively
by new solar power systems (Alexander & Kennedy, 2002). Taking into account
customers’ perception of green hotels, 89,63% of guests say that energy
conservation is somewhat important tovery important,69,71%believe thatwater
conservationisslightlyimportanttoveryimportantand85,06%ofcustomersthink
that waste reduction is slightly important to very important (Ogbeide, 2012).
Referring to the general importance of greenhotel practices, a total of 87,97%of
guests say that environmental practices are somewhat relevant to very important
(Ogbeide,2012).
Travelmotivationsandactivities:
Considering your last holiday, please specify how important were the following
motives.
Figure30:ConsideringYourLastHoliday,PleaseSpecifyHowImportantWeretheFollowingMotives.
Figure30givesmore informationaboutwhatmotiveswere importantforstudents
during their lastholiday. Severaloptionsofdifferentpurposeswereprovided,and
respondentswereaskedtospecifytheiranswerwithveryimportant,important,not
very important or not important at all. Looking at the obtained results, themost
essential motives were being with friends and family (1015) and discovering new
places (745).Participantsrankedmotives likebeing innature (588), learningabout
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new traditions and culture of a site (537) as well as learning a new language as
essentialandmotiveslikebuildingfriendships(492),doingsports(383)orbeingina
wilderness,remotearea(525)asnotveryimportant.Only364studentssaidthatthe
motive of spending time in a wilderness area was significant (109) or important
(255).Themotivationofviewinganimals,birds,andplantswasmainlyrankedasnot
veryimportant(490)ornotimportantatall(443),andeventhemotiveof learning
moreabout animals andplantswasdominatedby the answeroptionsofnot very
important (509) or not important at all (436). Only a small number of students
ranked the motives of viewing animals and plants (407) or learning more about
animals andplants (394) as very importantor essential. In addition to thealready
providedmotives, students had the opportunity to add other interests that were
importantduringtheir lastholiday.Someadditionalexamplesoftravelmotivations
were relaxation, food and culinary experiences, swimming, and wellness, playing
online games, reading a book, taking pictures, having fun, sightseeing, skiing, and
shopping.Theobtainedresultsclearlyshowthatmoststudentsenjoymotivesthat
are not related to eco-tourism or nature. The most popular activities were
discoveringnewplacesandbeingwithfriendsandfamily.Travelpurposeslikebeing
in a wilderness, remote area, learningmore about animals and plants or viewing
animals,birdsorplantsweremainlyrankedasnotveryimportantornotimportant
atall.
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Consideringyourlastholiday,pleaseindicatewhatactivitieshaveyoutakenwhen
onholiday.
Figure31:ConsideringYourLastHoliday,PleaseIndicateWhatActivitiesHaveYouTakenWhenonHoliday.
Figure 31providesmoredetails about the activities students have takenwhenon
holiday.Severaleventswerealreadyprovided,andfurthermore,studentscouldadd
activitiesontheirown.Themostpopularactivitiesweretakingphotos(838),hiking
(490), visiting local villages (442) and bicycling (421). Other actions that students
havetakenwhileonholidaywerenaturewalks(388),learningaboutlocaltraditions
(277), playing nature games (258) and exploring historic ruins (241), followed by
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activities like doing a pick nick (204), dealing with animals (174), surfing (168),
wildlife viewing (160) ormountain climbingwith 157.Not very engaging activities
representedtheansweroptionskayaking(108),horseriding(90),fishing(84),taking
language classes (74), bird watching (63) or caving (44). Finally, the least favorite
activities ranked by students were backpacking (42), tree planting (28) and glider
soaring (23). A total of 48 students did not answer this question.When students
were asked about other activities they have taken while on holiday, the most
frequentanswerswereswimming,snorkelinganddiving,skiing,playingfootballand
sports in general, as well as shopping, relaxing, climbing, eating, camping,
sightseeing, takingawalk, sleeping, gaming,drinkingalcoholicdrinksandhavinga
party.Theobtainedresultsshowthatmoststudentsenjoytakingphotos, followed
byactivitiesthatarerelatedtosportsorrelaxation.
IfIgoonholiday,Iwouldenjoy…
Figure32:IfIGoonHoliday,IWouldEnjoy…
Thefigureaboveillustratestheresultsofthequestionofwhatstudentsenjoymost
whengoingonvacation.Participantshadtorank11differentstatementsanddecide
onhowenjoyabletheywouldbe.Lookingattheresults, itcanbesummarizedthat
moststudentswouldverymuchenjoygoingtothebeach(882),visitinganewcity
(761) and learning about new cultures (504). Under the category of enjoyable
activities,statementslikevisitinglakes(602),goingtothemountains(469)andgoing
toanamusementpark(430)arehighlighted.Lookingatnotveryenjoyableactivities
likeworkingwithanimalsandnature(418)aswellasdoingaHusky-Camp(372)had
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a high number of respondents. It is clear to see that activities like doing a riding
camp(679),playingonlinegamesorPlayStation(767)andwatchingtelevision(579)
arenotenjoyableatallforstudentswhengoingonholiday.Theresultscanbeonce
more compared to the effects of Figure 22, where students highlighted beach
holidaysandcitytrips.
Generalbehaviortowardssustainability:
Thefollowingstatementsrelatetoyoureverydaylife.Pleaseindicatetheextentto
whichyouagreeordisagree.
Figure33:IaminFavorofSavingRemote,WildernessAreas.
Figure 33 illustrates the results of the question if students are in favor of saving
remote,wildernessareas.Themajorityofstudents(37%)agreeswiththestatement,
followed by 36% of participants who strongly agree and 20%who have a neutral
opinion about saving wilderness areas. Only 1% of respondents are against the
savingofwildernessareas,and2%stronglydisagreewiththestatement.Thereisa
non-respondentserrorof4%.
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Figure34:TheFollowingStatementsRelatetoYourEverydayLife.PleaseIndicatetheExtenttoWhichYouAgreeorDisagree.
Thefigureaboveshowsthebehaviorofstudentsregardingeverydaylifesituations.
Basedoneightdifferentstatements,studentshadtospecifytheiranswerbasedon
theirdailyroutine.Possibleansweroptionswereyes,no,andsometimes.Lookingat
the results, it canbesummarized thatmost student’s turnoff the tapwaterwhile
brushing their teeth (1122), which means that they try to avoid water wastage.
Furthermore,themajorityofparticipantsdecidetorecycleasmuchaspossible(614)
or at least recycles sometimes (517).Referring to thequestion if studentswalkor
bikeinsteadofaskingforaride,moststudentsansweredwithyes(658),followedby
sometimes(366)andno(302).Unfortunately,therearejustafewstudentswhoare
a member in an environmental club (56) and even regarding the question if
respondentsworkonoutdoorprojectsto improvetheenvironment,moststudents
answeredwithno (1125).About 281 students are interested in reading about the
environment,followedby352studentswhosometimesreadabouttheenvironment
and684 studentswhodonot readabout environmental topics at all. Referring to
thestatementifparticipantspickuplitterinaparkoranaturalarea,moststudents
answeredwithno(638),followedbysometimes(485)and201studentswhopickup
litterwhentheyseeit.Thelaststatementaskedstudentsiftheytalktoothersabout
helpingtheenvironment.Atotalof535answeredwithno,462studentsanswered
withsometimes,andonly326respondentsansweredwithyes.
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Open-endedquestion:
What ismost important toyouwhenyouthinkabout theprotectionofMothers
Earth?
Looking at the question of what students’ perceive as most important about the
protection of Mothers Earth, most respondents answered with keywords like
sustainability, avoiding plastic, climate change, waste separation, environmental
pollution,environmentalprotection,andfeweremissions.
Figure35:MindMap–ProtectionofMothersEarth
Figure 35 illustrates the keywords that students answered most frequently. In
addition to that, several students mentioned the importance of protecting the
environment for future generations, to act responsibly towards the environment
andlocals,tobuybiologicalproductsortoavoidshort-distanceflights.Othertopics
thatwerementioned veryoften are the avoidanceof plastic, that peopleneed to
take care of their waste disposal and that it is significant to introduce laws and
guidelines that support the protection of the environment. Furthermore, students
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saidthatmorepeopleneedtobecomeactiveintermsofactingresponsiblyandthat
it is necessary to offer more education about environmentalism. Additionally, a
repeatingtopicwasthepollutionoftheseasthatneedstobepreventedaswellas
the power supply, which should be dominated by solar power, hydropower, or
photovoltaic.Moreover,moststudentsareinfavorofprotectingspecies,plants,and
animalsandareagainsttheconsumersocietyandoverconsumption.
Intotal,1,107studentsexpressedtheirideaabouttheprotectionofMothersEarth,
which means that most students already heard of essential measurements to
supportthehealthandfurtherexistenceoftheplanet.Nevertheless,somestudents
pointedoutthattheyarenotinterestedinsavingtheearthatall;thattheyhaveno
idea about protecting the planet and that the whole topic does not show any
significancefortheirlife.Accordingtootherresponses,itwascleartoseethatsome
studentsdidnotunderstandwhatthematterofthequestionwasabout.Thiscanbe
demonstratedbasedonanswers like for instance that students recommendtaking
medicineduringwintertimestoavoidaninfectionofotherpeople,thattheywant
theirfamilytostaytogetherorthattheythinkitwouldbeusefultostopgivingbirth
to children. In conclusion, the majority of answers were beneficial, and it was
possibletoseethatsomestudentscareabouttheprotectionoftheplanetandthe
environment.
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5 Conclusion
Theresearchofthisthesishadtheintentionofachievingamorein-depthknowledge
about the perceived importance of ecotourism for youth living in Austria.
Furthermore,theaimwastoresearchifenvironmentaleducationchangestheway
youththinkaboutecotourismandasa result, influences their travelbehavior.The
literaturereviewofthisthesiscoveredthetopicsofecotourismandthedefinitionof
tourism in general, youth education and the meaning of youth, as well as
environmental awareness and environmental education. Moreover, additional
chapters about Austria were added to provide insights about the country, its’
tourism,theimportanceofecotourismaswellastheeducationsysteminAustria.To
giveabetterunderstandingofthetopicsmentioned,asurveywasconducted,which
focuseson the travel behavior of youth, their perceptionof ecotourism, and their
generalactionconcerningtheenvironment.
Albeit several other researchers have dealt with topics like ecotourism and youth
education,theoutcomesofthisstudyareasupplementationtothealreadyexisting
body of knowledge. Furthermore, the results of this research can be valuable to
tourismresearchersto improvethepopularityofecotourismamongyouthlivingin
Austria. The results of this studymay be relevant, preeminently, for theAustrian
education system to show the significance of educating students about topics like
environmentalawarenessandenvironmentalprotection.
Ecotourism is one of the most crucial concepts in today’s travel industry. Since
travelinghasasubstantial impactontheoverallsituationoftheenvironment,eco-
tourism can make up a significant part in further protecting the well being of
Mothers Earth. As Cini, Leone, and Passaforo (2010) pointed out, to provide and
sustain the quality of a destination, their natural environment, and tourist
attractions, it is substantial to bring people closer to topics like environmental
awareness,nature,andenvironmentaleducation.
Aftertheconductionofsecondary,aswellasprimarydatacollection,theobjective
oftheresearchwasachieved.Asyouthrepresentthefutureofthetravel industry,
theaimwastofindoutmoreabouttheirperceptionandknowledgeregardingeco-
tourism.Referringtotheresultsofthesurvey,asignificantlackofeducatingyouth
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abouttherelevanceandmeaningofeco-tourismcanbedetermined.Furthermore,
almosthalf(45%)oftherespondentsindicatednottobeawareoftheconceptthat
iseco-tourism.Onlyasmallproportionof16%answeredtoknowtheprinciplesof
thistourismsector.
As Buffa (2015) stated, upcoming generations will have a growing influence on
today’s tourismbusiness,and therefore, it is crucial tomake themunderstandthe
significance of sustainable and responsible travel behavior. Based on obtained
primarydatacollection,concerningthequestion if students thinkthateco-tourism
willbenecessaryforthefuture,morethanahalf(72%)pointedoutthateco-tourism
will be very important or essential. According to respondents’ self-assessment, if
they consider themselves to behave in an environmentally conscious way, 47%
statedtobeeitherveryenvironmentallyconsciousorenvironmentallyconscious.It
is also to mention that about 73% of respondents are in favor of saving remote,
wildernessareas.
Nevertheless, these outcomes stand in contrast to the actual travel behavior of
youth, which is dominated by beach holidays (909) as well as city and cultural
holidays(471).Onlyatinyportionofstudentsisdoingholidaysbasedonwildlifeand
nature (92)orholidaysona farm (40)or camps (54). Taking intoaccountmotives
likeviewinganimals,birds,andplantsor learningaboutanimalsandplants,onlya
total of 251 students perceive them as very important. Even eco-tourism based
activities like mountain climbing, wildlife viewing, or dealing with animals have a
relatively low ranking. In contrast to thatarenaturewalks, aswell asmotives like
going to the mountains, visiting lakes and learning about new cultures that are
ratherpopularamongyouth.
Furthermore, it is necessary to mention that most respondents prefer outbound
destinations (77%) to domestic tourism (22%) and that most students give
preferencetotransportationmethodslikeairplanes(48%)orcars(37%)overtrains
(12%) or buses (1%). The results of the survey show that even though numerous
students do not know the concept of eco-tourism, a majority of respondents
perceiveitasessentialandvaluableforthefuture.Asshownintheopen-question,
wherestudentswereaskedabouttheimportanceofprotectingMothersEarth,most
studentsaregenuinelyawareofenvironmentalprotectionandmeasurementsthat
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need to be taken. Nevertheless, there is a difference between environmentally
thinkingandactingenvironmentallyfriendly,whichisshowninquestionsrelatingto
travelmotivesandactivities.Furthermore,theobtaineddatareferringtostudents’
everydaylife indicatesthatthereisstillagapofacting inasustainablyresponsible
way.
It can be concluded that most students see ecotourism and environmental
protection as an essential instrument for the future. Although numerous
respondentsalreadyhavesomeknowledgeaboutthetopicandmeasurementsthat
are significant to protect the planet, there is still an existing gap of putting the
theory into practice since amajority of participants would choose beach holidays
over holidaymotives that are related to eco-tourism. Referring to the hypothesis
developed at the beginning of the study, the literature shows that youth benefit
from environmental education. Through integrating environmental topics, young
peoplecreateahigherlevelofawarenessandresponsibility,whichleadstoabetter
handling of the environment. Nevertheless, there is still a gap of integrating
environmentallearningtechniquesinschoolscurriculum.
Educational institutions need to concentrate their efforts on handling the lack of
knowledgeconcerningecotourismamongstudents(Cinietal.,2015).Someessential
tools to promote ecotourism among youth would be special classes focusing on
ecotourism and environmental protection aswell as events andworkshops about
ecotourism (Cini et al., 2015). Furthermore, students would benefit from regular
field trips to ecotourism related products like, for instance, conservation areas,
nationalparks,orgamereserves(Cinietal.,2015).Practicalexperiencewillprovide
studentswith a better understanding,which can also be trained throughpractical
assignments(Cinietal.,2015).
As Cini already mentioned, there are several tools to improve the process of
environmental learning further. Like already demonstrated in the first part of the
hypothesis, educational methods can be very beneficial for youth to develop
environmentalawareness,whichisessentialtocreateahealthyenvironmentinthe
future. Even the general handling of issues related to the environment will be
improved.Youthneedtoactivelycareabouttheplanetandtopicsthatarerelated
toit.Throughtheincreasingapplicationofthelearningmethodsmentionedearlier,
98
youth will benefit from a higher level of knowledge concerning ecotourism and
environmentalprotection.
Throughout the research, some limitationsappeared thatoneshouldbeawareof.
Summarizingtheprocessofcollectingsecondarydata,itistomentionthatthereare
limitations based on the restricted access to already existing literature such as
journals or books. Primarily focusing on research based on youth or the travel
behavior of youth, literature shows certain limitations. However, looking at the
process of collecting primary data and the outcomes of the survey, it can be said
that thetotalnumberof1366participantsmaynotberepresentativeenoughasa
sample to generalize the result to thewholepopulationof youth living inAustria.
Moreover, looking at demographic factors, most respondents of the survey are
between the ages of 13 and 14,whichmight affect the outcome of the research.
Eventhougheveryagegroupofbeingyouthisrepresented;abetterbalancemight
havechangedtheresults.
Furthermore,almosthalfof therespondents indicatedtovisitaCollege forHigher
Vocational education. It can be said that more participants from other school or
educationtypesshouldhavebeeninvolved.Inadditiontothat,itwasnotpossibleto
haveanequalamountofstudentsfromeveryFederalStateofAustria,whichcould
alsoinfluencetheobtainedresults.
Future research in this field should include whether environmental education
positively influences the behavior in everyday life situations as well as the travel
behavior of youthwith a comparison of a before-and-after experience effect. The
outcomes and evaluations of environmental education for youthmight be helpful
for schools to furtherwork on this issue.Moreover, referring to the collection of
primarydata,ahighernumberofparticipantsshouldbeachievedtoprovidealarger
sample of youth. This could be accomplished by expanding the time frame of the
data collection process. Furthermore, more research should be done in order to
make the education authorities of the Federal States of Austria attentive to the
importance of this topic and the necessity to focus more on environmental
education.
99
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108
Appendices
Appendix1:Survey(German)
109
110
111
112
113
Appendix2:Survey(English)
Whatisyourgender?
☐Male
☐Female
Inwhatagegroupareyou?
☐13-14
☐15-16
☐17-18
☐19-20
Whatisyourlevelofeducation?
☐Part-timeVocationalSchool
☐AcademicSecondarySchool
☐Pre-VocationalSchool
☐NewSecondarySchool
☐Apprenticeship
☐CollegeforHigherVocationalEducation
114
Doyouusuallytravelwith...
☐Yourfamily
☐Yourfriends
☐Otherpersons
Itravelbecause...
☐Myparentswantmetotravelwiththem
☐ Iliketotravelwithmyfamily
☐Iwanttotravel
☐Itraveltogetherwithmyfriends
Doyouliveinanurbanorruralarea?
☐Urban
☐Rural
Whattypeofholidaydoyouusuallydo?
☐Beachholidays
☐Wildlifeandnatureholidays
☐Luxuryholidays(5*Hotelsetc.)
☐CityandCulturalholidays
☐Wellness&Spaholidays
☐Visitingfriendsorrelatives
☐Walkingandactiveholidays
☐Farmholidays
☐Campholidays–Ifyes,whichtypeofcampholiday?..............
☐Other................
Doyouusuallyspendyourholidayinanoutboundorinbounddestination?
☐Inbound
☐Outbound
Pleasepickthemethodoftransportationyouwouldprefertotravelwith.
☐Airplane
☐Car
☐Train
☐Bus
115
☐Other.............
AreyouawareoftheconceptthatisEcotourism?
☐Yes
☐No
☐Vaguely
Towhatextenddoyouconsideryourselftobehaveinanenvironmentallyconsciousway?
☐Veryenvironmentallyconscious
☐Environmentallyconscious
☐Abitenvironmentallyconscious
☐ Notveryenvironmentallyconscious
Howimportantdoyouthinkeco-tourismislikelytobeforthefuture?
(Ecotourism is a responsible form of travelling to natural areas that conserve the environment andimprovethewellbeingoflocalpeople.)
☐Veryimportant
☐Important
☐Quiteimportant
☐Notveryimportant
☐Notimportantatall
WherewouldyoufindinformationaboutEcotourism?Pleasetick
☐Online
☐Visitatravelagent
☐Readabrochure
☐Itwouldnotinterestme
Whichof these criteria do you think indicates that an accommodation is eco-friendly?Pickoneormore.
☐Askingforgreenfeedbackfromcustomers
☐Networkingandsharingbestpractice
☐Providefacilitiesforcustomerswithmobilityimpairment
☐Providecomprehensiveinformationonnaturalandculturalheritage
☐Plantanytypeoftrees
☐Providemorechoicesoffood
☐Vegetarianfood
☐GreenEnergytariff
116
☐Useofsolarpanels
☐ Informingguestsofpublictransportoptions
Consideringyourlastholiday,pleasespecifyhowimportantwerethefollowingmotives:
1=veryimportant,2=important,3=notveryimportant,4=notimportantatall
Learninganewlanguage
1 2 3 4
Discovernewplaces
1 2 3 4
Beingwithfriendsandfamily
1 2 3 4
Buildfriendships
1 2 3 4
Beinginthenature
1 2 3 4
Learnaboutthetraditionsandcultureofaplace
1 2 3 4
Usemyphysicalabilitiesinsport
1 2 3 4
Beinginawilderness,remotearea
1 2 3 4
Viewinganimals,birds,plants,etc.
1 2 3 4
Learningmoreaboutanimalsandplants
1 2 3 4
Other..............
1 2 3 4
117
Consideringyourlastholiday,pleaseindicatewhatactivitieshaveyoutakenwhenonholiday.
☐Picknick
☐ Backpacking
☐Bicycling
☐Fishing
☐Hiking
☐Surfing
☐Naturegames
☐Treeplanting
☐Naturewalks
☐Caving
☐Glidersoaring
☐Mountainclimbing
☐Wildlifeviewing
☐Visitlocalvillages
☐Explorehistoricruins
☐Birdwatching
☐Photography
☐Kayak
☐Languageclasses
☐Localtraditions
☐Dealwithanimals
☐Horseriding
☐Other.............
IfIgoonholiday,Iwouldenjoy...
1=veryenjoyable,2=enjoyable,3=notveryenjoyable,4=notenjoyableatall
Doingaridingcamp
1 2 3 4
Goingtothebeach
1 2 3 4
Visitinglakes
1 2 3 4
118
Goingtothemountains
1 2 3 4
Goingtoanamusementpark
1 2 3 4
DoingaHuskycamp
1 2 3 4
Workingwithanimalsandthenature
1 2 3 4
PlayingonlinegamesorPlayStation
1 2 3 4
WatchingTelevision
1 2 3 4
Visitinganewcity
1 2 3 4
Learningaboutnewculturesandtraditions
1 2 3 4
Thefollowingstatementsrelatetoyoureverydaylife.Pleaseindicatetheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagree.
Iaminfavorofsavingremotewildernessareas.
☐ Stronglyagree ☐ Agree ☐ Neutral ☐ Disagree ☐ StronglyDisagree
Iwalkorbiketoplacesinsteadofaskingforaride
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
IturnoffthetapwaterwhileIbrushmyteeth
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
ItrytorecycleasmuchasIcan
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
119
Italktoothersabouthelpingtheenvironment
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
IpickuplitterwhenIseeitinaparkoranaturalarea
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
Iamamemberofanenvironmentalcluborgroup
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
Iworkonoutdoorprojectstoimprovetheenvironment
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
Ireadabouttheenvironmentforfun
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Sometimes
Appendix3:Results
Q2WasistdeinGeschlecht?
554
806
6
(n=1366)
Männlich
Weiblich
KeineAntwort
120
Q3InwelcherAltersgruppebistdu?
Q4WasistdeinBildungsstand?Bitte1ankreuzen
521
299
378
166 2
(n=1366)
13-14
15-16
17-18
19-20
KeineAntwort
7 182
3
521
1
648
4
(n=1366)
Berufsschule
Gymnasium
PolytechnischeSchule
Mi�elschule
Berufslehre
121
Q5StandortmeinerSchule...(Ortsnamen)
(n=1321)
Antworten Probanden Prozent
Wien 384 29,1%
Güssing 118 8,9%
Linz 118 8,9%
Tulln 100 7,6%
Villach 74 5,6%
Neusiedl 68 5,1%
Klagenfurt 67 5,1%
Inzing 52 3,9%
Innsbruck 51 3,9%
Bezau 41 3,1%
Pressbaum 32 2,4%
Pitzelstätten 26 2,0%
Pitzelstätten 16 1,2%
Wölfnitz 14 1,1%
innsbruck 11 0,8%
Eisenstadt 9 0,7%
Inzing 9 0,7%
NMSInzing 9 0,7%
Eisenstadt 7 0,5%
VillachWarmbad 7 0,5%
122
WarmbadVillach 5 0,4%
Warmbad 5 0,4%
Gabelsberger 5 0,4%
Klagenfurt 3 0,2%
Wölfnitz 3 0,2%
bezau 3 0,2%
Villach 3 0,2%
HBLAPitzelstätten 2 0,2%
Hohenems 2 0,2%
Bezau 2 0,2%
VillachWarmbad 2 0,2%
BAfEPSacreCoeurPressbaum 2 0,2%
WarmbadVillach 2 0,2%
Müllerschule 2 0,2%
NMSInzing 2 0,2%
NeueMittelschuleInzing 2 0,2%
gabelsberger 2 0,2%
Gabelsbergerstraße 2 0,2%
Wölfnitz/Klagenfurt 1 0,1%
Kärnten 1 0,1%
Klagenfurt-Wölfnitz 1 0,1%
KlagenfurtPitzelstätten 1 0,1%
KlagenfurtPitzelstätten 1 0,1%
123
Klagenfurt,Pitzelstätten 1 0,1%
Klagenfurt/Pitzelstätten 1 0,1%
Klagenfurt/Wölfnitz 1 0,1%
Wölfnitz-Pitzelstätten 1 0,1%
HblaPitzelstätten 1 0,1%
Klagenfurt-Wölfnitz 1 0,1%
Ptzelstätten 1 0,1%
Wölfnitz-Pitzelstätten 1 0,1%
HBLAPitzelstätten,KlagenfurtWölfnitz,Kärnten 1 0,1%
HBLAPitzelstätten 1 0,1%
BezauerWirtschaftsschulen 1 0,1%
Bezau 1 0,1%
WarmbaderVillach 1 0,1%
Warmbard 1 0,1%
Villach,Warmbad 1 0,1%
Villach-warmbad 1 0,1%
Warmbad,Villach 1 0,1%
WARMBADVILLACH 1 0,1%
KTS-Villach 1 0,1%
Villach-Warmbad 1 0,1%
Pressbaum 1 0,1%
Pressbaum 1 0,1%
pressbaum 1 0,1%
124
BafepScp 1 0,1%
Warmbad-Villach 1 0,1%
Villachwarmbad 1 0,1%
Badhofgastein 1 0,1%
KärntnerTourismusschuleVillach 1 0,1%
KlagenfurtLastenstraße 1 0,1%
Ktsvillach 1 0,1%
VillachKts 1 0,1%
NMSMüllerschule 1 0,1%
Innsbruck 1 0,1%
nmsmüllerstraße 1 0,1%
Müllerstraße 1 0,1%
MüllerSchule 1 0,1%
MüllerSchule 1 0,1%
Inssbruck 1 0,1%
IBK 1 0,1%
NmsInzing 1 0,1%
6401Inzing 1 0,1%
Inzing6401 1 0,1%
Inzig 1 0,1%
Inzingintirol 1 0,1%
InzingMühlweg12 1 0,1%
NMSGabelsberger 1 0,1%
125
Nmsgabelsberger 1 0,1%
innsbruck 1 0,1%
NMSGabelsberger 1 0,1%
Gabelsbergerstraße 1 0,1%
AnkaraAtatürkLisesi 1 0,1%
Gabelsberg 1 0,1%
Gabelsberger 1 0,1%
Pradl 1 0,1%
Gesamt 1321 100,0%
Q6Normalerweiseverreiseichmit...Bitte1ankreuzen
1180
160179
(n=1366)
MeinerFamilie
MeinenFreunden
AnderenPersonen
KeineAntwort
126
Q7Ichverreiseweil....Bitte1ankreuzen
Q8LebstduineinerstädtischenoderländlichenGegend?Bitte1ankreuzen
136
640
527
56 7
(n=1366)
MeineElternmöchten,dassichmitihnenverreise
IchgernemitmeinerFamilieverreise
Ichmöchtereisen
IchreisemitmeinenFreundenzusammen
KeineAntwort
575
782
9
(n=1366)
Städnsch
Ländlich
KeineAntwort
127
Q9WelcheArtvonUrlaubmachstdunormalerweise?Bittemaximal2ankreuzen
Q9.9Ferienlager/Camps-Wennja,welcheArtvonFerienlager/Camps?
Antworten Probanden Prozent
/ 14 25,9%
Jungscharlager 4 7,4%
Reitcamp 2 3,7%
Sportcamps 2 3,7%
Pfadfinder 2 3,7%
Pfadfinderlager 2 3,7%
Reitcamp 1 1,9%
Englishcamp,Reitercamp 1 1,9%
Sommercamp 1 1,9%
Sportcamps 1 1,9%
90992
213471
201282
233405464
12
0 1002003004005006007008009001.000
Strandurlaub
Tier-undNatururlaub
Luxusurlaub(5*Hotelsetc.)
Stadt-undKultururlaub
WellnessSpaUrlaub
BesuchvonFreundenoderVerwandten
Wander-undAknvurlaub
UrlaubaufdemBauernhof
Ferienlager/Camps-Wennja,welcheArt
Sonsnges...
KeineAntwort
Probanden
Antw
ortenaxisntle
(n=1366)
128
MusikCamp 1 1,9%
MobileHome 1 1,9%
nichts 1 1,9%
Fußballcamp 1 1,9%
Ganzverschiederne 1 1,9%
MusiklagerundZirkuslager 1 1,9%
Musik 1 1,9%
Ministrantenlager 1 1,9%
Reiten 1 1,9%
Trainingslager 1 1,9%
Jugendsingwoche 1 1,9%
MobilWohnheim 1 1,9%
MitdemCampingbusherumfahren 1 1,9%
ChristlicheFreizeitenmitsportlichenAktivitäten 1 1,9%
FerienhortamWolfgangsee 1 1,9%
Ferienhort 1 1,9%
Campingplatzmit5Sternen 1 1,9%
PfadfinderSommerlager 1 1,9%
SpitalamPhyrn-Lindenhof 1 1,9%
ZeltlagerJugendrotkreuz 1 1,9%
Trainingslager,Jungscharlager 1 1,9%
Jungscharlager,FF-Lager,Musik-Lager 1 1,9%
Reitlager 1 1,9%
129
ExtremsportCamps 1 1,9%
Gesamt 54 100,0%
Q9.10Sonstiges...
Antworten Probanden Prozent
Skiurlaub 13 20,3%
Camping 3 4,7%
Kreuzfahrten 2 3,1%
Heimatland 2 3,1%
Festivals 2 3,1%
Fußballmatches 1 1,6%
Fotourlaub 1 1,6%
Skiurlaub 1 1,6%
Angelurlaub 1 1,6%
Schiurlaub 1 1,6%
BesuchbeiOma 1 1,6%
ItalienRundreise 1 1,6%
macheschonseitJahrenkeinenUrlaubmehr 1 1,6%
Clublager 1 1,6%
Radurlaub 1 1,6%
Winterurlaub 1 1,6%
andereLänderkennenlernen 1 1,6%
Camping 1 1,6%
130
EinHausmieten 1 1,6%
nichts 1 1,6%
Tennisturniere 1 1,6%
Sportveranstaltungen,Trainingslager 1 1,6%
chillen 1 1,6%
Sport 1 1,6%
Hotel 1 1,6%
Klettern,Schwimmen 1 1,6%
VolleyballTrainingslager 1 1,6%
Konzertreise 1 1,6%
/ 1 1,6%
AmLand 1 1,6%
Cluburlaub 1 1,6%
Campen 1 1,6%
eigentlichnichts 1 1,6%
MeineHeimat 1 1,6%
zuHausebleiben 1 1,6%
ichschlafebeimeinenGroßelterninOttakring 1 1,6%
Reiterhof 1 1,6%
baustellearbeitenschwarz 1 1,6%
Baustellearbeiten 1 1,6%
Badeurlaub(Therme) 1 1,6%
LändlicherTrip 1 1,6%
131
Ausflug/Seminar 1 1,6%
Tagesurlaub 1 1,6%
Skifahren 1 1,6%
Radtour 1 1,6%
AusflügemitderLandjugend 1 1,6%
Backpacking 1 1,6%
Gesamt 64 100,0%
Q10 Verbringst du deinen Urlaub normalerweise im Ausland oder innerhalb von
Österreich?
1055
297
14
(n=1366)
Ausland
InnerhalbvonÖsterreich
KeineAntwort
132
Q11 Bitte wähle die Transportart, mit der du am liebsten verreisen möchtest. Bitte 1
ankreuzen
Q11.5Sonstiges
Antworten Probanden Prozent
Schiff 5 23,8%
Wohnmobil 3 14,3%
Privatjet 1 4,8%
Wohnmobil 1 4,8%
Fahrrad 1 4,8%
schiff 1 4,8%
nichts 1 4,8%
wohnwagen 1 4,8%
Batmobile 1 4,8%
bobbycar 1 4,8%
Rad 1 4,8%
655
500
16120
219
(n=1366)
Flugzeug
Auto
Zug
Bus
Sonsnges
KeineAntwort
133
Motorrad,Karavan 1 4,8%
/ 1 4,8%
Esel 1 4,8%
AufAladdinsTeppich 1 4,8%
Gesamt 21 100,0%
Q12KennstdudasKonzeptdesÖkotourismus?Bitte1ankreuzen
219
610
528
9
(n=1366)
Ja
Nein
Ungefähr
KeineAntwort
134
Q13InwieferndenkstdudassdeinVerhaltenumweltbewusstist?Bitte1ankreuzen
Q14WiewichtigistdeinerMeinungnachderÖkotourismusfürdieZukunft?
(ÖkotourismusisteineverantwortungsbewussteArtinNaturschutzgebietezureisen,welche
dieUmweltschützenunddasWohlbefindenderMenschenvorOrtverbessern.)
Bitte1ankreuzen
90
552
573
138 13
(n=1366)
Sehrumweltbewusst
Umweltbewusst
Einbisschenumweltbewusst
Nichtsehrumweltbewusst
KeineAntwort
528
459
283
6417 15
(n=1366)
Sehrwichng
Wichng
Relanvwichng
Nichtsehrwichng
Garnichtwichng
KeineAntwort
135
Q15WowürdestduInformationenzumThemaÖkotourismusfinden?Bitte1ankreuzen
Q16WelchedieserKriterienweistdeinerMeinungnachdaraufhin,dasseineUnterkunft
umweltfreundlichist?Wähledie3Wichtigstenaus.
1158
3342
115 18
(n=1366)
Online
Reisebüro
Broschüre
Eswürdemichnichtinteressieren
369170193
407505
182174
400882
65543
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
NachgrünemFeedbackvonKundenfragenVernetzungundAustauschbewährterVerfahrenEinrichtungenfürKundenmiteingeschränkter
BereitstellungvonInformanonenzumnatürlichenBäumeverschiedenerArtpflanzen
EinegroßeAuswahlanLebensmi�elnanbietenVegetarischesEssen
ÖkostromtarifVerwendungvonSolarenergie
GästeüberdieöffentlichenVerkehrsmi�elKeineAntwort
Probanden
Antw
ortenaxisntle
(n=1366)
136
Q17Bittegib imHinblickaufdeinen letztenUrlauban,wiewichtigdie folgendenMotive
waren:
Q17.11Andere
Antworten Probanden Prozent
Entspannen 12 5,2%
Entspannung 9 3,9%
Essen 9 3,9%
Spaßhaben 6 2,6%
chillen 6 2,6%
Schwimmen 4 1,7%
entspannen 3 1,3%
shoppen 2 0,9%
Wellness 2 0,9%
Erholung 2 0,9%
essen 2 0,9%
190
7451015
227430 364 341
109 128 123 176349 440
265 380588 537
383 255 279 27140
444
116 54
492258 349 383
525 490 509
9
36338 15
24169 89
235451 443 436
620 27 17 26 21 27 24 26 26 27
1135
0200400600800
1.0001.200
Prob
ande
n
Antwortenaxisntle
1=sehrwichng 2=wichng 3=nichtsehrwichng 4=überhauptnichtwichng KeineAntwort
137
zocken 2 0,9%
schwimmen 2 0,9%
Freunde 2 0,9%
Essenskultur 2 0,9%
neuesEssenkennenlernen 2 0,9%
Spaß 2 0,9%
Reiten 2 0,9%
gutesEssen 2 0,9%
sichentspannen 2 0,9%
Essenkennenlernen 2 0,9%
Kulturen 2 0,9%
Kulturkennenzulernen 1 0,4%
Weinkosten 1 0,4%
DuHomo 1 0,4%
Ka 1 0,4%
Nichts 1 0,4%
Nix 1 0,4%
Hallo 1 0,4%
Spaßhaben 1 0,4%
sehenswürdigkeitenanschauen 1 0,4%
erkunden 1 0,4%
Hobby 1 0,4%
Mittierenindernaturarbeiten 1 0,4%
138
Sehenswürdigkeitenbesuchen 1 0,4%
Skifahren 1 0,4%
Schifahren 1 0,4%
ZeitmitFreundenverbringen 1 0,4%
Familietreffen 1 0,4%
NeueLänderbereisen 1 0,4%
NaturFotografiebetreiben 1 0,4%
AndereKulturenentdecken 1 0,4%
Orteentdecken 1 0,4%
Öffis 1 0,4%
LokalesEssenprobieren 1 0,4%
kulturen 1 0,4%
Erholung 1 0,4%
DenUrlaubgenießen 1 0,4%
1wöchigerShoppingurlaub. 1 0,4%
... 1 0,4%
Ausruhen 1 0,4%
KulturisfürmichdasWichtigste 1 0,4%
neuesEssenausprobieren(welchesdortheimischist) 1 0,4%
relaxen 1 0,4%
Sportmachen 1 0,4%
Shoppen 1 0,4%
Ballspielespielen 1 0,4%
139
entspannen/Spaßhaben 1 0,4%
Runterzukommen 1 0,4%
Skifahren 1 0,4%
braunwerden 1 0,4%
neueKulturkennenlernen 1 0,4%
Partymachen 1 0,4%
DieAuszeitgenießen 1 0,4%
Zeitgenießen 1 0,4%
Hi 1 0,4%
. 1 0,4%
leute 1 0,4%
Sport 1 0,4%
Lernenundspielen 1 0,4%
Playstationspielen 1 0,4%
Essenskulturenkennenlernen 1 0,4%
NetflixandChill 1 0,4%
EntspannungundErholung 1 0,4%
ZOCKEN 1 0,4%
Unterwasserweltbeobachten 1 0,4%
Zocken 1 0,4%
Lol 1 0,4%
Museenzubesuchen 1 0,4%
VielespannendeErlebnisse 1 0,4%
140
SchwimmenimMeer 1 0,4%
erlebnisseerleben 1 0,4%
ausflügemitderfamillie 1 0,4%
Vergnügungspark 1 0,4%
Campen 1 0,4%
EinschönerOrt 1 0,4%
zeitmitmeinemhaustierverbriengen 1 0,4%
Leutekennenlernen 1 0,4%
SchöneStätde 1 0,4%
Schnorcheln 1 0,4%
schwimmengehen 1 0,4%
Atmen 1 0,4%
Dinge 1 0,4%
aufKüheaufpassen 1 0,4%
NeueErfahrungenmachen 1 0,4%
EINKAUFEN 1 0,4%
Essenartenlernen 1 0,4%
MitFreundenrausgehen 1 0,4%
abhängen 1 0,4%
essenshopenfotomachen 1 0,4%
Kilmaschutz 1 0,4%
lernen 1 0,4%
nichtsbestimmtes 1 0,4%
141
anhängen 1 0,4%
EntspannenvomStress 1 0,4%
Relaxen 1 0,4%
verschiedeneSpeisenprobieren 1 0,4%
SpaßmitFreunden 1 0,4%
sichguterholen 1 0,4%
Gamen 1 0,4%
nurschlafen 1 0,4%
Baden 1 0,4%
neuesEssenprobieren 1 0,4%
Länderallgemein 1 0,4%
Feiern 1 0,4%
FotografieundErinnerungensammeln 1 0,4%
Spaßhabenundentspannen 1 0,4%
fotografieren 1 0,4%
Zeitzumentspannen 1 0,4%
FreundeimAuslandbesuchen 1 0,4%
alteTraditionenkennenlernen 1 0,4%
SpaßundFreudehaben 1 0,4%
keineAhnung 1 0,4%
Spaßhabenundrelaxen 1 0,4%
schwimmengehen 1 0,4%
schönesWetter 1 0,4%
142
enspannen 1 0,4%
gemeinsametwastrinkengehen 1 0,4%
Lesen 1 0,4%
Musicalsanschauen 1 0,4%
Kulturen kennenlernen und wie die Menschen dortleben 1 0,4%
zuHausebleiben 1 0,4%
Weihnachtenfeiern 1 0,4%
Freundefinden 1 0,4%
Länderbesuchen 1 0,4%
Vielraussgehen 1 0,4%
Essen 1 0,4%
Zunerven 1 0,4%
hendyschpielenserwhichtig 1 0,4%
Weltenkennenlernen 1 0,4%
Speisen 1 0,4%
lesen 1 0,4%
EntspannenundStressabbauen 1 0,4%
Fotos 1 0,4%
Städtezusehen 1 0,4%
Lebensstileentdecken 1 0,4%
Erfahrungsammeln 1 0,4%
Sehenswürdigkeiten 1 0,4%
EntspannungundAblenkungvomAlltag 1 0,4%
143
SightSeeing 1 0,4%
Hobbysmachen, die in unserem Land nichtmöglichsind,z.B.surfen 1 0,4%
SelbstständigkeitinderNatur 1 0,4%
Entspannung:GenießendererstenTagedesUrlaubs 1 0,4%
Gegendnäherkennenlernen 1 0,4%
Entspannen, sich wohlfühlen und einfach einmalabschalten 1 0,4%
sicherholen 1 0,4%
aufUmweltschauen 1 0,4%
Städteerkunden 1 0,4%
Fischartenkennenlernen 1 0,4%
mitderFamilieSpaßhaben 1 0,4%
ÜberlebeninderWildnis 1 0,4%
Menschenkennenlernen 1 0,4%
Wasser 1 0,4%
DasEssenvonanderenLändernprobieren 1 0,4%
Stadtlebenkennenlernen 1 0,4%
AuszeitvomAlltag 1 0,4%
tollesSkigebiet 1 0,4%
eineAuszeitnehmen 1 0,4%
wandern 1 0,4%
nix 1 0,4%
Sport/Surfen 1 0,4%
144
Kulinarik 1 0,4%
NeueKulturenkennen 1 0,4%
Enspannen 1 0,4%
Gesamt 231 100,0%
Q18 Wenn du an deinen letzten Urlaub denkst, bitte gib an, welche Aktivitäten du im
Urlaubunternommenhast.Wählemaximal5Aktivitätenaus
Q18.23Andere
20442
42184
490168
25828
38844
23157160
442241
63838
10873
277174
90337
48
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
PickNickBackpackingRadfahren
AngelnWandern
SurfenSpieleinderNatur
BäumepflanzenWanderungeninderNatur
HöhlenforschungEinSegelflugzeugsteigenlassen
BergsteigenDieWildnisbeobachtenLokaleDörferbesuchen
HistorischeRuinenerkundenVögelbeobachten
FotografierenKajakfahren
SprachkursemachenLokaleTradinonenlernenBeschä�igungmitTieren
ReitenAndere
KeineAntwort
Probanden
Antw
ortenaxisntle
(n=1366)
145
Antworten Probanden Prozent
schwimmen 52 15,4%
Schwimmen 16 4,7%
Skifahren 16 4,7%
Baden 6 1,8%
Essen 5 1,5%
Sport 5 1,5%
Fußball 4 1,2%
snowboarden 4 1,2%
imMeerschwimmen 3 0,9%
Schwimmen 3 0,9%
Skifahren 3 0,9%
Tauchen 3 0,9%
Bootfahren 3 0,9%
shoppen 3 0,9%
schwimmen 3 0,9%
Party 3 0,9%
Motorbootfahren 2 0,6%
Schifahren 2 0,6%
Jagen 2 0,6%
Shoppen 2 0,6%
skifahren 2 0,6%
Chillen 2 0,6%
146
Fußballspielen 2 0,6%
Schifahren 2 0,6%
entspannen 2 0,6%
Partygemacht 2 0,6%
schwimmengehen 2 0,6%
Fussballspielen 2 0,6%
Klettern 2 0,6%
Sehenswürdigkeitenansehen 2 0,6%
spazieren 2 0,6%
Volleyballspielen 2 0,6%
Essengehen 2 0,6%
schnorcheln 2 0,6%
Camping 2 0,6%
Zelten 2 0,6%
Sightseeing 2 0,6%
BadenimSee 2 0,6%
saufen 2 0,6%
Quadfahren 1 0,3%
Segeln 1 0,3%
Bayanus 1 0,3%
InsJugendzentrumgehen 1 0,3%
Fußballstadienanschauen 1 0,3%
Skaten 1 0,3%
147
Kiffen 1 0,3%
AmStrandliegen 1 0,3%
sightseeing 1 0,3%
ampoolchillenundimmeer 1 0,3%
Stadrundfahrt 1 0,3%
Zocken 1 0,3%
Museen besucht, Shopping, Sehenswürdigkeitenbesucht,Freizeitpark 1 0,3%
Kulturentdecken 1 0,3%
Tennisspielen 1 0,3%
Skifahren 1 0,3%
DieStadterkunden 1 0,3%
Standupbaddling 1 0,3%
Orteerforscht 1 0,3%
Spazieren 1 0,3%
AmStrandrelaxen 1 0,3%
Apresski 1 0,3%
schwimmeninderTherme 1 0,3%
Meer 1 0,3%
SkifahrenundAprésSki 1 0,3%
Shoppen,inBarsgehenahaha 1 0,3%
skifahren 1 0,3%
SchwimmenimMeer 1 0,3%
RadtourdurchsLand 1 0,3%
148
TraditionellesEssen 1 0,3%
wasserschlacht 1 0,3%
Fußballzuschauen 1 0,3%
Schwimmen,Spazieren 1 0,3%
Strandliegen 1 0,3%
Sonnenliegen 1 0,3%
Bootfahren 1 0,3%
Skifahren,Snowboarden 1 0,3%
Sternebeobachtet 1 0,3%
schwimmen(strand) 1 0,3%
Snowboarden/Skiurlaub 1 0,3%
Weedrauchen 1 0,3%
amStrandliegen 1 0,3%
chillaxen 1 0,3%
schlafen,feiern 1 0,3%
schwimmen,essen,schlafenusw 1 0,3%
Sporrt 1 0,3%
Handyspielen 1 0,3%
tennisspielen 1 0,3%
Beachvolleyball,Basketball... 1 0,3%
ZOCKENSCHWIMMEN 1 0,3%
Schnorcheln 1 0,3%
Ficken 1 0,3%
149
Sportfußballundsocoolesachenhalt 1 0,3%
shoppen,sachenanschauen 1 0,3%
SchwimmenundAchterbahnfahren 1 0,3%
Shoppen 1 0,3%
kletterpark 1 0,3%
essengehen 1 0,3%
essengehen 1 0,3%
Cheerleadingisbeste 1 0,3%
ChillenaufdemStrand 1 0,3%
Schwimengehen 1 0,3%
ChillenamPooloderMeer 1 0,3%
Strandgegangen,fischgegessen 1 0,3%
Volleyball 1 0,3%
StrandSonneSchwimmen 1 0,3%
einkaufen,stadtansehen 1 0,3%
amStrandspazieren 1 0,3%
instadteinkaaufenundso 1 0,3%
Mopedfahren 1 0,3%
schlaffen 1 0,3%
Schwimmen,Strandgehn,esssen,chillen, 1 0,3%
hotel 1 0,3%
Fußballspilen 1 0,3%
schlafen 1 0,3%
150
Schwimmen,Stadterkunden 1 0,3%
Biertrinken 1 0,3%
spazierendurchdieOrte 1 0,3%
neueRestaurantsausprobieren 1 0,3%
MiniGolf 1 0,3%
Strand 1 0,3%
schwimmen,relaxen,Sauna 1 0,3%
Familie besucht, in der Stadt gewesen, FreundegetroffenundvielmitderFamilieunternommen 1 0,3%
schwimmen,feiern,entspannen 1 0,3%
Freundebesuchen 1 0,3%
Bauernhofbewirtschaften 1 0,3%
AmStrandbaden 1 0,3%
Tourismus-Attraktionen 1 0,3%
Ausstellungen,Museen,Kulturveranstaltungen 1 0,3%
Bettliegen,Bowling 1 0,3%
fortgehen,grillen,amLiegestuhlausruhen 1 0,3%
Sight-Seeing 1 0,3%
Stadtangesehen 1 0,3%
schwimmen/tauchen 1 0,3%
feiern,entspannen,shoppen 1 0,3%
Stadt/Landschaftbegutachten 1 0,3%
schwimmenimMeer 1 0,3%
am Strand liegen, schwimmen, essen gehen, unter1 0,3%
151
Leutegehenundeinkaufen
Fortgehen 1 0,3%
FußballschauenimStadion 1 0,3%
schwimmen,segeln 1 0,3%
Laufen 1 0,3%
sportlicheAktivitäten(Volleyball) 1 0,3%
Alkoholtrinken(ZrceBeach) 1 0,3%
Feiern,Strand 1 0,3%
Spaßhaben 1 0,3%
mitdemHandyspielen 1 0,3%
insRestaurantgehen 1 0,3%
Chillenundnichtsmachen 1 0,3%
Motocross 1 0,3%
Theater/Musicalsanschauen 1 0,3%
Computerspielen 1 0,3%
Segeln 1 0,3%
Stadtspazieren 1 0,3%
keines 1 0,3%
schwimmen,laufen,Fußballspielen 1 0,3%
Fußball,schwimmen 1 0,3%
zuHausesein 1 0,3%
Skitouren 1 0,3%
DieStadtentdecken 1 0,3%
152
Zeitmitfreundenverbringen 1 0,3%
beten 1 0,3%
Beten 1 0,3%
Sport,Schwimmen,Sightseeing 1 0,3%
Naturparkbesuch 1 0,3%
Feiern 1 0,3%
Stadtbesichtigen 1 0,3%
Baden 1 0,3%
schwimmen,Städtebesichtigen 1 0,3%
kulturelleAktivitäten 1 0,3%
TauchenmitSauerstoffflaschenundschwimmen 1 0,3%
Badengehen 1 0,3%
Lagerbauen 1 0,3%
Safari 1 0,3%
Stadtangeschaut 1 0,3%
Elefantenreiten 1 0,3%
gemeinsamgemütlichzusammensein 1 0,3%
imMeerbadenunddieStadterkunden 1 0,3%
Landnähererkunden,Landschaftdortkennenlernen 1 0,3%
Skifahren,Esse,entspannen 1 0,3%
skifahren,Essengehen 1 0,3%
saufen,skifahren 1 0,3%
historischeDenkmälerbesichtigen,regionalesEssen 1 0,3%
153
Strandliegen,schwimmen 1 0,3%
Sehenswürdigkeitensehen 1 0,3%
Tennis 1 0,3%
Paragleiten 1 0,3%
regionaleKostessen 1 0,3%
schnorcheln,Bootfahren 1 0,3%
durchdieStadtspazieren 1 0,3%
StadtperFußerkunden 1 0,3%
Essen,Party 1 0,3%
Motorboot 1 0,3%
Trinken,schwimmen 1 0,3%
Alkoholtrinken 1 0,3%
SightSeeing 1 0,3%
HuskySchlittenfahrt 1 0,3%
Stadtrundfahrt 1 0,3%
tauchen 1 0,3%
Gesamt 337 100,0%
154
Q19WasistdiramwichtigstenwennduandenSchutzdesPlanetendenkst?(Stichpunkte)
Antworten Probanden Prozent
Nachhaltigkeit 11 1,0%
wenigerPlastik 8 0,7%
Klimawandel 5 0,5%
wenigerPlastik 3 0,3%
Mülltrennung 3 0,3%
Umweltverschmutzung 3 0,3%
Müllvermeidung 2 0,2%
Nix 2 0,2%
WenigerPlastik 2 0,2%
Müll 2 0,2%
wenigerAbgase 2 0,2%
KeineAhnung 2 0,2%
wenigerplastik 2 0,2%
Ichdenkenichtdaran 2 0,2%
Umweltschutz 2 0,2%
wenigerSchadstoffe,Umweltverschmutzung 2 0,2%
Mülltrennung,Luftverschmutzung,Wasserverschmutzung,Erderwärmung 2 0,2%
Garnichts 2 0,2%
Nichts 2 0,2%
ÖkoStrom 2 0,2%
Nachhaltigkeit,Umweltschutz,RücksichtaufdieNaturundBevölkerungnehmen 1 0,1%
155
Umweltschonen 1 0,1%
KeinenDreck,Naturerhalten,Lebewesennichtausrotten/vertreiben 1 0,1%
Plastikkomplettabzuschaffen 1 0,1%
DasdieUmweltgeschontbleibt 1 0,1%
CO2Produktionreduzieren.Plastikvermeiden. 1 0,1%
WenigerAutofahrenmehrmitÖffis 1 0,1%
Plastikabschaffen 1 0,1%
KeineAhnung.Nichts. 1 0,1%
Treibhauseffekt 1 0,1%
ÖkologischeVerpackungen,Müllvermeidung,Umweltschützen 1 0,1%
KeinPlastik 1 0,1%
DasswenigerAutosgebautundgefahrenwerden 1 0,1%
WenigerCO2,Geburtsratesollteverringertwerden, 1 0,1%
ReduktionvonPlastikmüllinderNatur/imOzean. 1 0,1%
KeinAtomkraftwerk 1 0,1%
wenigerMüll(plastik) 1 0,1%
Überbevölkerungvermindern 1 0,1%
KeinMüllinderNatur 1 0,1%
IchfindemehrLeutesolltenaufbioProdukteachtgebenoderzbmitdemBusfahrendamehrerePersonenmiteinenFahrzeugunterwegssindundsodieUmweltwenigerbelassten 1 0,1%
WenigerplastikWenigerabgaseKeineatomenergie 1 0,1%
Müllentsorgung 1 0,1%
MannmussmehrCannabisPflanzen,dannwirdderKlimawandel verlangsamt!!Save thecannabisLegalisierunginÖsterreich 1 0,1%
156
Binnischsüchtignach 1 0,1%
Müllentsorgen 1 0,1%
WenigerAbgase,wenigerPlastik 1 0,1%
Alles 1 0,1%
DasdieKlimaErwärmungstoppt 1 0,1%
keine ausländischen Produkte kaufen.Müll nicht auf die straßewerfen. ökologische Energie -> e-Autos bringen nicht viel wenn der strom von kohlekraftwerken kommt. keine kurzstreckenflüge(außer es ist nicht anderstmöglich) Plastik vermeiden (zB Sackerl oderObst vermeiden das nochzusätzlichinPlastikverpacktist->derkonsumentkannselbstentscheiden)
1 0,1%
TiereundPflanzenschützen 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung so wenig Plastik wie möglich weniger mit Autos fahren mehr öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenutzen 1 0,1%
MüllVermeidung/wenigerautofahren 1 0,1%
KeinPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
atomkraftwerkeabschaffen 1 0,1%
Kriegeplastikproduktion 1 0,1%
Keinmüllinsmeerwerfen 1 0,1%
KeineUmweltferschmutzung 1 0,1%
Keinenatomstrom 1 0,1%
MüllvermeidenKlimawandelstoppenArmutundHungerbekämpfen 1 0,1%
MülltrennungUmweltSchutz 1 0,1%
DasmannandieUmweltdenkt 1 0,1%
Tierschutz 1 0,1%
AufdieUmweltvermutzungzuachten. 1 0,1%
MüllvermeidenundaufKlimawandelachtenunddagegenwirken 1 0,1%
Müllvermeiden,Müllordnungsgerechtentsorgen 1 0,1%
157
Plastikeinsparen 1 0,1%
Klimawandelbremsen 1 0,1%
Müllreduzieren 1 0,1%
Wassersparen,Artenvielfaltaufrechterhalten 1 0,1%
umweltfreundlich 1 0,1%
WenigerCo2-Emissionen 1 0,1%
möglichstkurzeReisestrecken 1 0,1%
Müllvermeiden,nichtvielverreisenundwenn,dannmitÖffis. 1 0,1%
DasauchdieGenerationennachmirnochgutlebenkönnen. 1 0,1%
Abgase,SolarEnergie 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,gesundesLeben,miteinander 1 0,1%
Klimawandelstoppen 1 0,1%
ökologischer Fußabdruck wenig Abgase mehr Planzen —> Fotosynthese weniger Pesticide &Herbizide>besserfürsTrinkwasser 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastikverbrauchen 1 0,1%
MüllvermeidenLebensmittelBioundnachhaltigTiereschützenÖffisnutzen 1 0,1%
Keinenmüllhinauswerfen,CO2ausstoß 1 0,1%
•ÖffentlicheVerkehrmittel•KeinPlastik 1 0,1%
WenigerAngaseundPlastikproduzieren 1 0,1%
•öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenützen•nichtachtlosMüllwegwerfen 1 0,1%
KlimawandelstoppenZ.b.E-Autos,ÖPNV,... 1 0,1%
•WenigerPlastik•umweltbewusstenleben 1 0,1%
•Abfallentsorgung/trennung•wenigPlastikmüll 1 0,1%
•keinenMüllinderNaturachtlosliegenlassen•aufdieUmweltachten 1 0,1%
158
Umweltverschmutzunginzügelnhalten 1 0,1%
KeineUmweltverschmutzungStromsparen 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastikMehtRecyclingMehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen 1 0,1%
•KeineUmweltverschmutzung,•wenigermitAutofahren 1 0,1%
GuteKlimapolitikVermeidungvonEmissionenÖkostromRegional,saisonalesEssen 1 0,1%
¬Plastikverbraichvermindern¬Öffisausbauen,imoberenGailtaldenZugwiedereinführen¬Trump,usw.Atomwaffenverbieten 1 0,1%
AufdenPlanetenachtenundUmweltbewussterLeben 1 0,1%
MinimierungdesCO-AusschussesdasUmweltbewusstseinderMenschheitstärken 1 0,1%
NachhaltigeenergieerzeugungWiederverwertungvonDinngenAufdieUmweldachtenDenausstößvonco2undMethanverringernDenSchutzdesRegenwaldes 1 0,1%
MülltrennungWenigPlastikverwendenÖffentlicheVerkehrsmittelverwenden 1 0,1%
Umweltbewusstleben 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Transportmittel,Ökostrom(engergie) 1 0,1%
1)GlobaleErwärmungverhindern2)Naturschützen 1 0,1%
MüllindenMülleimerMitOffisfahren 1 0,1%
Recyceln 1 0,1%
-ÖffentlicheVerkehrsmittel-Co2Gehaltverringern 1 0,1%
DerSchutz 1 0,1%
ArtgerechteTierhaltung/keineMassentierhaltung 1 0,1%
Richtiges RecycelnMehrwiederverwendbare SachenbenutzenRücksicht auf den Einkauf nehmen(wenigerplastik,aufSiegelnachten,zB.Bio)StattmitdemAuto,mehrzuFußodermitdemFahrradfahrenÖffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenutzen
1 0,1%
NachhaltigeLebensweise 1 0,1%
VerpackungenundPlastikreduzierenAuspuffGasereduzieren 1 0,1%
MeineKindersollteneinenschönenOrtzumLebenhaben. 1 0,1%
159
Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
Recycling 1 0,1%
Palmöl&Plastikvermeiden,liebevollzurMutterNatursein 1 0,1%
Dass jeder unter uns seinen eigenen Müll nicht wegwirft sondern richtig ENTSORGEN! WenigerPlastikverwendenbzw.daraufverzichten. 1 0,1%
umweltsäubernsprichlitteringuswnaturschützenundvielesmehr 1 0,1%
NOPLASTIC 1 0,1%
Regionalundsaisonalessundkochen.WenigAuto,Flugzeug... 1 0,1%
CO2Ausstoßverhindern 1 0,1%
SchutzderDiversität 1 0,1%
Co2Ausstoßvermindern,wenigerFleischessen,umweltbewussterwerden 1 0,1%
NachhaltigkeitdernächstenGenerationaucheinenfunktionierendePlanetenbieten. 1 0,1%
Strom,WassersparenPlastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgaseinderLuft 1 0,1%
dassdienächstenGenerationenauchnochlebenkönnen 1 0,1%
Umweltschutz 1 0,1%
Klima 1 0,1%
VermeidungvonPlastikRegionalesEssen 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,Umweltschutzweiterfördern 1 0,1%
DieTreibhausgasestoppenindemmanwenigerFleisch(vorallemRindfleisch)isstundmanEnergieinFormvonSolarenergieoderWindenergieproduziertundkeineAtom-Kohlekraftwerkemehrbaut.Unddas sich jeder fürdiesesThemaangesprochen fühltunddassauch jederetwasunternehmenundbewirkenkann.
1 0,1%
WenigerCO2Ausstoß 1 0,1%
Klimawandelstoppen 1 0,1%
Veganismus,Ökostrom,Elektrofahrzeuge,VermeidungvonPlstikmüll 1 0,1%
160
nichtsovielPlastikmitVerstandlebennichtzuverschwenderisch 1 0,1%
KlimawandelminimierenVerschmutzungderMeerereduzierenÜberfischungstoppen 1 0,1%
Klimaerwärmung,Müll,CO2 1 0,1%
Plastikreduzieren 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikverwendenmehraufGlasumsteigenundwenigerAbgasseproduziereneherselbergehnalsdasAutobenutzen. 1 0,1%
- Papier oder Stoff anstatt Plastiksäcke -weniger Abgase (mehrmit demRad fahren oder zu Fußgehen...)-Abfalltrennen-AbfälleindenMistkübelwerfenundnichtaufdemBodenodersonstwo-den Tierschutz fördern also Tierschänder festnehmen u. s. w. - weniger Massentierhaltung -gesünderundvegetarischerKochen-wenigerFastFoodundMassenindustrieprodukte-Naturparksschützen - fast aussterbende Tiere schützen -Wilderei stoppen -mehr Hilfsprojekte für verletzteTiereu.s.w.
1 0,1%
Regenwald 1 0,1%
AbgasReduktion,Müllverwertung,BewusstseinfüralleLebewesennichtnurunsselbst 1 0,1%
SchutzderArtenvielfaltSchutzderTiere 1 0,1%
UmstiegaufveganeErnährung,NutzungöffentlicherVerkehrsmittel,Zerowaste 1 0,1%
WenigerLuftverschmutzungNichtalleBäumefällen 1 0,1%
Klima,Umweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
MüllinMülleimergeben,Öffisbenützen, 1 0,1%
Klima,Almen 1 0,1%
Einwegplastik vermeiden Verarbeitete Lebensmittel vermeiden Informationeneinholen/hinterfragen!! 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,Umweltbewusstsein,SparenvonRessourcen 1 0,1%
WenigerStrom/EnergieverbrauchMülltrennungÖftersöffentlicheVerkehrsmittelverwendem 1 0,1%
Nicht mehr so viel Plastik in Supermärkten verwenden (Tüten, Verpackungen, etc) Schutz derMeere/GewässerbedrohteTierarten/unerkundeteOrteinRuhelassenoderbeschützen 1 0,1%
Arktis,Antarktis,Tiere,keinPlastikbzw.weniger,Schadstoffemissionreduzieren 1 0,1%
Klimaschutz,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
161
WenigPlastik,wenigerAutos 1 0,1%
Bio-Produkte Elektro-Fahrzeuge Vermeiden von extrem schädlichen Stoffen Schutz der TropenPlastikvermeidungRettungvonKorallenriffenundderArktis 1 0,1%
DieTiereundNatur 1 0,1%
wenigermitdemAutofahren,Müllwegwerfen.AufdieUmweltachten! 1 0,1%
nix 1 0,1%
mehraufdieUmweltachten 1 0,1%
wenigerAutosmehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittel 1 0,1%
wenigerAutofahren,Naturschonendbauen 1 0,1%
keinMüll 1 0,1%
Naturschutzgebiete,gesicherteZukunftMenschenundTiere 1 0,1%
PlastikvermeidenHeimischeLebensmittelgenießen 1 0,1%
Weniger Autofahren, gute Essen nicht wegschmeißen, aussterbende Tierarten helfen, auf dieUmweltachten,Müllrecyclen 1 0,1%
aufdieNaturachten,umweltfreundlich leben,dasguteEssennichtwegschmeißen,auch,wennesschonabgelaufenist,Plastiksogutesgehtvermeiden 1 0,1%
Wissen,abwannmanzuvielzbfliegtodermitdemAutofährtundinGrenzenhalten. 1 0,1%
mehrgrüneFlächen 1 0,1%
weniger bis kein Plastik verwenden; Recycling; Abfall in denMülleimerwerfen; wenigermit demAutofahren->mehrzuFußgehen; 1 0,1%
Hinterfragenobmanesbraucht,bevormanetwaskauft 1 0,1%
LebensraumvonTierenerhaltenWassersauberhalten 1 0,1%
Dass jeder zumindest das Nötigste macht um den Planet zu "schützen", wie seinen Müllordnungsgemäß entsorgen, keine Plastiksackerl verwenden, oder zumindest wiederzuverwenden,etc.
1 0,1%
WenigerCo2verbrauchen 1 0,1%
KeineTiereessen! 1 0,1%
162
wenigenfliegen,wenigerPlastik,wenigerAutofahren 1 0,1%
MülltrennungBewussterUmgangmitLebensmittel,Autonutzungetc 1 0,1%
gesamteBevölkerungsollhelfen,nichtnureinzelne,allemüssenetwastun 1 0,1%
keinKunststoffverwendenMülltrennen 1 0,1%
Dass die Welt nicht verschmutzt werden soll und dass keine Umweltkatastrophen dadurchentstehen. 1 0,1%
aufdieUmweltachten,wenigerCO2,wenigerPlastik,aufRessourcenachten 1 0,1%
wenigerBäumefällen,Wassersparen,wenigerAbgaseundweigerPlastik 1 0,1%
Wassersparen,wenigerPlastik 1 0,1%
GOVEGAN!!!!!!!!!! 1 0,1%
denKonsumverringernundumweltbewussterleben 1 0,1%
alleMenschen sollten bewusstmehr auf ihre Verschwendung achten, jeder sollte dazu beitragenwenigerzuverbrauchenundbewussteraufdenSchutzderPlanetenachten 1 0,1%
wenigPlastikMüllTrennung 1 0,1%
Dasserüberlebt 1 0,1%
Plastikmuss reduziert werden, Bildung über Umweltschutz, Großkonzerne dürfen wenigermachthaben 1 0,1%
Verringerung der Co2 undMethan Ausstöße verringern durch Umstellung des KonsumverhaltensundINFORMIEREN 1 0,1%
VermeidenvonPlastik,Müllrichtigentsorgen 1 0,1%
saubereUmwelt,Tieremehrachtgeben, 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik! 1 0,1%
wenigAbgaseproduzieren,keinePlastikSackerlbenutzen,allgemeinwenigPlastikbenutzen,NichtjedenTagFleischkonsumieren,etc... 1 0,1%
AufPlastikverzichtenundregionaleinkaufen. 1 0,1%
LeutenvonAnfanganbeibringen,wiemanMülltrennt,Strom,Wasser,wertvolleRessourcenspartKindervielindasThemamiteinbeziehenaufNaturundTiereachtengenerellmehraufQualitätvonProdukten achten (brauche ich daswirklich,wieweitwar derWeg, darauf achten, dass es keine
1 0,1%
163
Tierversuchesind)
Plastikverwendung reduzieren, regionale und biologische Produkte kaufen,Müll trennen, bewusstleben 1 0,1%
DasnochvieleGenerationenaufderErdeeinengutenLebensstilhabenund jederaufdieUmweltachtet. 1 0,1%
TierartensollenbestehenbleibenTemperatursollnichtmehrsteigenMüllsollnichtüberallliegen 1 0,1%
DasmangefährdeteTierartenschützt 1 0,1%
PlastikMussunbedingtreduziertwerden 1 0,1%
Keinplastik!! 1 0,1%
versuchenwenigerPlastikzukaufen 1 0,1%
•ZukunftfürMutterNatur•KeinPlastikmehr•MehrSchutzfürTiereimMeer 1 0,1%
Klimaerwärmungverringern 1 0,1%
Zusammenhalt 1 0,1%
Klimawandelreduzieren 1 0,1%
Das die Menschheit stirbt. Die beste Möglichkeit diesen Planten zu retten ust die Mebschheitauszurotten.WirsindeinePlagefürdenPlaneten 1 0,1%
MöglichstaufPlastikverzichten 1 0,1%
Umweltfreundlichhandeln,plastikreduzieren,aufpassenwasmankauft 1 0,1%
NichtunnötigoftmitdemAutofahren 1 0,1%
Verringerung von Plastikmüll Reduzierung schädlicher Abgase Unterstützung lokaler Betriebe &Bauern:regionale&saisonaleLebensmittel 1 0,1%
-plastikverbrauchverringern-aufklärenüberFolgen-AlternativenzuPlastikvorschlagen-Tierschutz 1 0,1%
Mansollkeinenmüllwoanderswegwerfenauserindenmistkübel 1 0,1%
AufhörendenRegenwaltabzuholzen,wenigerco²produzierenumdieKlimaerwärmungzustoppen 1 0,1%
Plastikreduzierung Bio Sesional und regionale Lebensmittel Vegetarisch\vegan KeineMassentierhaltung 1 0,1%
164
Zukunft(Planeten)fürdienächstenGenerationenschützen,sichereundgesundeUnwelt 1 0,1%
BewusstseinderMenschen,VerbundenheitzurNatur,wenigerAbgase 1 0,1%
DieKlimaerwärmungzustoppen. 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,mehrmitFahrradfahren, 1 0,1%
dasdieweltnichtmehrsosehrverschmutztwirdwieesheutzutageist 1 0,1%
dasKlima.wenigerfleischessenmehrveggie. 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik 1 0,1%
nichts 1 0,1%
Eswarwichtigjaauchzuverstehennochwaswichtigesportmachenspielen. 1 0,1%
nichtdieganzeWälderabsegen 1 0,1%
DaswenigerMüllbzw.Plastiggebensollte 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik,Erderwährmungvermeiden,veganeErnährung 1 0,1%
müllverschmutzung 1 0,1%
Mehrmit öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel fahren, nicht zu viel Lebensmittel kaufen,Müll recyceln, zuFußodermitFahrrad,nichtzulangduschen(Wassersparen),Stromsparen,nichtimmerwasneueskaufen(Kleidungwiederverwenden)
1 0,1%
ReinerSauerstoffReinesWasser 1 0,1%
EinschränkungdesCO2Auswurfes 1 0,1%
wenigerMüllherstellung,Stromsparen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenützen,Recycling,nichtwegenjederkleinenEntfernungmitdemAutofahren->zuFußgehen,mitdemRadfahren,... 1 0,1%
Müllverschmutzung 1 0,1%
denAntropogenenTreibstoffreduzierenDiePolezuschützenDasMeerzusäubernweildeswegensehrvieleFischesterbenmüsse 1 0,1%
... 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgase,Elektroauto,keineMüllverschmutzung,Stromversorgungbedenken 1 0,1%
DasderRegenwaldnichtzerstörtwird. 1 0,1%
165
CO2VerbrauchsenkenStromverbrauchusw 1 0,1%
mehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenützen,wenigerPlastikverwenden&Wasser-undStromsparen 1 0,1%
CO2Wertesenken,wenigerAutofahren,Urwaldnichtabholzen 1 0,1%
RzgdssgyvyxbdbdnbdmhsmrmrhmrhmudmdukjmmdmemmhemuejuejuejejejdjdndnnenrjdjdjjdndmdMitRadfahrendddddddjjgjtrzhrhrh 1 0,1%
KeinenMüllinderNaturliegenlassen 1 0,1%
CO2,Stromsparen 1 0,1%
nichtmehrRauchenmehrRadfahrenstattautofahren 1 0,1%
Pflanzen,Umweltfreundlich 1 0,1%
WenigerAutofahrenCO2einsparenWenigerMüllzuproduzieren 1 0,1%
GegenKlimaWandel. 1 0,1%
NichtmehrsovieleAtomkraftwerke 1 0,1%
wenigerFleisch,mehrFahrradfahrenunddemonstieren 1 0,1%
Vegetarische Ernährung, da die Fleischproduktion ein hoher umweltschädlicher Faktor ist. CO2sparendreisen,WasserundStromsparen 1 0,1%
MehrMülleimeranbietenmehrrecaceln 1 0,1%
DerKlimaschutzunddieUmweltverschmutzung! 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastikzuproduzieren.WenigerMüllinsMeerwerfen.MehrBäumepflanzen. 1 0,1%
DerKlimaschutzundauchdasmandieUmweltverschmutzungstoppt! 1 0,1%
-WenigerSchmutz 1 0,1%
DassmanwenigerCO²verbraucht. 1 0,1%
wenigermüllproduzieren,wenigerabgaseproduzieren 1 0,1%
mülltrennung,mehraufdienaturschauen,keinetrophäenjagdmehr 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikkeinenMüllaufdieStraße 1 0,1%
166
-WenigerSchmutz-ähhh....-...-Klima? 1 0,1%
keinenMüllaufdenBodenwerfen 1 0,1%
wenigerabgase,wenigermüll,keinplastik 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikverwenden,keineMülleinfachsowegwerfen,... 1 0,1%
KEINPLASTIKwenigerMüllundmehrradfahrenundnichtAutofahren 1 0,1%
Tiere,Pflanzen,Müllverringern,Autosverringern 1 0,1%
UmweltverschmutzungverhindernelektronischmitdemAutofahrenwenigerPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
wenigerSchadstoffe,Umweltverschmutzung, 1 0,1%
DasdieLuftsauberbleibt. 1 0,1%
WenigerAutofahrenwenigerPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
wenigerSchadstoffe,Umweltverschmutzungusw. 1 0,1%
DasKlima. 1 0,1%
keineUmweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
UMWELT SCHUTZ TIERE HABEN KEINEN LEBENSRAUMMEHR!!!!! DIE POLITIKER MÜSSEN ETWASUNTERNEHMENWIEWIRDSUNTSMINE/UNSEREZUKUNFTAUSSEHEN!! 1 0,1%
Umweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
Klima,Familie,Freunde,Tiere,Nahrungsmittel,dasseskeinenKrieggibt, 1 0,1%
wenigermitdemAutofahren 1 0,1%
WenigerAutofahrenWenigerPlastikverwendenandieUnwelddenken 1 0,1%
Klima,Politik,Artikel13,Meer,sauberesWasser,Sauerstoff 1 0,1%
DaswirgenügendWasserundLufthaben. 1 0,1%
Weißesnicht 1 0,1%
Müllvermeidenundwenigproduzierenundtrennen 1 0,1%
CO2verbrauchverringern/Klimawandel 1 0,1%
167
WenigMüllproduzierenundMülltrennenfürsRecycling 1 0,1%
nichtkurzestreckenmitdemautofahrenachtendassmannichtzuvielplastikkauft 1 0,1%
KeineMüllverschwendug,Recyceln,aufdieTiereschauen 1 0,1%
Alles 1 0,1%
Tiere,Pflanzen,undUmweltschutz 1 0,1%
Umwelt 1 0,1%
Daserunsfürimmerbleibt. 1 0,1%
AusstoßvonTreibhausgasendrastischreduzieren 1 0,1%
Müllvermeidung 1 0,1%
recyclen 1 0,1%
SaubereLuftfürInnsbruck!!!WenigerMüll(Plastik)!!!KeineMassentierhalltung!!! 1 0,1%
Tiere,Regenwaldrodungabstellen,ÖffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenutzen 1 0,1%
Massentierhaltung nicht unterstützen.(sollte abgeschafft werden) Keinen Müll in die Umweltwerfen. 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,ZügeundBusseverbilligernundFlugzeugeverteuern 1 0,1%
Klima, damit keine Tierartenausrottung,damitMenschen in ihrenGebieten leben bleiben können,versucheninderNäheUrlaubzumachendamitwenigAbgase,wennmöglichmitZugfahren 1 0,1%
DasdieWinterunddieGletschererhaltenbleiben. 1 0,1%
Plastik vermeiden, Flüge versteuern und teurer machen , Züge verbilligern, Pfandflaschen, Öffisbenutzen,wenigerFleischessen 1 0,1%
Müll,Plastikvermeiden; 1 0,1%
mehreröffentlicheverkehrsmittelnutzen 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden.WenigAutofahren.Biokaufen. 1 0,1%
Abgasereduzieren 1 0,1%
-Tiere-SterbendeLebewesendurchKlimawandel 1 0,1%
168
dienatur 1 0,1%
müll 1 0,1%
Wassernichtdreckigmachenz.b(mitplastikflaschen) 1 0,1%
müllaufsammeln(inmüllEimerschmeißen) 1 0,1%
keinMüllaufdemBodenwerfen 1 0,1%
KEINESPRITZMITTELKEINEMONOKULTURUNDAUFGARKEINENFALLTIERQUELERREI 1 0,1%
bäumeschneidenmüllaufdembodenverfen 1 0,1%
DasdieMenschendenMüllnichtaufdieStraßewerfensonderninsMüllschmeißsen.wenigergasewiezumBeispielAutooderFabriktreiben 1 0,1%
miristwichtigdaswirwenigPlastikverwenden. 1 0,1%
Dasinteressiertmichnicht 1 0,1%
denMüllnichtaufdenbodenferfen 1 0,1%
dassdieNaturnichtschmutzigist,wassernichtdreckigist 1 0,1%
dasesmirgutgehtundmeinerFamilie 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikKonsum 1 0,1%
DassowenigAbgasewiemöglichandieUmweltgesendetwerdenlolollololololoololololololo 1 0,1%
Essen 1 0,1%
DaswirprobierensollendenKlimawandelzumindern 1 0,1%
WenigPlastikverwenden:) 1 0,1%
PLASTIKZUVERMEIDEN... 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikKonsumundwenigautofahren 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
WenigerMüllproduzierenmehressenwambo. 1 0,1%
essen 1 0,1%
169
WenigerMüll. 1 0,1%
Sauerstoff 1 0,1%
Plastikreduzieren,Verkehreinschränken 1 0,1%
Sauberkeit,aufpassen 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,bessereMülltrennung 1 0,1%
KeinenMüllwegschütten 1 0,1%
Diesel-Autos,Plastik 1 0,1%
Umwelt,Pflanzen,Tiere 1 0,1%
Bäume,Sauerstoff,Pflanzen,Umwelt 1 0,1%
DieZukunftsowohlvonmiraberauchvonmeinenKindernundCo.FürmichistderSchutzinallenRichtungenwichtig!!! 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,wennmöglichMülltrennenundkeinenMüllausdemAutofensterwerfen 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,Mülltrennung,Ökostrom 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,KurzstreckenzuFußgehen,Müllvermeidenusw... 1 0,1%
NichtsovielPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
Umweltverschmutzung,keinKrieg 1 0,1%
Plastik 1 0,1%
SchutzderTierarten,SchutzseltenerPflanzen 1 0,1%
SehrwichtigistmirdieErhaltungvonseltenenPflanzenundTieren. 1 0,1%
Plastikzumeiden 1 0,1%
Das der CO2 Gehalt in der Luft nicht drastisch weiter steigt. Das man den Tieren nicht ihrenLebensraumwegnimmt(Palmöl).DasmandurchdenAtom-undElektromüllnichtdieErdezerstörtundverstrahlt(nichtnurderMüll).
1 0,1%
weniger Plastikverpackungen, nicht so oft fliegen, mehr nationaler Tourismus (innerhalb vonÖsterreich) 1 0,1%
soschnellwiemöglicheineLösungzufinden 1 0,1%
170
CO2 Ausstoß verringern, mehr Bäume pflanzen, alternative Stromversorgung, weniger Plastikkaufen/verwenden 1 0,1%
Weniger Umweltverschmutzung, mehr regionale Produkte verwenden, klares-trinkbares Wasser,naturbelasseneWiesen 1 0,1%
Bedrohte Arten retten, Umweltverschmutzung meiden/entfernen, reine Luft, Wälder wiederherstellen 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,Müllsammeln,ÖffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbenutzen 1 0,1%
Luft,Plastik,Naturschutz,ÖffentlicheVerkehrsmittel 1 0,1%
DaskeineTiereaussterben,Wassersparen,Stromsparen 1 0,1%
Bedrohten Tierarten helfen, so wenig wie möglich mit Müll die Erde beschmutzen z.B. Plastik,Pflanzen 1 0,1%
Plastikmüll vermeiden, Öffentliche Verkehrsmittel nutzen, keine Lebensmittel vor Ablaufwegschmeissen 1 0,1%
WenigerSchadstoffausstoß,ErhaltungderArtenvielfalt 1 0,1%
E-Autos,GenugPflanzen, 1 0,1%
MehrzuFußgehen 1 0,1%
KeinPlastik,nichtsooftfliegen 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik,mehrzuFußodermitdemFahrrad,mehrrecyceln 1 0,1%
VerschmutzungisteingroßerFehler,zuvieleAbgase-vermeiden,FairerHandel 1 0,1%
Weniger Autofahren - mehr zu Fuß/ mit dem Zug/ Öffentliche Verkehrsmittel, mehr regionaleProdukte,wenigerKunststoff,biologischabbaubareStoffe 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik,mehrmitdemRadfahrenoderzuFußgehen,wenigerWasserverbrauchen 1 0,1%
Es sollte jeder einzelne vielmehr auf die Umwelt schauen, gehen statt Autofahren, recyceln undwenigerPlastiksackerln 1 0,1%
Abgasevermeiden,Tiereachten,wenigMüllbeziehungsweisereduzieren 1 0,1%
nichtsovielmitdemAutofahren 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikproduzieren,Bäumenichtvernichten,wenigermitdemAutoodersonstigemfahren 1 0,1%
171
Nachhaltigkeitschätzen 1 0,1%
KeineUmweltverschmutzung,StromundWassersparen,wenigerPlastikmüll 1 0,1%
Ichdenkedaseswichtigist,dassjedereinzelnevonunsetwastut.ZumBeispielwenigerAutofahren,keinePlastiksackerl,richtigeMülltrennung 1 0,1%
KeinsterbenmehrderTiere,keinPlastikmehr,mehrumweltbewusstsein 1 0,1%
MüllnichtaufStraßeschmeissen,Fabrikweniger,recycling,Grundwassernichtbeschmutzen 1 0,1%
Wassersparen 1 0,1%
Nicht so viele Kindermachen (World Hunger), wenig Erdöl und Gas benutzen, Ökoverkehrsmittelmehrbenutzen 1 0,1%
DasdieAmerikanerwenigerverheimlichen,wenigerPlastikprodukte,wenigerangeln-schmecktehKeinem 1 0,1%
Sauberkeit,nichtsovielPlastik 1 0,1%
Ichweißnicht 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,Naturbehalten,wenigerWälderabholzen 1 0,1%
recyceln, Leitungswasser beim Zähneputzen ausschalten,Müll trennen, Tieren und Pflanzen nichtschaden,Bäumepflanzen 1 0,1%
keineAhnung 1 0,1%
WenneskeinenPlanetengibt,gibtesauchkeineMenschen inderWelt.Es istauchsehrwichtig,SchutzdesPlaneten. 1 0,1%
Natur,Tiere,Sauberkeit 1 0,1%
Bäumepflanzenundrecyceln 1 0,1%
Ichweißesnicht 1 0,1%
Überdashabeichnochniegedacht 1 0,1%
Bäumepflanzen,keineAutosbenützenwennmöglich 1 0,1%
KeinenMistaufdenBodenschmeissen,sondernihninMistkübelschmeissen 1 0,1%
Natur,Wasser,Tiere,Sonne,Mond 1 0,1%
172
Weniger Plastikprodukte kaufen, weniger mit der Strassenbahn fahren sondern Radfahrer, mehrPflanzen,einpflanzen,damitwirbesserenSauerstoffhaben 1 0,1%
DasmehrAutosmitElektromotorenfahrenstattmitBenzinmotorenunddasdieglobaleErwärmungnichtweiteransteigt 1 0,1%
Erdenichtverschmutzt 1 0,1%
Verkehrsmittel,Müllentsorgen 1 0,1%
NichtsovielAutofahren,Müllvermeiden 1 0,1%
Die Luft, es gibt viel Luftverschmutzung, das könnte bald zu einem Ozonloch führen.Müllverschmutzung,manwirftzuvielMüllundmanweißnichtmehrwohindamit.DeswegenwirftmanesinsMeer,alsooftunddasführtzurWasserverschmutzung.
1 0,1%
GuteLuft,vieleBäume,Pflanzen,wenigVerkehr,wenigFabriken 1 0,1%
DasmannichtMülleinfachaufdenBodenwirft 1 0,1%
DasmanseinenMüllmitnimmtundnichtaufdieStrasseschmeisst 1 0,1%
Sauberkeit,Umweltschutz 1 0,1%
WenigPlastik,wenigerMüll,wenigerVerkehr 1 0,1%
Erdöl,Verkehr,Plastik,Müll 1 0,1%
WenigerAbgase(Autos,Flugzeuge),Mülltrennen 1 0,1%
Verkehr,Plastik,Erdöl,Müll 1 0,1%
Keinen eigenen Müll liegen lassen, nicht unnötig etwas verschwenden, mehr von teurenBioproduktenleben,nichtsehrvieleAbgasevonVerkehrsmitteln 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,wenigerAbgase,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
Umweltschützen 1 0,1%
SolleinenTierschutzfürvieleTieregeben,wenigerMüllmachen 1 0,1%
KeinMüll imKlowegschmeissen,MedikamentediemannichtbrauchtzurApothekebringen,nichtsovielWasserverschwenden 1 0,1%
DieWeltsauberhalten,dieTieremögen,sehrfreundlichmitandereMenschenumgehen 1 0,1%
173
Müll,chemischeStoffe,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
MüllnurinMülltonnenwegwerfen,recycling 1 0,1%
DasmannichtseinenMüllhinterlässt,keinenMüllhinterlassen 1 0,1%
EsistsehrwichtigweilwennmanzumBeispieleinenStrandurlaubmachtundesverschmutztist,istesnichtsoschön. 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Umweltschutz,LebensraumderTiereundPflanzenbeschützen 1 0,1%
Umwelt,Tiere 1 0,1%
NichtvielPlastikverwenden,mehrRadfahrer,dieNaturmehrschätzen,wenigerWasserfürsinnloseZweckebenutzen 1 0,1%
KeinPlastikmehr,mehrmitdemRadfahren,nichtmitdemAuto 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastikundmehrPapier,wenigerAbgase 1 0,1%
DaswenigerAbgaseindieLuftkommenunddassPlastiknichtmehrdieWeltfasteinnimmt 1 0,1%
Sonnenenergie,Wasserenergie,wenigerPlastik,wenigerRauchen 1 0,1%
WenigerFleisch,Plastikreduzieren,wenigerEssenwegschmeissen,ElektronikerfindenfürwenigerAbgase(Auto) 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik,mehrBioprodukte 1 0,1%
DasmeineKinder auchnoch soeinen schönenPlanetenhabenwie ich jetzt (Genau so vieleodermehrBäumeundNaturundTierarten). 1 0,1%
DasunsereweitereGenerationoderKinderdiespätermalerwachsensind,auchganznormallebenkönnen,ohneProblemewieKlimawandelusw 1 0,1%
Plastikmüllentfernen,nichtsovielfliegen,Autofahrenusw,recyceln 1 0,1%
Schutz,wenigerPlastik,Mülltrennen 1 0,1%
Freundlicher,bewusstersein.Kein,wenigerPlastik,mehrGrünflächen,recyceln. 1 0,1%
KeinenMüllirgendwowegwerfen 1 0,1%
Klimawandel,Umweltverschmutzungvermeiden 1 0,1%
DaseskeineKriegemehrgibt 1 0,1%
174
WenigerPlastikverpackungen,MüllnichtaufdenBodenwerfen,bewussteinkaufen 1 0,1%
Umwelt-recycling 1 0,1%
Recyceln,keinePlastiktaschen,keinePlastikverschwendung 1 0,1%
MansollaufdieUmweltschauenundnichtallesaufdenBodenwerfen 1 0,1%
Darübernachdenken,wasichwirklichbraucheundbeiallemanderenüberlegen,obessichauszahlt.Alsoabwägen,wasdasfürSchädenmacht. 1 0,1%
MüllindenMistkübel,vonBücher&HefteaufLaptop/Tablets 1 0,1%
SchnellundeffektivMaßnahmensetzen.Politiksollsichendlicheinschalten.ZivileBevölkerungmussunterstützenstaatliche,inderFreiheitvonBürgerInneneingreifendeMaßnahmensindbiszueinemgewissen Grad gerechtfertigt und wünschenswert. Siehe zum Beispiel Wasserbeschränkung/HaushaltinKapstadt
1 0,1%
Klimawandelbekämpfen,BewusstseinfürbestehendeProblemesowieihreUrsachenschaffen 1 0,1%
Sanfter Tourismus, Umweltverschmutzung verringern, mehr auf die Vielfalt unserer Tiere achten,Plastikvermeiden,Überraschungverhindern,ArtgerechteTierhaltung 1 0,1%
Stoffsaukerlmitnehmen,generellkeinPlastik,wenigFleischundlokaleinkaufen(ausÖsterreich) 1 0,1%
Co2 Ausstoß reduzieren, Erneuerbare Energie verwenden, Konsum (Überkonsum) der 1. Welteinschränken/vermindern 1 0,1%
RegionaleLebensmittel,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,Klimaschutz,recyceln,bedrohteTierartenschützen,etc. 1 0,1%
wenigerCo2Ausstoß,wenigerUmweltschmutz,VermeidungderZerstörungderNatur,mehrgrünundwenigerBeton 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Bewussteinkaufengehen(nichtzuviel) 1 0,1%
ankommendeGenerationendenken,guteUmweltvorfinden 1 0,1%
lokaleLebensmittel,Nachhaltigkeit 1 0,1%
VeganesEssen,LessWaste(vorallemPlastik),NoFastFashion,KeinAutooderwennmöglichkeinFlugzeug(Zug!),KeinPalmöl 1 0,1%
DasdenMenschenunsereSituationbewusstwird,wenigerAutos,Rohstoffenachhaltigverwenden 1 0,1%
Wassersparen,sovielNahrungeinkaufenwiemanauchverzehrenkann 1 0,1%
175
Mülltrennung,Sparsamumgehen 1 0,1%
Abgase,Ozon,ÖkologischerFußabdruck,Industrialisierung 1 0,1%
Ozonlöcher,CO2-Abgase,Konsumgesellschaften,Industrialisierung,ÖkologischerFußabdruck 1 0,1%
DasProblemmitPlastikindenOzeanenzubeseitigen,NeueTransportfahrzeuge 1 0,1%
Erhaltung der natürlichen Rohstoffe, Lebensräume, keine Verschmutzung (zumindest in Grenzengehalten) 1 0,1%
Erderwärmungminimieren,Naturbewahren 1 0,1%
MaßnahmengegendenKlimawandel,SchutzfüraussterbendeTiere,keinPlastikimMeer 1 0,1%
HöchstmöglicheVermeidungvonPlastikmüll,faireProduktkaufen,wenigmitdemAutofahren 1 0,1%
NachhaltigeEnergie,wenigerPlastikmüll,nichtverschwenden,WasserundLichtsparen 1 0,1%
Plastikverbrauchreduzieren,StromauserneuerbarerEnergie,Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
BewussterhandelnundsichmitDingenauseinandersetzen,EigenesundWohlergehenanderer 1 0,1%
Recyceln,keinPlastik-zumindestvermeiden,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
wenigPlastikmüll,Flügereduzieren,wenigermitdemAutounterwegssein 1 0,1%
Plastikfrei,Flügereduzieren(Anbieter) 1 0,1%
wenigverschwenden 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Fleischkonsumeinschränken,mehröffentlichfahren 1 0,1%
Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen (weniger mit dem Auto fahren), Reduktion des Plastikverbrauchs,Mülltrennung,wenigerFleischkonsum 1 0,1%
Müllentsorgung,Abholzungverringern,nichtdieStädtisierungfördern,wenigerMassentierhaltung 1 0,1%
Umweltschutz steht in Verbindung mit dem Klimawandel, Ökologisches umdenken von jedemeinzelnen,egalinwelchenBereichen(Verkehr,Ernährung) 1 0,1%
wenigerAutos,Klimawandelstoppen,wenigerVerschwendung,fairerLohnfüralle 1 0,1%
umdenken soll stattfinden, keine fossilen Energieträger, Ganzjahrestourismus, Erhaltung desÖkosystems,Schadstoffemissionenreduzieren 1 0,1%
keinPlastik,umweltfreundlicheAutos,SchutzderTiere 1 0,1%
176
Müllreduktion(speziellPlastikmüll),ReduktiondesCO2Ausstoßes,mehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbzw.bessereAnbindungen 1 0,1%
Dasman Bäume nicht abholzt im besonderen den Regenwald, dasmanWälder schützt, dasmanvielleichtmehrauföffentlicheVerkehrsmittelzurückgreiftundsomitdenPlanetennichtbeschmutzt 1 0,1%
Plastikmüllreduzieren,AbholzungvonWäldernverhindern,wenigerAbgaseproduzieren 1 0,1%
erneuerbare Energie, Abgase verringern - Mobilität durch Auto/Flugzeug verringern,Naturschutzgebieteerhalten,respektvollerUmgang,mehrAufklärung 1 0,1%
Plastikmüll vermeiden, lokal und saisonal essen, Wasserverschwendung reduzieren, unnötigeElektrizität,Verbrauchreduzieren,wenigerheizen,Politiksolltemehreingreifen 1 0,1%
mehrUmweltbewusstsein(wenigerMüll,saubererStrom,nachhaltigesReisen) 1 0,1%
wenigermit demAuto fahren, lokales Essen kaufen, Energiesparen, Licht abdrehen,Wasser nichtlaufenlassen 1 0,1%
wenigerMüllproduzieren(VermeidungvonPlastik),AlternativeEnergiequellen,gegenAtomstrom,AusbauvonöffentlichenTransportmitteln,neueTechnologien 1 0,1%
richtigeMüllentsorgung,weniger/keinPlastik,wenigerAbgase,Tierschutz,Kulturschutz,RespektvorderNatur,verminderndesKonsums 1 0,1%
seinenMüllnichtliegenzulassen,DasAutostehenlassen 1 0,1%
Plastikreduzieren,recyceln 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung, den Gebrauch von Plastik reduzieren, Abholzung des Regenwaldes stoppen,VerringerungderLuftverschmutzung 1 0,1%
sowenigwiemöglichmit dem Auto fahren, öffentliche Verkehrsmittel verwenden, Rohdung vonWäldernvermindern 1 0,1%
Ressourcenschonung,Verkehrsmittel,Auswahl/Menge/QualitätderProdukte,Nachhaltigkeit 1 0,1%
Umwelt,Solarzellen,Elektromobilität 1 0,1%
Klimawandel istdasProblem/Ursachenerkennen,WassersparenundwenigerCO2ausstoßen,aufTiereachten 1 0,1%
erneuerbareEnergie,Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,umweltschonendeleben,wenigerwegwerfen 1 0,1%
keinMüllimMeer/derNatur,Artenvielfalterhalten,Tiereschützen,Energiesparmaßnahmen 1 0,1%
177
wenigerPlastik,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen,keinMüllinderNatur 1 0,1%
nachhaltigeshandelnvonderIndustriebranche,umstiegauferneuerbareEnergie 1 0,1%
den Klimawandel aufhalten, Erneuerbare Energien zu 100% nutzen, um von atomarer Energieabsehenzukönnen 1 0,1%
alternativerStrom(erneuerbareEnergie),Umweltschutz 1 0,1%
Klimawandelstoppen,soferndiesmöglichist,LebensräumevonTierenbewahren 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,mehrEnergiedurchWasserz.B.,wenigerMüllindieNatur 1 0,1%
Recycling, sprintsparendmit dem Auto fahren, Bio-Produkte kaufen, Vegetarische Ernährung bzwwenigFleischkonsumieren,Elektroauto,PapierstattPlastik 1 0,1%
vermeidenvonPlastik(Strohhalm,Einwegsackerl)recyceln,Nachhaltigeinkaufenundkochen 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,wenigerFleischessen,Tierartenschützen 1 0,1%
Natur,Tiere,wenigerPlastik,wenigerFleischessen 1 0,1%
KeinenMülleinfachnuraufdieStraßewerfen! 1 0,1%
Klimaschutz 1 0,1%
wennmöglichmitdemZugverreisen,Minimalistischreisen,pflanzlicheErnährung/Angebote 1 0,1%
VerzichtauftierischeProdukte,VerzichtaufPlastik,wenigerfliegen 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Stromverbrauchmindern,wenigerFleischkonsumieren 1 0,1%
Reduzierung vonPlastik,Alternativen fürBenzinundDiesel finden (WasserstoffbetriebeneAutos),Müllallgemeinreduzieren 1 0,1%
Treibhausgasereduzieren 1 0,1%
DasauchdernächstenGenerationallejetzigenRessourcenzurVerfügungstehen.undauch,dassdieNaturbestehenbleibt. 1 0,1%
SchützenvonKorallenriffen,WiederverwendbareVerpackungen/Flaschen 1 0,1%
MüllvorallemPlastikvermindern,Umweltverschmutzung,Tierschutzorganisationen,TreibhausgaseundEmissionenvermindern 1 0,1%
recycling,Umweltverschmutzungsenken,Grünflächenerhalten 1 0,1%
178
Ressourcenschonen,Nachhaltigleben,BewusstseinüberdieProbleme,Fleischverzehrreduzieren 1 0,1%
guteZukunftfürmeineKinder 1 0,1%
Klimawandelaufhalten,Stromsparen,wenigerAutofahren 1 0,1%
recyceln,RessourcenschonenfürdieNachkommen 1 0,1%
wenigerReisen,wenigerPlastik,wenigerunnötigeSachendieichnichtbrauche 1 0,1%
MüllindenMülleimer,Fahrgemeinschaftenbilden 1 0,1%
gegen Klimawandel ankämpfen, mehr Pflanzen und Bäume anbauen, öffentliche Verkehrsmittelnutzen,ökologischenFußabdruckachten 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeidenbzw.Meeresäubern,Abgasereduzieren 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,Müllordentlichentsorgen,Umweltverschmutzungenmeiden 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,mitöffentlichenVerkehrsmittelnfahren,lokaleProduktebevorzugen,Tierschutz,Bio-Produkte,wenigerFleischkonsum 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
nachhaltigStromerzeugen,Treibhausgasesenken 1 0,1%
Naturachten,wenigPlastik,wiederverwerten 1 0,1%
DasmandieNaturaufrechthaltet,dasmannichtmehrsovielFleisch isst,dasmannicht sovieleverpackteSachenkaufensoll,dasmandieTierenichtsoquält. 1 0,1%
mehr recyceln, weniger Strom verwenden, weniger mit dem Auto/Bus/Zug fahren, mehr Energiesparen 1 0,1%
Daswirmehrrecyceln 1 0,1%
wenigerMüll,wenigerrauchen 1 0,1%
DasweiterhinLebenentstehtundwirlebenkönnenwiewirwollen 1 0,1%
Daswirlebenundauchsolebenkönnenwiewirwollen 1 0,1%
Weißichnicht 1 0,1%
MüllimWasser,Verstrahlung,Abgase 1 0,1%
DasMüllnichtimMeerweggeschmissenwird,dasnichtsozuvielDampfgibt,dasmansichsauber1 0,1%
179
haltet,wennmankrankist,dasmanMedikamentenimmt,damitmandieanderennichtansteckt
NichtzuvielPlastikgeschmissenwird,TiereundMenschenundBäume(Natur)schützen 1 0,1%
AufWasser,Tiere,nichtEssenwegschmeissen,aufMeerbeachtennichtzuvielPlastikscheissen 1 0,1%
Meeresschutz 1 0,1%
Bäumepflanzen,Müllsammeln 1 0,1%
DasmanwiralsLeutealledabeisindundhelfen 1 0,1%
KeinMülleinfachaufdenBodenwerfen,öfterszuFußgehenstatteinVerkehrsmittelzunehmen. 1 0,1%
Plastikmüll abschaffen, Rodungen von Urwäldern stoppen, große Tierhaltungen schließen, ElektroAutos,Busse,etc.fahren 1 0,1%
ZuwissenwaswirklichnötigistundwasnichtundAlternativemfürGegenständewiePlastikflaschenzubenutzen 1 0,1%
WenigerschädlicheStoffe,mehrPflanzen,keinebzw.wenigerBäumefällen 1 0,1%
DieUmweltschützen,wenigerAtomkraftwerkeusw.KeinKriegmehr 1 0,1%
Umwelt,Recycling 1 0,1%
KeinenMüllhinterlassen,recyceln 1 0,1%
DasProblemmitFlugzeugenundBootenlösen.HiersindvielzuvielSchadstoffedrin 1 0,1%
Das man in der Zukunft schnell und umweltfreundlich Reisen kann und das die Strände nichtverschmutztsind 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,wenigerAutosverwenden,MehrzuFußodermitdemRadfahren 1 0,1%
AbschaffungvonBenzin,Umwelt 1 0,1%
wenigerBäumefällen,wenigerAbgase,wenigerEnergieverbrauchen 1 0,1%
wenigerBenzin,keinenPlastikmehr,keinRauchen,Mülltonnenbenutzen 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung ist sehrwichtig.Weniger Bäume fällen.Müll nicht einfach nebendieAutobahn ausdemFensterwerfenundmehrmitdemFahrradalswiemitdemAutofahren.OdermitöffentlichenVerkehrsmittelnfahren.
1 0,1%
wenigerBäumefällen,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
180
CO2Verbrauch,Elektroautos,ErnstnahmedesThemas,Recycling 1 0,1%
wenigerBenzinautos,mehrElektroautos 1 0,1%
Mülltonnebenutzen,Mülltrennen,WenigerBäumefällen,wenigerBenzinautos 1 0,1%
Klimaschutz,wenigerAutos,mehrRadfahrer,Mülltrennen,wenigerBäumefällen 1 0,1%
WirsolltendieUmweltschützen.NichtsovieleAbgasevonsichgebenundwenigerAutofahren. 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,bedrohteTierartenretten,wenigerCO2,nichtmitAuto/Flugzeugreisen 1 0,1%
KeineAhnung 1 0,1%
nicht so viel Benzin zu verlieren (Auto),mehr Elektroautos,Menschen sollten umweltfreundlicherwerden 1 0,1%
Umwelt,Chemie,Abgaseabschaffen 1 0,1%
WenigerMüllmachenbzw.wegschmeissen.MehrmitdemFahrradoderzuFußgehen/fahren.MehrPflanzenpflanzenalswiezerstören.WenigerTiereumbringen. 1 0,1%
Plastik sortieren,möglichst viele Abgase vermeiden, einzusetzen, das nicht so viele Bäume gefälltwerden 1 0,1%
wenigergiftigeGase 1 0,1%
UmweltschutzundRecycling 1 0,1%
DasinmöglichstfastjederEckeeineMülltonnestehtdamitanderewissenwoderMüllhingehört 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,wenigerPlastikverpackungennutzen,Müllvermeiden (ZeroWaste),Energiesparen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen 1 0,1%
Recycling,Mülltrennung,Energiesparen 1 0,1%
Artenvielfalterhalten,Mülltrennung,Energiesparen 1 0,1%
Energiesparen,Tiereschützen 1 0,1%
NachhaltigesentsorgenvonMüll,wenigerEmissionendurchöffentlicheTransportmittel (voralleminurbanenGebieten) 1 0,1%
Emissionen reduzieren, bewusster Konsum von Lebensmitteln, nachhaltige Produkte fördern,VerschmutzungderWeltmeerestoppen 1 0,1%
Ressourcenvernünftigereinsetzen 1 0,1%
181
keinebzw.Umweltverschmutzungvermeiden,Naturschutzgebieteerschaffen 1 0,1%
Sachen,diedieUmweltzerstörenverbietenbzw.durchumweltfreundlicheersetzen 1 0,1%
Plastik-Verbot,Fahrgemeinschaften,ErneuerbareEnergie 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
Plastikmüll vor allem an Stränden vermeiden, Planetmuss für zukünftigeGenerationen und Tiereerhaltenbleiben 1 0,1%
keineUmweltverschmutzung,Naturschutzgebieteakzeptieren(nichtmutwilligzerstören) 1 0,1%
sollteLebennichteinschränkenfürdieNachfahrenundKinder 1 0,1%
eigentlichistmirderPlanetrechtegal 1 0,1%
KlimawandelallenMenschenbewusstmachen,Recycling,SchutzbedrohterTierarten 1 0,1%
VerhindernvonAussterbenvonTierarten,wenigerLuftverschmutzung,wenigerPlastik 1 0,1%
weniger CO2 Abgase, Recyceln, weniger Plastik oder Einwegverpackungen, Kein Ausrotten derWälderundTierarten 1 0,1%
VermeidungvonüberflüssigerVerpackungbeiLebensmitteln 1 0,1%
EinheitlichegesetztfürdenUmweltschutz,wenigAutofahren,Mülltrennen 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgase,Recycling,globalwarming,alternativeEnergien 1 0,1%
Recycling,alternativeStromgewinnung,Abgaseverringern,wenigerunnötigeSachenproduzieren 1 0,1%
Natursowenigwiemöglichbelasten 1 0,1%
BewusstseininderBevölkerungschaffen! 1 0,1%
wenigerAutofahren,Müll-vorallemPlastikmüll-vermeiden,aufAlternativstromzurückgreifenundErdgasundÖlvermeiden 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,wenigMüllhinterlassen 1 0,1%
ReduzierungvonEmissionen,inBezugaufdenweltweitenHandel,weildiegroßenFrachterextremvielschädlichEmissionenausstoßen 1 0,1%
Umweltschutz,wenigerPlastik,CO2Verbrauchverringern 1 0,1%
ErneuerbareEnergie(AusnahmevonBiomasse)(umweltschädlich),Nachhaltigkeit 1 0,1%
182
AussterbenderTiereverhindern,Naturschützen,Regenwaldschützen 1 0,1%
VerwendungvonerneuerbarenEnergiequellen,NaturräumevonTierenschützen 1 0,1%
umweltbewusstsein,nichtDreckhinterlassen 1 0,1%
VerringerungderPlastiknutzung,EntsorgungvonMüllindenOzeanen 1 0,1%
Tieresollengeschütztwerden,Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
DasmannichtMüllausdemAutoschmeissensoll,das jederseineneigenenMistordnungsgemäßwegwirft 1 0,1%
Daswennjederumweltfreundlicherlebtderplanetlängerschönbleibt 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen 1 0,1%
Vermeidung von unnötigem Müll (Zigarettenstummel), Mülltrennung, Nutzung von alternativerEnergie,VermeidungvonEnergieverschwendung(Klimaanlage) 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Abgasereduzieren,StromdurchWindräderbzw.Wasserkraftwerke,Planetsollnochlangeexistieren 1 0,1%
Recycling, richtige Mülltrennung, wenn Bäume gefällt werden, dass genauso viele wiederangepflanztwerden,wenigPlastikmüllerzeugen 1 0,1%
UmweltnichtmitMüllverschmutzen,beimTourismusnichtdieUmweltzerstören 1 0,1%
billigerePreisefüröffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Glasflaschenverwenden 1 0,1%
Plastik vermeiden, Fahrgemeinschaften bilden, Mülltrennung, öfters öffentliche Verkehrsmittelbenutzen 1 0,1%
VerminderungvonPlastikmüll,soweitesgehtaufAutoverzichten,Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
wenigerMüllzuproduzieren 1 0,1%
KeineUmweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
"grünerStrom",VerringerungderCo2Werte(Transport),VerringerungdesWassertransport,SchutzfürTiere 1 0,1%
Recycling/Upcycling, Verringerung des CO2 Ausstoß, Lebensräume der Tiere nicht zerstören,Weiterentwicklung:umweltfreundlicheEnergie 1 0,1%
wenigerMenschen-Lösung,Plastik 1 0,1%
183
Das man endlich das Plastik reduziert, und zum einkaufen Taschen verwendet die man immerbenutzenkannoderdasmanstattnormalenPlastikZahnbürstenBambusZahnbürstenverwendet.EssinddiekleinstenDingediedieWeltverändern.
1 0,1%
KeinenMüllwegschmeißen,darübernachdenken 1 0,1%
AbgasVermeidung,wenigerPlastik,Ozonräumung,VerhinderungderAbholzungdesUrwaldes 1 0,1%
Sonneistsehrweitwegundsehrheiß,Erdedrehtsichum 1 0,1%
DasLeuteihreSachenwegwerfenundnichtaufdenBodenwerfen 1 0,1%
wenigerMüll,dieNaturschützen 1 0,1%
Geringere Benutzung von Autos, Mülltrennung und Projekte um den Ozean zu reinigen, dieVerhinderungconderAbholungdesUrwaldes 1 0,1%
wenigerWasserverbrauch,GlobaleErderwärmung,Stromverbrauch,Bäume=Umwelt 1 0,1%
Tiere 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,mehrMistkübel 1 0,1%
Umweltfreundlichleben 1 0,1%
Amwichtigstenfürmichistes,Gegenständezurecyceln 1 0,1%
wenigPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,keineUmweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
Müllsortieren 1 0,1%
Das weniger Plastik produziert wird und das wir Menschen mehr Rücksicht auf den Planetennehmen. 1 0,1%
AufdieUmweltachten 1 0,1%
DaswirwenigerBäumezerstörensollen 1 0,1%
DieLuft,Pflanzenbeschützen,Bienennichtaussterben,Ozonschicht 1 0,1%
nichts 1 0,1%
KeineBäumeabholzen,KeinPlastikverschwenden 1 0,1%
guteLuft,saubererBoden 1 0,1%
184
Keine Bäume abholzen, nicht so viel Plastik verschwenden, Tieren helfen, keine Nahrungverschwenden 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,nichtsoverschwenderischleben 1 0,1%
Ich finde,dassdieErdevielzuvielverschmutzt ist.WegenderErderwärmungsterbenKorallenaboderTierefressenPlastik,weilsiedenkeneswäreFutter.MeinerMeinungnachganzschlimm!! 1 0,1%
Naturschützen,Regenwald 1 0,1%
NichtmehrsovielPlastikproduzieren 1 0,1%
KeinenMüllinsWasserwerfen 1 0,1%
DenLeutenaufdenanderenKontinenten(Afrika)endlicherklärenundinformierendassienichtsovielMüllindasMeerwerfensollen 1 0,1%
nichtsovielPlastik 1 0,1%
Plastiknichtsovielverwenden,Wassersparen,nichtTieretöten 1 0,1%
Müllrecyceln,Tierebeschützt,Verkehrsmittelverwenden 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgase,nichtdenganzenRegenwaldabholzen 1 0,1%
NichtsovieleAbgasezuverursachenunddasMeernichtverschmutzen 1 0,1%
Ozonloch 1 0,1%
DiePflanzen,dieLuft,dasMeerunddasder"Glashauseffekt"gestopptwerdenmuss 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgase,mehrNatur,wenigerMüll 1 0,1%
NichtsovieleAbgase 1 0,1%
MistnichtaufdenBoden 1 0,1%
DasOzonloch 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,wenigerAbgase 1 0,1%
Dasichüberlebe. 1 0,1%
DaskeinerseinenMistaufdenBodenwerfensoll 1 0,1%
Ökostrom,Solarenergie,ErneuerbareEnergie 1 0,1%
185
Mir ist sehrwichtig das derWald gerettetwird undmehr Bäume gepflanztwerden. Keine Autosmehr 1 0,1%
MehrmitöffentlichenVerkehrsmittelnfahren(nichtmitdemAuto) 1 0,1%
WenigerVerkehrundTierquälereienusw. 1 0,1%
K.A. 1 0,1%
KeinPlastiksackerloderPlastikgenerell 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,wenigePflanzentöten 1 0,1%
KeineWaffenaußerPolizei 1 0,1%
Umweltverschmutzung! 1 0,1%
Nichts 1 0,1%
DasmeineFamiliezusammenbleibt 1 0,1%
Leben 1 0,1%
wenigerCO2 1 0,1%
DieweiterenJahre,GesundheitderMenschen,dasWohlfühlen 1 0,1%
KeineAhnungBruder 1 0,1%
Klima,Pflanzen,SauerstoffundWasser,Nahrungusw. 1 0,1%
? 1 0,1%
wenigerAutofahren,wenigerAlkohol 1 0,1%
wenigerAutofahren,nichtzuvielRauchen 1 0,1%
DieUmweltistwichtig 1 0,1%
DasmanaufdieUmweltachtet,aberestrotzdemSpaßmacht 1 0,1%
Umweltistwichtig 1 0,1%
PlastiknichtaufdenBodenwerfen,recyceln 1 0,1%
saubereLuftusw. 1 0,1%
186
Strom,Wasser und Gas sparen, vielmit dem Rad unterwegs, gehemit einem Freund oft Laufen,benützebeimHin-undRückwegzurSchuledieöffentlichenVerkehrsmittel 1 0,1%
GlobaleErderwärmung,DuschennichtBaden,Müllaufheben 1 0,1%
NichtzuvielmitdemAutofahren,recyceln 1 0,1%
Umweltschutz,keinKrieg 1 0,1%
keinSchmutz 1 0,1%
NichtsovieleBäumeabhacken,undwenigerCO2produzieren 1 0,1%
DasesbeiunskeinenKrieggebensoll 1 0,1%
DasmankeinenKriegführensollte 1 0,1%
Mars 1 0,1%
Müllentsorgung richtig einteilen, sparsammit Verkehrsmitteln fahren, wenig Strom verbrauchen,selbereinfachumweltfreundlichsein 1 0,1%
Das zum Beispiel die Palmöl Herstellungwieder sinkt und die Tiere z.B. Orang-UtanwiedermehrLebensraumhaben.DieZukunftsogrünwiemöglichzumachen. 1 0,1%
Kriegeverhindern 1 0,1%
DasbeiunskeinKriegist 1 0,1%
Hygienischsein 1 0,1%
Plastikreduzieren,keinPalmölproduzieren 1 0,1%
NichtsovielMüll 1 0,1%
DasmandieAutoindustrieanpassensollte 1 0,1%
AlleLeutewissenlassen 1 0,1%
DasÖsterreichverschontbleibt,dasesnichtzukaltwird 1 0,1%
SchutzderWälderunddemzuHausederTiere,StoppungvonCO2AusstoßenunddemSchmelzendesEisesinderAntarktis 1 0,1%
Weniger Plastik, Pflanzen diemehr Sauerstoff produzieren, den Tieren keine Hormone zufüttern,Bioanbau 1 0,1%
187
DieTiere,Pflanzen 1 0,1%
WenigerPlastik,wenigerAutofahren 1 0,1%
NichtsovielPlastik,wenigerFlugzeugfliegen 1 0,1%
Umweltbewusstleben,Mülltrennen,Bäumeanpflanzen,MüllnichtaufdenBodenschmeißen 1 0,1%
NichtsovieleBäumeabholzen 1 0,1%
wenigerSchmutzproduzieren 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,Mülltrennen,wenigerFlugzeuge 1 0,1%
Baum,Tiere,Rose,Berge,Kräuter,Blätter,Papier 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikherstellen 1 0,1%
Plastik,Müll 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,bewusstereinkaufen,Mülltrennung,Solarenergie 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen 1 0,1%
genugPflanzen 1 0,1%
MiristwichtigdasdieMenschennichtsoschmutzigsind. 1 0,1%
DieTiereundMenschensollensichwohlfühleninderUmgebung 1 0,1%
alles,Stromsparen,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikproduzieren 1 0,1%
NichtmehrdenAmazonasfällen 1 0,1%
keineAbgase,Plastikvermeiden,Solarenergie 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,zuFußgehen,recyceln 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikproduzieren,mehrRecyclingflaschen 1 0,1%
Plastikverbietenundstattdessenverpackungenentwickelndiemitdembiomüllverrotten 1 0,1%
Umweltgase,Müll,PlastikimMeer 1 0,1%
188
KeinMüllaufdenBodenwerfen 1 0,1%
Plastikgutentsorgen. 1 0,1%
Müll,umweltgase 1 0,1%
EAutosmitumweltfreundlicherenergie 1 0,1%
DasEisnitschmelzensoll 1 0,1%
wenigflaschewerfeundinmüllwerfe 1 0,1%
wenigerkriek 1 0,1%
Fòțòśűńďèśè 1 0,1%
DerKlimawandel 1 0,1%
Tiere,Wasser,Atmosphäre,Erderwärmung(Gletscherschmelzen,...) 1 0,1%
WenigerMüll(Plastik),wenigerCO2Emissionen 1 0,1%
Recyceln, keinMüll indenSeewerfen, gesundessen,mehrbewegen,nicht so vieleBäume fällenoderTierefürKleidungumbringen 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,wenigerAutos,Müllrichtigentsorgen,sichüberdasThemainformieren 1 0,1%
nicht zu viel Veränderung, esmussmöglich bleiben weiterhin unsere Kultur ausüben zu können,Plastikstarkreduzieren,AbholzungderWälderstoppen 1 0,1%
Artenvielfalterhalten,Plastikreduzieren,CO2Emissionenreduzieren 1 0,1%
Fleischindustrie,Plastik,FastFashion-nichtsomega 1 0,1%
ökologischesReisen(ZugundFahrrad)auchimAlltag,keineUmweltverschmutzung,Mülltrennung,keinFleisch,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,Müll,Plastik,Autos 1 0,1%
ErneuerbareEnergie,Mülltrennung/gerechteEntsorgung,Abgasevermeiden 1 0,1%
wenigAbgase,recyceln,aufUmgebungachten 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikverbrauch,mehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen,keinenMüllaufderStraßeliegenlassen 1 0,1%
nahezuVermeidungvonFleisch, regionalundsaisonaleinkaufenundessen,ReduktionvonCO2&1 0,1%
189
Methan(wenigeFlugreisen,kurze,unnötigeAutostreckenvermeiden),Mülltrennung
keineAbholzungdesRegenwaldes,AlternativenzuErdölsuchen,umweltfreundlichReisen-vielzuFußgehen,Wassersparen,Plastikvermeiden,gemeinsamengagierenundPolitikerüberzeugen 1 0,1%
CO2 - Emissionen von Autos reduzieren, Plastikverbrauch reduzieren, erneuerbare Energien,Mülltrennung,nachhaltigundfairproduzieren,Umweltaktivschützen,Naturparks 1 0,1%
DasmanseinenMüllimmerentsorgensollteundnichteinfachaufdenBodenschmeißen 1 0,1%
keinPlastik 1 0,1%
Müllvermeiden(Plastik)!!!öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen 1 0,1%
CO2EmissionendurchAutosvermeiden.WasserverschmutzungdurchindustriellechemischeAbfälleminimieren.AufklärungvonjungenSchülern/generellenGesellschaftüberdieGefahrendieunseremPlaneteninZukunftdrohen
1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,saubereEnergie,Naturkosmetik/Naturprodukte 1 0,1%
Plastikkonsumvermeiden,Recycling,MüllentsprechendEntsorgung,CO2-Emissionenreduzieren 1 0,1%
Recycling,Bio-Produkte,ökologischerStrom,Regenwald,Natur,ArtenvielfaltundElektroautos,Mülltrennen 1 0,1%
Regenwald erhalten, Müllverseuchung des Ozeans bekämpfen, Treibhausgaseffektenentgegenwirken,GlobalerErwärmungentgegenwirken 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit, lokale Produkte benutzen/kaufen, recyceln, Plastik Benutzung verringern, QualitätstattQuantität 1 0,1%
Bewusstwerden,dasswirihmSchadenzufügen,Busfahren,Mülltrennen(recyceln) 1 0,1%
wenigerLuftverschmutzung,Regenwaldschützen,keinAbfallinMeeren 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Emissionenverringern,Abformungverhindern 1 0,1%
Recycling,Wassersparen,mehrmitÖffisfahrenalsmitAutos 1 0,1%
Treibhauseffekteinbremsen,AbholzungdesRegenwaldesstoppen/einschränken 1 0,1%
Treibhauseffekt,Regenwald-Abholzungverringern,Abgaseverringern 1 0,1%
Luftbelastungsenken,Ressourcensparen,Plastikvermeiden,WaldundNatursobelassenwiesieist 1 0,1%
Recycling,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
sowenigwiemöglichmitdemAuto, FlugzeugoderSchiff fahren/verreisen, keinAtomstrom,Müll1 0,1%
190
trennen,nichtallesimÜberschussproduzieren,lokaleProduktekaufen
ReduktionvonTreibhausgasenundMüll,VerschmutzungvonNaturgebietenvorbeugen 1 0,1%
DasTrumpunddieserNordkoreaDiktatorsichnichtbekriegenmitAtomwaffen 1 0,1%
Umweltverschmutzung,Klimawandel 1 0,1%
Erderwärmungsenken,Plastikvermindern 1 0,1%
Tier- und Pflanzenarten erhalten, Naturwunder erhalten (z.B. Riffe), Verhinderung vonNaturkatastrophendurchz.B.Klimaerwärmung 1 0,1%
ReduktiondesPlastikmülls,ReduktionderCO2Emissionen/Treibhausgase,Recycling 1 0,1%
MeineZukunft 1 0,1%
Klimawandel, Plastik-Vermüllung zu reduzieren, keine Abholzung/Abrodung von Regenwäldern,keineTiere/TierartensolltenaussterbenaufgrundmenschlichenVerhaltens 1 0,1%
keineUmweltverschmutzung,BekämpfungderErderwärmung,SchutzderNatur 1 0,1%
DieMeeremüssengesäubertwerdenundTierartenbeschützen 1 0,1%
Klimawandelaufhalten,erneuerbareEnergie 1 0,1%
öffentliche Fortbewegung und Verkehrsmittel, Vegetarische Ernährung, Erneuerbare Energien,Sport,Bildung,öffentlicheMeinungsbildungundDemokratie,Kapitalismus,Klimawandelstoppen 1 0,1%
Plastikmüllvermeiden 1 0,1%
WenigFlächenverdauung,Kreuzfahrten(Schweröl)vermindern,PlastikinHotelsvermindern 1 0,1%
wenigerCo2Ausstoß,mehröffentlicheVerkehrsanbindungen,wenigerPlastikbeiNahrungsmitteln 1 0,1%
Treibhausgaseverringern,Schadstoffausstoßunterlassen,Mülltrennen,Gewässersauberhalten 1 0,1%
Ichdenkenichtvieldarübernach,dameinerMeinungnachwoandersangefangenwerdensoll.Bsp.:AbgasevongroßenKonzernen(Vöst) 1 0,1%
Recycling,zuFußstattAuto(wennmöglich),aufPlastikverzichten,Bäumepflanzen 1 0,1%
CO2reduzieren,Plastikverbrauchsenken,Tier-undPflanzenartenerhalten 1 0,1%
mehrmitderBahnfahren,anderenLeutenbewusstermachen,dassesunserenPlanetennureinmalgibt 1 0,1%
191
Regionalist und Saisonalität vor allem bei Lebensmitteln, Minimierung Abgasausstoß, generellnachhaltigwirtschaften 1 0,1%
wenigerMüll,Plastik 1 0,1%
DasgenügendWasser,Platz,RaumzurVerfügungsteht,daskeineTiereaussterben,frische,gesundeLuftzumAtmen 1 0,1%
DasmeineKinderauchmitdengutenStandardslebenkönnensowieichjetzt 1 0,1%
ZukunftfürspätereGeneration,Erderwärmungstoppen 1 0,1%
geringerer CO2 Ausstoß, da es etwas ist, wo alle zusammen helfen können, wenigerFlächenverbrauch,Öffisbenutzen 1 0,1%
Energiesparen,Wassersparen,CO2Verminderung 1 0,1%
Müllreduzieren,Abgasereduzieren 1 0,1%
Sehr wenig fliegen, Politische Aktionen, Sanktionen und Förderungen, Weltweite Aufklärung undZusammenarbeit(DonaldundXibrauchenNachhilfe) 1 0,1%
regionalund saisonaleinkaufen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen, sparsamer Lebensstil,Umwelt-undTierschutz 1 0,1%
öffentliches Verkehrsnetz ausbauen, Lebensmittelverschwedung minimieren,Wasserverschwendungminimieren,ökologischeProduktionvonLebensmittel,erneuerbareEnergiefördern
1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden(WeltmeereundNaturerhalten),Energieumweltfreundlichgewinnen 1 0,1%
auf Kurzflüge/Urlaube eher verzichten, regionale und saisonale Lebensmittel kaufen, bei KleidungaufQualitätundErzeugungachtenundnichtUnmengenanKlamottenzubesitzen,diemanvielleichtnureinmalanzieht,Öffis
1 0,1%
öftermitöffentlichenVerkehrsmitteln fahrenundwenn fliegen,dann längerUrlaubmachen,Müllverräumenundtrennen,nichtliegenlassen,Lebensmittelkaufen,welchemanauchbenötigt 1 0,1%
umweltfreundliches Reisen, Flüge vermeiden und öffentliche Verkehrsmittel nutzen, Städte durchRadtourenerkunden 1 0,1%
Das Pflanzen- und Tierarten geschützt werden und nicht weiter aussterben. Erhaltung fossilerRohstoffe,ReduzierungdesAbfalls 1 0,1%
AlleMenschensollenüberMöglichkeitendesUmweltschutzes informiertwerden.WenigerAbgase(Autos,Flugzeuge) 1 0,1%
DasMenschnichthungernmüssen,DasTierevordemAussterbenbewahrtwerden,denSchutzdesRegenwaldes,AmWichtigsten:SchutzdesMeeres(gegenMüllverschmutzungundAusfischung) 1 0,1%
192
ErhaltungderUmwelt(Böden,Bäume,Lebewesen,...)Erdenichtauszubeuten 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen,Lebensmittelnichtverschwenden(auchjenedienichtderMordentsprechen, z.B. krumme Gurken), auf Verpackung von Produkten achten (eigene Dosenmitnehmen und auf Verpackungsmaterial verzichten, Plastiksackerl aufheben, beim nächstenEinkaufwiederverwenden,StofftascheoderPapiersackerlverwenden)
1 0,1%
RegionalistundSaisonalität 1 0,1%
Regionalität,undSaisonalitätbeiLebensmitteln 1 0,1%
Treibhausgas-Emissionen verringern, so leben, das nachfolgende Generationen keinen NachteildurchmeinVerhaltenhaben 1 0,1%
Müllvermeiden,Erderwärmungstoppen,Bodennichtverbauen,Landbegrünen 1 0,1%
DerKonsumsollteminimiertwerden,essolltenursovielproduziertwerden,wiebenötigtwird,z.B.im Lebensmittelbereich, weniger Abfall, mehr in öffentliche Verkehrsmittel investieren, dadurchwürdesichderIndividualverkehrverringern
1 0,1%
ErneuerbareEnergienutzen,KeinePestizide,Naturschützen,KeineAtomkraft 1 0,1%
regionale,saisonaleProduktekaufen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen,Radfahren,zuFußgehen 1 0,1%
geringererökologischerFußabdruck,wenigeristmehr,Neueserlernen/erfahren 1 0,1%
Lebensmittelverschwendungstoppen,keinAtomstrom,wenigeristmehr(z.B.beiKleidung) 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel(Zug)anstattAuto 1 0,1%
Klimawandelverlangsamen,umweltfreundlicheMobilität,Konsumüberdenken,wenigerverbauen,wenigerabholzen(Regenwälder),Artenschutz 1 0,1%
wenigVerkehr,Nachhaltigkeit,regionalesundsaisonalesEssen,umweltbewusst,... 1 0,1%
Müllverringern,Mülltrennung,Öffisbenutzen,Klimaerwärmungvermeiden 1 0,1%
jedemeinzelnenMenschenmussbewusstsein,dasauchereinewichtigeRolle fürdenSchutzdesPlanetenspielt 1 0,1%
DasunserLebensstilgeändertwerdenmuss,dawirnureineErdezurVerfügunghabenundnicht3oder4sowiewiresaktuellbenötigenwürden 1 0,1%
ErhaltenunsererTier-undPflanzenarten,Erholungsraumerhalten 1 0,1%
Klimawandel eindämmen, Konsumgesellschaft ändern, mehr öffentliche Transportmittel,Umweltschutz 1 0,1%
193
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel 1 0,1%
StadtbewohnerüberNaturaufklären,Müll,Wegebeachten 1 0,1%
wenigerFleischessen,TourismusinÖsterreich,Öffis,Fahrgemeinschaften 1 0,1%
JedersollteetwasdazubeitragenundanddieJugenddenken 1 0,1%
Klimawandelschützen,Ökologieschützen 1 0,1%
wenigerLichtverschmutzung,keineNaturverschmutzung,aufdieUmweltachten 1 0,1%
FutterfürTiereerhalten 1 0,1%
KeineUmweltverschmutzen,KeinePlastiksackerlnmehr 1 0,1%
Plastiksäckeweg!Tiereschützen,Umweltschutz 1 0,1%
NichtmehrsovielFlugzeugeundMüll 1 0,1%
Wassersparen,nichtsovielmitdemAutofahren,wenigerumhochwertigesFleischessen 1 0,1%
WenigerAutofahren,Ökostrom,wenigerPlastik,Dingewiederverwenden 1 0,1%
WenigPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
keine Umweltverschmutzung, keine Luftverschmutzung, kein Plastik imMeer und keine generelleWasserverschmutzung 1 0,1%
Wiederverwertung 1 0,1%
DasdieMenschheitendlichVernunftbegreiftundnichtalleseinfachsoindieWeltwirft 1 0,1%
zuvielPlastik 1 0,1%
Schauen wo man den Müll hinwirft, den Planeten nicht ausbeuten, keine Tiere ausrotten, neueBäumepflanzenstattSchlagern 1 0,1%
wenigerOzonlöcher 1 0,1%
Umweltverschmutzungundsonstiges 1 0,1%
Wasser,Nahrung,Strom,nichterneuerbareMaterialien,Tiere,Müll,Meer,Energie,Recycling 1 0,1%
wenigerUmweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
194
DasdieAtomkraftwerkewegkommen 1 0,1%
KeinePlastiksachenverwenden(nichtunnötigwegschmeissen),nichaufdenBodenschmeissen 1 0,1%
SchutzderErde 1 0,1%
Müllwegräumen 1 0,1%
keineMenschen 1 0,1%
EingutesUmfangmitderNatur 1 0,1%
Miristesnichtsowichtig,aberirgendwieschon 1 0,1%
Sauberkeit,wenigerAutofahren,mehrzuFußgehen,Pflanzenanbauen 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikmüll,amBestengarnicht! 1 0,1%
KeinPlastikmüllmehr 1 0,1%
WenigerEsseninPlastikverpacken 1 0,1%
AufhörenmitderWeltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
WenigCO2Ausstoß,wenigerPKWs/LKWsaufStraßen,mehrBio 1 0,1%
DenVerkehreinschränken,wenigerPlastik,mehrPflanzenundwenigerStraßen/Häuserbauen 1 0,1%
Weniger Plastik, mehr Papier, Karton, Glas zum wiederverwerten, nicht alles auf den Bodenschmeissen, 1 0,1%
Naturschutzgebiete,GlasflaschenkeinePlastikflaschen 1 0,1%
DasderPlanetnochvieleJahrhunderteerhaltenundbewohnbarbleibt 1 0,1%
WenigerDiesel/BenzinAutos,kein/wenigErdölnutzen 1 0,1%
wenigerTreibhausgase 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,wenigermitdemAutofahren 1 0,1%
Klimaschutz, Natur schützen,mehr in dieWildnis gehen, Auto und Flugzeug vermeiden so gut esgeht 1 0,1%
Elektroautos 1 0,1%
195
wenigPlastik,mehrzuFußgehen 1 0,1%
MansollnichtsovielMüllwegwerfenundmehraufdasKlimaachten. 1 0,1%
nichtzuvielMüllerzeugen,keinDreck(Plastik) indieNatur/Meerscheissen,nichtzuvieleAbgaseerzeugen 1 0,1%
KeinPlastik insMeer schmeissen, nur das kaufwasmanauch isst,Mist in denMistkübelwerfen,keinePlastikflaschenkaufen 1 0,1%
nichtvieldieAutosbenutzen,nichtvielPlastikmüllherstellen 1 0,1%
Jetztmalehrlich,wiesollichdaswissen 1 0,1%
Daserimmergeschütztist 1 0,1%
StoppdesKlimawandels 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,wenigerPlastikmist,LebensmittelausderUmgebungkaufen 1 0,1%
DasdieOzonschichtnichtkaputtgeht 1 0,1%
wenigerMüllproduzieren 1 0,1%
imMeerePlastikmüll,Umweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
Umweltschutz,StoppungderAbholzungderRegenwälder 1 0,1%
Autogasevermeiden,Mülltrennung,nichtunnötigdieLuftverpesten 1 0,1%
EsistmirwichtigdasLeuteihrenMüllweghauenundihnnichtaufderStraßeliegenlassen 1 0,1%
Weniger Müll, den Obdachlosen helfen, Tiere beschützen, Nachanbau von Bäumen, wenigerFabriken,AutofahrenohneGas 1 0,1%
vielradfahren 1 0,1%
MüllRecycling 1 0,1%
Abgaseverhindern,Klimaerwärmungstoppen 1 0,1%
wenigerSchadstoffe,keineAusbeutung,erneuerbareEnergie,geringeUmweltbelastung 1 0,1%
Abgase 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,wenigerIndustrien,wenigerAutos 1 0,1%
196
Kennmichnichtgutaus 1 0,1%
wenigerUmweltverschmutzung,wenigerPlastik,bessererUmgangmitTieren 1 0,1%
DasesdieWeltvielleichtirgendwannnichtmehrgibt 1 0,1%
Recyceln, wiederverwendbare Sachen, Alternative Energiequellen, AlternativeVerbrennungsmotoren 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeidung,Abgasesenken,Abholzung(Regenwald)stoppen,keinegefährdetenTieretöten,KaufvonmehrerenAutosfüreinePersonverbieten(esgibtPersonen,die5Autosbesitzen) 1 0,1%
SauberkeitdesPlaneten,Müllwiedermitnehmen,Luftverpestungsollreduziertwerden 1 0,1%
Keine Verwendung von Palmöl, Abholzung Regenwald stoppen, Flugverkehr einschränken, Öffisfördern, Verdauung reduzieren, Dieselverbot wieder aufheben - Sinnlos, Mülltrennung,Plastikverpackungenstarkreduzieren
1 0,1%
BewusstereMüllentsorgung,nichtvomAutoausaufdieStraßewerfen 1 0,1%
Vielfalt von Pflanzen und Tieren erhalten, öffentliches Verkehrsnetz fördern, Förderung vonregionalenProdukten,keinSmog,Luftverschmutzung 1 0,1%
DieErderwärmungstoppen 1 0,1%
Umweltbewusstleben(Plastiksparen,recycling,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen,...) 1 0,1%
sauberes Milieu (keine Verschmutzungen von Unternehmen), Recycling, Jeder sollte an seinenökologischenFußabdruckdenken 1 0,1%
Flächenverdauungverringern,erneuerbareRohstoffeeinsetzen(keinPlastik) 1 0,1%
wenigerFleischessen,wenigermitdemAutofahren,aufBäumeundPflanzenachten 1 0,1%
Plastik vermeiden, Umwelt schonen, öffentliche Verkehrsmittel verwenden, Landwirtschaftunterstützen,artgerechteTierhaltung,fairePreise,Fahrgemeinschaften 1 0,1%
biologischeLandwirtschaft,Autofahrenverringernreparierenstattwegwerfen,ÖkoKleidung 1 0,1%
Tiereschützen,wenigerUmweltverschmutzungdurchMüll(Plastik) 1 0,1%
Rohstoffverbrauchminimieren,wenigerMüll,mehrrecyceln,mehrerneuerbareEnergie 1 0,1%
ReduktionvonPlastik,wenigerAbgase 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Alternativendazuverwenden,Reparierenstattwegwerfen(Sollbruchstellenetc.verbieten)Fahrgemeinschaften,Öffis,BewussterEinkauf,Regionalundsaisonal 1 0,1%
197
DieKlimaerwärmungzuminimieren 1 0,1%
Treibhauseffekt,Luftverschmutzung,Plastikmüll,Ressourcenverschwendung 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Stromsparen,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
AbgasevondenAutosverringern,MehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittelverwenden,mehrzuFußgehenodermitdemRadzurArbeitfahren 1 0,1%
AufsovielPlastikwiemöglichverzichten 1 0,1%
wenigerLebensmittelverschwendung,Treibhausgasemindern 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,mehrmitÖffisfahren 1 0,1%
Fahrgemeinschaften,wenigerFlüge,moderneTechnologienstoppen 1 0,1%
wenigerVerpackungen,Müllerzeugen,keineLebensmittelverschwendung,keinMassenkonsum 1 0,1%
Flora,Fauna,Recycling,MinimierungTreibhauseffekt(CO2),Klimawandel 1 0,1%
Konsumverhaltenändern,Mobilität 1 0,1%
ökologischerStrom,Photovoltaik,Solar,E-Autos,keineMassentierhaltung,Tierwohl 1 0,1%
konkreteLösungfürdasweltweiteMüllproblem 1 0,1%
Plastik reduzieren, Klimawandel einschränken, regional und saisonal einkaufen, Energie sparen,Rohstoffe(Erdöletc.sparen) 1 0,1%
Klimawandel eindämmen, kein Flugzeug fliegen, öffentliche Verkehrsmittel, im Inland Urlaubmachen 1 0,1%
ÜberproduktionvonLebensmittelnstoppen,Nachhaltigerwirtschaften,Abgasevermeiden 1 0,1%
RegionalitätderLebensmittel,wenigerAbgase 1 0,1%
Weniger Plastik, kurze Strecken nicht mit dem Auto, öffentliche Verkehrsmittel, regional undsaisonaleinkaufen 1 0,1%
wenigerAutofahren,Kurzstreckenflügevermeiden 1 0,1%
Plastikmüllvermeiden,Sonnenenergienützen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnützen 1 0,1%
richtigesMülltrennen,AlternativenzuAtomstrom,Wasser sparen,wenigermitAuto fahren,mehrmitöffentlichenVerkehrsmitteln 1 0,1%
198
richtigesMülltrennen,RichtigeMüllentsorgung,keinAtomstrom-eherSolarstrom,Müllnichtüberallliegenlassen 1 0,1%
Plastik,Transport,Müll 1 0,1%
wenigerMüllindieUmwelt 1 0,1%
regionaleundsaisonaleProduktekaufen,keinePlastiksackerl,Öffisverwenden 1 0,1%
öffentliche Verkehrsmittel, so wenig Plastik wie möglich, regional und saisonal einkaufen, kurzeStreckenzuFuß/mitFahrrad 1 0,1%
wenigPlastikverwenden,Energiesparen 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelnutzen,Flügevermeiden,regionaleundsaisonaleProduktekaufen 1 0,1%
regionaleProduktekaufen/verwenden,alternativeEnergieformen(Solar/Wind),Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
regionaleLebensmittel,öffentlicheTransportmittelverbessern,Mülleinsparenundrecyceln 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,wenigerMüll,wenigerAbgase,nichtalleswegschmeissensondernanderefragenobsiedieSachennochbrauchenkönnen 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastikindenHotels,aufSolarenergie,Windenergieachten 1 0,1%
Müllreduzierenundrichtigtrennen,TreibhausgasVermeidung 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Müllvermeiden-Recycling 1 0,1%
Müllnichteinfachirgendwohinschmeissen,Stromsparen 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Fahrgemeinschaften,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
mitÖffisfahren,wenigmitAuto/Flugzeug,Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
Strom sparen, Fahrgemeinschaften, Nachhaltigkeit, Naturbewusst genießen, Müll vermeiden(Plastik),Tiere 1 0,1%
öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Müll,Landwirtschaft,Landschaftserhaltung 1 0,1%
möglichstwenigPlastikumdieMeerenichtmehrsozuverschmutzen,wenigerAbgase-Ökostrom,Wegwerfgesellschaftaufhalten 1 0,1%
erhaltenbleiben-schön-wohlfühlen-Natur-Nahrungsmittel-Modernisierungstoppen 1 0,1%
keine Plastiksackerl, recycling, erneuerbare Energie, neue Antriebsformen für Autos (nicht Strom:Produktion von Akkus sehr umweltschädigend und Ressourcen verbrauchend) aber zum Beispiel
1 0,1%
199
Wasserstoff
Erneuerbare Energie, nicht alles mit dem Auto fahren, Mülltrennung, Recycling, Artenvielfaltschützen 1 0,1%
Müllrichtigentsorgen,wenigerBäumefällen 1 0,1%
weniger Plastik, Müll nicht auf der Straße/Natur liegen lassen, Mülleimer, Massentierhaltungverbieten/strengkontrollieren-hoheStrafen 1 0,1%
aufdieUmweltachten 1 0,1%
Klima - gute Luft zum Atmen, keine Umweltverschmutzung - richtige Mülltrennung, kein Plastikverwenden 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,keineUmweltverschmutzung 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,beikurzenWegenzuFußgehen,keinenMüllindieNaturwerfen 1 0,1%
selektiveMüllsammlung,wenigPlastikverwenden,Ökostromverwenden 1 0,1%
Tiere,Natur(nichtverschmutzen) 1 0,1%
DasalleMenscheneinenBeitragleistensollen 1 0,1%
ALLEsollensichdaranbeteiligen 1 0,1%
Frieden,Umwelt,Gleichheit 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgaseproduzieren(Auto,Fabriken) 1 0,1%
wenigerMüllundAbgase 1 0,1%
wenigerAbgase,Solarenergie,Windenergie 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,keinAtom,E-Autos 1 0,1%
IchmöchteeineschöneWeltfürdierestlichenGenerationenanTierenundPflanzenhaben 1 0,1%
Einschränkung CO2 Ausstoß, Autos, Flugzeuge, Recycling, Alternative Energien, Atomenergieweg,usw. 1 0,1%
keineUmweltverschmutzung,wenigerAbgase 1 0,1%
keinPlastikimMeer,keineglobaleErderwärmung,keineAusrottungvonTier-oderPflanzenarten 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Abgasereduzieren 1 0,1%
200
Papier- stattPlastiksackerl,wenigerPlastikflaschen,kurzeStreckenzuFußodermitdemRadstattmitdemAuto,NutzungöffentlicherVerkehrsmittel 1 0,1%
herumliegendenMüllsofort indienächsteMülltonnewerfen,mehrAktivitäten imFreienmachen,weniger das Auto benutzen, öfter elektronische Geräte ausgeschaltet lassen,Urlaub nicht nur inStädtenmachen
1 0,1%
Müllrecyceln,mehrzuFußgehenodermitdemFahrradfahren,wenigerPlastikproduktekaufen 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,öfterzuFußgehen,nichtsovielWasserverbrauchen 1 0,1%
wenigerMüll in die Natur schmeißen,mehr zu Fuß gehen und nichtmit demAuto fahren,mehrrecyceln,wenigerPlastikverwenden 1 0,1%
Meerenichtverschmutzen,Plastikmeiden 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Mülltrennung,Abgasevermeiden,nichtverschwenderischsein 1 0,1%
MehrzuFußgehen,Mülltrennen,wenigerPlastikproduktekaufen 1 0,1%
Klimawandel! Abholzung durch Brandrodung etc., Meere werden verschmutzt, Lebensräumewerdengefährdet 1 0,1%
keine Umweltverschmutzung (Recycling), Fahrgemeinschaften bilden, bzw. zu Fuß oder mit Rad,Solarenergienutzen,Energiesparlampebenutzen 1 0,1%
Essolltesichendlichetwasändern,MenschensolltenEinsichtzeigenundnichteinfachweiterlebenalswärnichts,Tiereschützen 1 0,1%
Erderwärmungstoppen,Umweltverschmutzungstoppen 1 0,1%
Klimawandelstoppen,Plastikvermeiden 1 0,1%
VermeidungvonAbgasen,wenigerPlastik,Stromsparen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Mülltrennung 1 0,1%
Ökostrom,Bio-Produkte 1 0,1%
wenigMüllverursachen,erneuerbareEnergienutzen,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelverwenden 1 0,1%
erneuerbareEnergien,Müllvermeiden,Wassersparen 1 0,1%
denPlastikmüllindenMeerenaufräumen 1 0,1%
VermeidungvonPlastik,mehröffentlicheVerkehrsmittelverwenden 1 0,1%
wenigMüllhinterlassen,keinenunnützenStromverbrauchen 1 0,1%
201
zuFußgehen 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit-Mülltrennen-Wassersparen 1 0,1%
nachhaltig,bewussthandeln,Tier-undPflanzenvielfalterhalten(Regenwald),Plastikreduzieren 1 0,1%
so wenig wie möglich mit dem Auto fahren, Müll nicht in die Natur werfen, Müll imMeer wegbringen,Tiereschützen 1 0,1%
Fleischkonsum 1 0,1%
Luftverschmutzung,Photovoltaik,Elektroautos,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel 1 0,1%
AllesaneinemOrt(nichtvielfahren) 1 0,1%
CO2Ausstoß 1 0,1%
richtigeMülltrennung,Recycling,Nachhaltigkeit 1 0,1%
Tierschutz,Plastikrecyceln,wenigerErdölundPalmölverbrauchen 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Plastikvermeiden,Öffisbenutzen 1 0,1%
Müllvermeiden 1 0,1%
Mülltrennen,TierenhelfendiedurchVerschmutzungerkranktsind 1 0,1%
Tiereschützen,Mülltrennung,Meeresauberhalten 1 0,1%
RohdungdesRegenwaldesstoppen,wenigerFleischundKakaoessen,weildieammeistenWasserverbrauchen 1 0,1%
GrünerStrom,Solarenergie,pushenvonregionalenProdukten,grüneÖffis 1 0,1%
ErneuerbareEnergie,keineKreuzfahrten 1 0,1%
wenigerunnötigeVerkehrswege 1 0,1%
StopdesKlimawandels 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Lebensmittelnichtverschwenden,Stromsparen,Abgasereduzieren 1 0,1%
Plastikvermeiden,Abgasevermeiden,öffentlicheVerkehrsmittelbevorzugen 1 0,1%
DasesauchfürzukünftigeGenerationmöglichistaufdiesemPlanetenzuleben 1 0,1%
202
DieBevölkerungunddieTiereimRegenwald,diegefährdetwerdenweilerabgeholztwird 1 0,1%
ReduzierungvonschädlichenStoffen,Auto,Motorrad,fahreöffentlich 1 0,1%
Tierwelt,Klimaschutz 1 0,1%
Tierschutz,Klimawandel 1 0,1%
Umweltschutz,erneuerbareEnergie,CO2Emissionenrunter,keinBenzin,Solarenergie 1 0,1%
Schutz der Natur, Tierarten, Massenkonsum stoppen, Müll-besonders nicht recycelbaren,BiologischeRessourcen 1 0,1%
Recycling,CO2Emissionsausstößemeiden,Mistkübelnutzen 1 0,1%
Wasserverbrauchreduzieren,Abgasereduzieren,wenigeroderkeinPlastik 1 0,1%
wenigerPlastik,wenigerPapier 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,SocialResponsibleHotels,Anreisemöglichkeiten-öffentlich-Carsharing 1 0,1%
Dasdasswasichmachesinnhaftist 1 0,1%
KeinPlastik,Leitungswasseristwichtig 1 0,1%
DieWeltsollweiterhinexistieren 1 0,1%
Peoplechange,notclimatechange 1 0,1%
DenKlimawandelaufzuhalten 1 0,1%
Erderwärmungbremsen,gefährdeteArtenschützen,Traditionenbewahren 1 0,1%
WeiterbestandvonArtenvielfalt 1 0,1%
DenökologischenFußabdruckjedeseinzelnensogeringwiemöglichzuhalten 1 0,1%
Tiere,Pflanzen,frischeLuft,sauberesWasser 1 0,1%
Das es mehr Informationen gibt, wie man dabei helfen kann, das es mir selbst und meinenNachfahrenauchetwasbringt 1 0,1%
wenigerCO2Ausstoß,nachhaltigerLeben 1 0,1%
AndereEnergiearten,andereAntriebefürAutosetc. 1 0,1%
203
CO2Emissionenverringern,Klimawandelbeiunsstoppen 1 0,1%
Aufklärung,positiveZukunft,strengereGesetze 1 0,1%
Ich versuche immer umweltbewusst zu leben, beim reisen will oder kann ich aber sehr schwerdaraufachten 1 0,1%
sowenigLebensmittelwieesgehtwegzuwerfen,Mülltrennen,sovielwiemöglichAutovermeiden 1 0,1%
Recyceln, sowenig Plastikmüllwiemöglichproduzieren, bewusste Ernährung,Müll trennen, nichtmitdemFlugzeugreisen 1 0,1%
Nachhaltighandeln 1 0,1%
BiologischabbaubareProdukte,SchutzvongefährdetenTierarten,Nachhaltigesdenken 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,regionalesEssen,wenigimportieren,Treibstoff,grünerStrom,Solarenergie 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Zugfahren 1 0,1%
Nachhaltigkeit,umweltschonend,billig 1 0,1%
ReduzierenvomCO2Gehalt 1 0,1%
wenigerCO2Produktion,Wasserverbrauchreduzieren,Recycling 1 0,1%
Klimabewussterhandeln,Recycling,Umweltbewusstsein, 1 0,1%
Schutz des Meeres, nachhaltiger Fischfang, Müll und Plastik reduzieren, Meer reinigen, wenigerAbgase, weniger Emissionen/CO2, gegen Luftverschmutzung, Fleischkonsum senken, kürzereTransportwege, lokale/regionale Produkte, weniger Flugzeugreisen/Auto, Verwendung von Auto,SchutzdesRegenwaldes,gegenAbholzung,Wiederaufforstung,Naturschutzgebiete
1 0,1%
weniger Plastik, Müll trennen, weniger CO2 Emissionen, weniger Fliegen, mehr öffentlicheVerkehrsmittel,Stromsparen,Solarenergie 1 0,1%
wenigerAutos,mehrRecyclingSysteme 1 0,1%
Dasesmöglichistihnzuerkundenohneihndabeizuzerstören,inklusiveTierundPflanzenwelt 1 0,1%
Klimaerwärmungstoppen 1 0,1%
CO2Emissionenvermeiden,ÜberlebenderTiere 1 0,1%
PlastikReduktion,ÜberlebenderTiereundPflanzen,mehrNatur,wenigerIndustrie 1 0,1%
umweltbewusster Lebensstil, Klimaschutz, nicht unnötige Ressourcen verbrauchen, Schutz von1 0,1%
204
TierendavielevomAussterbenbedroht
Erderwärmung 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung, Plastik nicht in die Ozeane, Tierversuche/Massentierhaltung minimieren, wenigerAbgaseverursachen,zumBeispielCarsharing 1 0,1%
Mülltrennung,Recycling 1 0,1%
Das auch die Generationen nach uns noch etwas von unserem Planeten haben. Sauberer Strom,Ressourcen 1 0,1%
Gesamt 1107 100,0%
Q20WennichindenUrlaubfahre,würdeichesgenießen...
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882
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602469 430
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426 476317
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102246
679
31 56159 186
420
216
767579
43 10155 33 39 36 39 43 39 33 40 34 390
100200300400500600700800900
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ande
n
Antwortenaxisntle
1=sehrgenießen 2=genießen 3=nichtsehrgenießen
4=überhauptnichtgenießen KeineAntwort
205
Q22IchbinfürdieRettungabgelegenerWildnis-Gebiete.Bitte1ankreuzen
Q23Die folgendenAussagen beziehen sich auf deinen Alltag. Bitte gib an, inwieweit du
zustimmstodernichtzustimmst.
489
503
272
2328 51
(n=1366)
Ichsnmmestarkzu
Ichsnmmezu
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Ichsnmmenichtzu
Ichsnmmeüberhauptnichtzu
KeineAntwort
366
1122
614326 201
56 57281302
100 192
535 638
1213 1125
684658
101
517 462 485
56 140352
40 43 43 43 42 41 44 490
200400600800
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Antwortenaxisntle
Ja Nein Manchmal KeineAntwort