Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

download Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

of 14

Transcript of Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    20. Fig. 1 shows the transfer of energy through a food chain in a wood.

    The figures represent the energy in the levels of the ecosystem in MJ m2

    y1

    .

    s u n

    7 5

    !

    2 "

    o a # t r e e

    " $ % 5

    h a w # s p a r r o w

    c a t e r p i l l a r

    e n e r g y t r a n s f e r & 2 '

    e n e r g y t r a n s f e r & 1 % . $ '

    e n e r g y t r a n s f e r & $ '

    Fig. 1

    Fig. 2 shows what happens to the food availa(le to caterpillars in the food chain shownin Fig. 1.

    F ) ) * + , T* - + / T - ) 0

    / / - M - 3 T - ) 0

    + / T - ) 0

    4 6 T - ) 0

    + 6 ) T 8 6 9 - 6

    / T ) 6 + 6 9 6 ) * , T - ) 0

    6 / 9 - 6 T - ) 0

    * ) M 9 ) / 6 /

    e a t e n

    n o t e a t e n

    n o t d i g e s t e d

    m e t a ( o l i cw a s t e

    Fig. 2

    :i; Fig. 1 shows that each trophic level has less energy flowing through it than the

    The Henrietta Barnett School 1

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    previous trophic level.

    ,se the information in Fig. 2 to e

    :ii;

    =Total 5 mar#s>

    The Henrietta Barnett School 2

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    21. +rasslands which have (een left undistur(ed for several years often have ant mounds.nts ma#e (urrows in the soil and (ring fine crum(s of soil to the surface? where itaccumulates as a mound. ach mound is a(out 5 cm across and a(out 2 cm high.

    9lants grow on the mounds. nts of the type that ma#e mounds in grassland do notfeed on plants.

    student noticed that a plant called wild thyme? Thymus drucei? seemed to (e morecommon on ant mounds than it was on other parts of the same grassland? not occupied(y ants.

    -n order to test the hypothesis that wild thyme was indeed more common on antmounds? the student e

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    :ii; *escri(e twoways in which the survey methods could have (een improved. +ivea reason for each of the changes you have suggested.

    1 ......................................................................................................................

    .........................................................................................................................

    .........................................................................................................................

    .........................................................................................................................

    2 ......................................................................................................................

    .........................................................................................................................

    .........................................................................................................................

    .........................................................................................................................

    =">

    =Total 5 mar#s>

    22. Tigers prey mainly upon large mammals. )ne of the threats to the survival of the tigeris a reduction in num(ers of prey. The figure (elow shows the relationship (etween thenum(ers of two cat species? Aand B? and the prey (iomass.

    1

    2 n u m ( e r s o f

    c a t s

    p e r 1 # m

    " A

    B

    2 "

    p r e y ( i o m a s s D # g < 1 p e r 1 # m 2

    B $ 1 1 2

    !

    2

    The Henrietta Barnett School 4

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    A & l e o p a r d m a s s ! E B # g

    B & t i g e r m a s s 1 5 E 2 2 # g

    a n i m a l s d r a w n t o s c a l e

    ,se the figure to determine the num(er of (i)leopards and (ii)tigers per 1 #m2that

    can (e e

    23. -n 1%71? an international treaty was signed to protect over 1$ wetland sites. Gnownas the onvention on etlands? it was designed to provide a framewor# for dynamicconservation of the wetlands and their resources which are diverse and comple

    The Henrietta Barnett School 6

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    :(; :i; 0ame the process W.

    ................................................................................................................

    =1>

    :ii; /tate a way in which nitrogen in air can (e converted directly into nitrateions? as indicated (y arrow X.

    ................................................................................................................

    =1>

    :iii; /tate the type of (acteria that carry out processY.

    ................................................................................................................

    =1>

    :iv; The (acterium Rhizobium also has a role in the cycle shown in thediagram.

    =Total 7 mar#s>

    The Henrietta Barnett School 7

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    25. oral reefs occupy .2' of the worldKs oceans (ut provide ha(itat and (reedinggrounds for 25' of the worldKs fish species. The figure (elow shows a food we( for acoral reef community.

    f i s h

    c o r a l

    L o o p l a n # t o n

    f i < e d

    a l g a e

    : s e a w e e d s ;

    s e a s l u g

    s p o n g e

    f r e e l i v i n g

    a l g a e

    : p h y t o p l a n # t o n ;

    s y m ( i o t i c

    a l g a e

    : e . g . i n c o r a l s ;

    6eefs are under threat from a variety of sources. )ne of these is the water that drainsfrom agricultural land that is rich in fertilisers. nother is the discharge of untreated

    sewage into the sea.

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    they can a(sor(.

    /elect? from the list? the most suita(le word or term that matches the statements:i; to :iv; (elow.

    active tranport nitrogen !i"ation

    #enitri!ication Nitrobacter

    #enitri!ying $acteri%& Nitrosomonas

    #i!!%ion o&oi

    en#ocytoi Rhizobium

    nitri!ication

    :i; The conversion of nitrate ions into nitrogen gas.

    ................................................................................................................

    =1>

    :ii; (acterium that fi

    :iii; method (y which nitrate ions pass into root hair cells.

    ................................................................................................................

    =1>

    :iv; The conversion of ammonium ions into nitrite ions.

    ................................................................................................................

    =1>

    The Henrietta Barnett School !

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    :(; Iefore the widespread use of artificial fertilisers? farmers used a variety ofmethods to improve the fertility of the soil and so improve the yield of their crops.Two of the methods in common use wereA

    'lo%gingin-n which legumes? such as (eans? alfalfa or clover? were grown in a field

    and then harvested. The roots were then ploughed (ac# into the soil ratherthan (eing dug up or (urnt.

    *rop rotation-n which different crops were grown in a field in each year for three years.-n the fourth year? the NfallowK year? the field was not used for crops. -n thefollowing year the crop cycle was started again.

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    plot treatment0

    2) produced D

    #g ha1

    A nothing added 57

    B inorganic fertiliser 5!1

    * urea 1%, sewage sludge 1! 5!7

    - cattle manure !1%

    F poultry manure B B12

    *escri(e treevaria(les in this e

    The Henrietta Barnett School 11

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    2. common plant found in chal# grassland communities is (irdKs foot trefoil. group ofstudents used a point @uadrat to determine the percentage cover of (irdKs foot trefoil inan area of chal# grassland. They placed the point @uadrat at one position on thegrassland and lowered the metal pins? as shown in the figure (elow. They recorded thefirst hit on each species made with each pin. This was repeated at nine other randomlyselected locations within the area of grassland. Their results are shown in the following

    ta(le.

    @uadrat num(er 1 2 ! " 5 B 7 $ % 1

    num(er of hits on (irdKs foot trefoil ! $ 7 $ % ! 2 1 2 1

    num(er of hits on other species 1B 21 2 1! 1B 21 2" 1B 2 2$

    n estimate of percentage cover for a species can (e made (y calculating the num(erof hits as a percentage of the total hits.

    :a; ,sing the results in the ta(le a(ove? calculate the percentage cover for (irdKs foottrefoil. /how your wor#ing and e

    The Henrietta Barnett School 12

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    :(; footpath runs through the area of grassland and one student o(served that veryfew (irdKs foot trefoil plants were found on the trampled areas.

    =Total 7 mar#s>

    The Henrietta Barnett School 13

  • 5/28/2018 Ecosystems and Sustainability Questions F215 Part 2

    2/. ll organisms can (e classified according to where they get their energy and theelement car(on. The ta(le (elow shows the four forms of nutrition :photoautotrophic?photoheterotrophic? chemoautotrophic? chemoheterotrophic; that are possi(le. num(er of different (acteria :#ingdom 9ro#aryotes; are shown in the ta(le to identifytheir forms of nutrition.

    *AB *-

    car(on dio

    The Henrietta Barnett School 14