Ecosystems and Sustainability Answers F215

8/12/2019 Ecosystems and Sustainability Answers F215

1/25

1. (a) (i) award both marks for correct answer

10 000 / 800 000 ( 100);

1.25 / 1.3 / 1(%); 2

(ii) Rany reference to energy / light missing the plant

reflected (off plant) / only certain wavelength of light can !e" a!or!ed /

#ed; ora

a!or!ed !y / hit" non$photoynthetic part; e.g. !ar

pae thro#gh leaf / &ie chlorophyll / &ie chloroplat;

o&e i heat that i #ed in evaporation / repiration; &a' 2

(iii) !acteria / na&ed !acteri#& deco&poer; (Nitrobacter"Nitrosomonas) 1

(iv) take the first 2 answers

death / dead re&ain;

e'cretion; Rwaste productsegetion;

other #ita!le &ethod; e.g. inect &o#lting

hatched egg

&o#lting (f#r / feather)

Rleaves 2

(!) Primary consumers are eating and

prod#cer have" cell wall / cell#loe; ora

diffic#lt to diget / ch &aterial" wated / egeted;

energy #ed !y g#t &icroorgani&; ora

ch &aterial cannot !e eaten (!y pri&ary con#&er); ora 3[10]

2. pet re&ain/not totally eradicated;

low to wor/*+;

la!o#r intenive/*+;

reintrod#ction often needed;

predator &ay eat crop;

ri of &igration;

ri to other organi&/tation/predation of other pecie; &a' 2[2]

3. (a) tart with previo#ly #ncolonied area / !are gro#nd / !are roc / *+;

ref to pioneer pecie / na&ed pioneer;

erie of recognia!le" ere / tage;

progree to" cli&a' / final e,#ili!ri#& tage; &a' 2

The Henrietta Barnett School 1


2/25

(!) ta!ilie environ&ent;

oil develop&ent / increae h# / organic &aterial;

change oil p-;

hold &ore water;

releae &ore &ineral or n#trient / increae content or fi' / hold

ion;

for& &icroha!itat / red#ce e'po#re / provide helter / red#ce eroion; &a' 3

(c) any two from following

graing;

!#rning;

&owing / application of fertilier / application of elective her!icide;

e'po#re to wind;

gra a!le to contin#e to grow (lined to a tate&ent a!ove); 2

(d) increae;

plant at later tage are large / plant in early tage are &all;

tree / hr#!. are woody" appear later in #cceion; 2[9]

4. (i) final tage in #cceion / *+ ;

(co&nity) in e,#ili!ri#& with environ&ent ; 1 &a'

(ii) eat / tra&ple" eedling (of hr#! / tree) / *+ ; Reat gra

prevent" #cceion / eta!lih&ent of ne't ere ; 1 &a'[2]

5. (i) look for prokaryote feature

no n#cle# / no n#clear &e&!rane / no n#cleol# / * free

(in cytopla&); R* &oving

naed * / * not aociated with protein / no chro&oo&e;

circ#lar / loop ,*;

no , &e&!rane$!o#nd organelle / e.g.;

&aller / 18n& / 0 , ri!oo&e;

no 4;

cell wall ,not cell#loe / polyaccharide and" a&ino acid / rein;

*6; e.g. &eoo&e / pla&id 1 &a'

(ii) glycoidic (lin) and peptide (!ond) (in correct conte't);

condenation;

ref. 7- gro#p;

ref. -2and 7- gro#p;

water ,re&oved / prod#ced / !y$prod#ct;

eny&e;

*6; e.g. energy re,#ired 3 &a'

(iii) iron / e; ignore pluses / minuses 1



3/25

(iv) treat enzyme as neutral

nitrogenae;

leghae&oglo!in;

hae&oglo!in; 2 &a'

(v) (nitrogen) fi'ation; Ared#ction 1(vi) type of inhi!ition (co&petitive / non$co&petitive / reveri!le / irreveri!le);

!aic &ode of action (e.g. !ind to active ite);

detail;

cone,#ence (e.g. prevent " #!trate / nitrogen " fro& !inding); 2 &a'[10]

6. pri&ary con#&er / her!ivore; ignore e.g. Rvegetarian 1[1]

7. accept any three correct statements based on the data;;; for example

pop#lation of" &ite / pringtail" ch greater / &ore than twice the

n#&!er" in the cli&a' foret than !efore tree eta!lihed ora

n#&!er of pecie of pringtail greatet in the cli&a' co&nity ora

&all difference in n#&!er / no ignificant difference" !etween area with yo#ng

tree and area with &at#re tree

there were alway (&any) &ore &ite than pringtail in the a&ple [3]

8. mark (i and (ii to max ! each " the #uestion to max $

(i) nitrifying bacteria

convert, a&&oni#& / -9

:, to ,nitrate / nitrite / 7

2


4/25

9. accept reverse arguments if responses are referring to cereal plants

!oth have root nod#le ;

with)hizobium!acteria ;

which are nitrogen$fi'ing ;

convert nitrogen (ga)" to nitrate ion / a&&oni#& co&po#nd ; A73


5/25

the critical t val#e i" 2.05 / 2.= / 3.= ;

calc#lated val#e" e'ceed / i ch higher than" thi ;

a#&ing the a&ple how a nor&al ditri!#tion ; &a' 9[15]



6/25

11. 1 #n i the energy o#rce (for the yte&);

2 prod#cer / (green) plant ,trap / #e / a!or! (#nB energy);

3 photoynthei;

4 not all energy trapped and reaon;

5 energy #ed for ,plant &eta!oli& / plant procee / e.g.; Arepiration6 o thi energy not ,paed on / availa!le ,to con#&er;

7 (o&e energy) #ed for ,growth / torage;

8 o thi energy i ,paed on / availa!le , to con#&er;

9 1ocon#&er / her!ivore ,eat ,prod#cer / plant;

10 o&e prod#cer ,not edi!le / not accei!le / e.g.;

11 o&e , not digeted / egeted / lot a faece;

12 2ocon#&er / carnivore / o&nivore ,eat ,1

ocon#&er / her!ivore;

13 o&e part of ani&al not edi!le / e.g.;

14 energy #ed !y ani&al in &oving (to feed);

15 energy ,#ed / lot ,in , digetion / e'cretion / weating /

e.g.; Arepiration

16 tranfer / lo ,to ,deco&poer / !acteria / f#ngi / aprotroph;

17 energy lot a heat fro& repiration;

18 net prod#ctivity C gro prod#ctivity < repiration;

19 o&e ref to eti&ate of efficiency of tranfer (a general tate&ent);20 ,#ote of (co&parative) fig#re fro& diagra&;

21 &anip#lation of fig#re to ill#trate a point;NOT==12 and 191?8

22 *6;

23 *6; e.g. lo o#t of ecoyte&

another &anip#lation of fig#re

availa!le energy li&iting length of chain &a' ?

QWC legible text it! "##$%"te &'elli(g, '$(#t$"ti)( "(* g%"++"%; 1[10]



7/25

12. (i) anaero!ic condition enco#rage denitrifying !acteria ;

convert nitrate ion to (gaeo#) nitrogen ;

red#ce availa!le nitrogen ;

#ndew doe not rely on" oil nitrate / oil nitrogen ;

ref to" hydrolyi / digetion / #e of eny&e" on inect protein ;releaing a&ino acid ;

ref to dea&ination ; max ! &a' 9

(ii) 4ed#ce a&o#nt of air in oil ;

root tarved of o'ygen ;

repiration !eco&e anaero!ic ;

in#fficient energy releaed ;

not a!le to a!or! (eno#gh)" ion / na&ed ion ;

via active tranport ; &a' 3 [7]

13. (a) advantages (max 2

can !e #ed with any pecie (irrepective of ie) ;

doe not re,#ire to diting#ih one individ#al fro& another ;

,#ic to ae ; Ri&ple

disadvantages

#!@ective / *+ ;

do&inant pecie &ay !e over$eti&ated ; &a' 3

(!) (i) line eta!lihed" fro& hore to d#ne lac / fro& to ;

,#adrat #ed ;

#ita!le ie / act#al ie tated (&ini& 0.25&2) ; Rif no #nit

given

placed contin#o#ly / at pecified interval along line ;

ey to identify pecie ;

a!#ndance recorded in each ,#adrat ;

!are gro#nd recorded ; &a' 9

(ii) 1 *D74 cale converted to n#&erical cale ;

2 reading at each ite recorded (on graph paper) ;

3 width of diagra& related to *D74 (&ay!e hown on diagra&) ;

4 point fro& each ite @oined together ;

5 repeated for each pecie fo#nd preent ; &a' 3

(c) #e of" ther&o&eter / pro!e ;



8/25

pro!e t !e cali!rated ;

p#hed into" and / oil" to a&e depth each ti&e ;

repetition at each a&pling point ; &a' 2



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(d) (i) a tage d#ring the proce of #cceion ; 1

(ii) ea co#ch / &arra& gra" grow in !are and ;

d#ne !#ild #p / ta!ilied !y grae ;

74

colonier eta!lihed on !are" roc / oil ;

e'a&ple ; (if not and d#ne)

ref to pioneer pecie ;

organic &atter !#ild #p / h# content increae ;

for&ing oil / depth of oil increae ;

other pecie tae over fro& grae ; Ana&ed e'a&ple

fro& ig. 1

root ta!ilie oil tr#ct#re ;

diverity of pecie increae ;

cli&a' event#ally reached ;

*6 ;

*6 ; e.g. reference to deflected #cceion"

growth of hr#! &a' 9[17]

14. (a) cycla&en &ite / prey pop#lation increae ;

when condition are #ita!le / when predator n#&!er are low / no or

few li&iting factor;

provide plenty of food for predator &ite ;

which !egin to increae later / ti&e lag ;

cycla&en &ite are then eaten !y (increaing n#&!er of) predator ;

o !oth decline in n#&!er ;

cycle repeated ;

prey pop#lation reach higher level than predator ; &a' 9

(!) (i) start by looking at end of *ebruary

increae with appropriate ti&e lag ;

decreae at praying ti&e (end of E#ne / !eginning of 7cto!er) ;

final pea for predator n#&!er i the lowet ; &a' 2

(ii) le food availa!le / le traw!erry plant ;

low te&perat#re / frot ;

other predator ;

dieae / paraite ;

ref to paraitoid ;

*6 ;



10/25

Rpraying idea &a' 2



11/25

(c) (i) !iological (pet control) ; 1

(ii) inecticide" are har&f#l to other organi& / &ay ill nat#ral

predator to the pet ;

red#ce pecie diverity / dir#pt food chain ;

&any inecticide are" low to !iodegrade / long lating ;

concentrate along food chain / !ioacc#late / !ioconcentrate ;

tored in fat depoit of organi& ;

ref to effect on top carnivore ; e.g. egg hell thinning

poiono# to thoe applying the& ; Aref to h#&an / ath&a #fferer

pet can !#ild #p a reitance ;

ref to election ;

r#n$off fro& land carrie the& into water #pplie / ca#e poll#tion /

poion a,#atic organi& ;

pro!le& of reid#e in food ;

*6 ; e.g. peticide need to !e #ed repeatedly &a' 5

(d) crop rotation ;

intercropping ;

releae of" irradiated / terile" &ale of pet pecie ;

*6 ; e.g. fly paper &a' 2[16]

15. (i) tree are living organi& ;

renewa!le ;

ref to" growth / growing ;

ti&!er i" of #e to h#&an !eing / &ade into prod#ct ; &a' 2

(ii) harveted at level which leave #fficient organi& ;

to grow / reprod#ce" and replenih what ha !een harveted ;

ref to" coppicing / replanting / afforetation ;can !e carried on indefinitely ; &a' 2

[4]

16. (a) (i) c#rve to have pea to right of le&&ing pea and t have two

pea !etween 1??9 and 1??= and 1??8 and 2000 repectively ;

pea !elow level of le&&ing pea ; 2

(ii) plenty / *+" of food ;

few / *+" predator ;

high pop#lation of alternative prey for predator ;



12/25

no overcrowding / lot of !reeding ite / *+ ;

le dieae ;

le co&petition fro& other pecie ;

low environ&ental reitance ; 3 &a'



13/25

(!) interspecific

!etween two (or &ore) pecie ;

two na&ed pecie (on le&&ing) ;

intraspecific

within pecie ;na&ed pecie pl# reo#rce ;

if definitions of interspecific and intraspecific competition are the wrong

way around can still gain one mark for correct examples of both types

of competition 3 &a'

(c) &a'i&" ie / n#&!er" of a" pop#lation / pecie ;

either

(#pported) in a partic#lar" ha!itat / ecoyte& / area / environ&ent ;

or

deter&ined !y li&iting factor ; 2[10]

17. F;

;

G;

; 9[4]



14/25

18. (i) nat#ral change in pecie co&poition (in an area) ;

ref to directional change ;

ref to na&ed e'a&ple in the diagra& (either pecie or category) ;

over a period of ti&e ;

a n#&!er of recognia!le tage / ere / eral tage ;one ere change the condition for the ne't ;

e.g. depth of oil increae / oil ta!iliation ;

lead to a cli&a' co&nity ;

creation of niche ;

ref to nitrogen fi'ation ;

*6 ; e.g. pioneer pecie 9 &a'

(ii) develop&ent of deeper oil ;

oil" !eco&e rich in h# / ha &ore n#trient / i &ore fertile ;do&inant pecie change ;

plant pecie get larger / hr#! to tree / increae in !io&a / larger

root yte& ;

Roil tr#ct#re i&prove #n,#alified ;

*6 ; 2 &a'

(iii) bi)ti#C ani&al pecie / n#&!er of oil organi& / deco&poer /

detritivore / decreae in !iodiverity ;

*6 ;

"bi)ti#C p- of oil / nitrogen or&ineral content of oil / oil te't#re

/ wind peed / h#&idity / hading / light intenity / oil

water retention ;

*6 ; e.g. te&perat#re 2 &a'[8]

19. (a) (i) (place) where ,organi& / ani&al / plant / pop#lation /

co&nity ,live; R things / named organism 1

(ii) role of organi& in,the ecoyte& / *+;

A habitat / environment / community / area / place

Rpopulation 1

(iii) living / !iotic,and , non$living / a!iotic , co&ponent that interact; 1

(!) pop#lation C one pecie

"(*co&nity C &ore than one / all , pecie / pop#lation; 1[4]



15/25

20. (i) 1 o&e food not ,eaten / accei!le; A an example

2 o&e,food / energy , not digeted / egeted / lot a faece;

3 (o&e ai&ilated) food / energy , lot in e'cretion;

4 ref to deco&poer;

5 (o&e ai&ilated) food / energy ,lot in repiration;6 energy lot,a heat / in &ove&ent / in &eta!oli&;

7 &all proportion energy #ed for, growth / &aterial,

and i availa!le to ne't trophic level; 3&a'

(ii) 1 plant &aterial diffic#lt to diget / ani&al &aterial can !e digeted

eaily;

2 ref to" cell#loe / lignin / wood;

3 no cell#lae;

4 (ani&al) give i&ilar pectr#& of a&ino acid (a con#&er);

5 le of the prod#cer availa!le to the 1H con#&er than 1H con#&er

availa!le to the 2H con#&er;

6 *6; e.g. ref to g#t !acteria

ignore references to numbers of organisms eaten or size of organisms 2 &a'[5]



16/25

21. (i) higher" n#&!er / proportion / percentage / ratio / fraction" of &o#nd

have thy&e ;

(c.f. ,#adrat) ora

Afig" e.g. I v J " 21 v 11" 3= v 29 1

(ii) look for a statement and a reason

#e &aller ,#adrat ; e.g. 50 c& 50 c&

for fair tet ; *+

#e grid and rando& n#&!er ;

throwing ey !iaed ; *+

eti&ate" percentage cover / a!#ndance ; Apoint (fra&e) ,#adrat

&ay !e ingle plant in o&e a&ple and &any in other ;

!igger t#dy area / &ore data ; (eep e,#al n#&!er &o#nd and ,#adrat)

i&prove relia!ility / *+ ;

record other plant ;

co#ld infl#ence thy&e ;

&ea#re / note" a!iotic varia!le ; Ae'a&ple

e'planation of how na&ed varia!le affect thy&e ;

*6 ;

*6 ; 9 &a'[5]

22. 23 ;

=$ ;[2]

23. preervation of" organi& / environ&ent ;

that are at ri fro& h#&an activity ;

re,#ire &anage&ent ;creation of new ha!itat ;

&ay need recla&ation ;

conervation re,#ire vigilance ;

reolving conflict ; A#ita!le alternative 2 &a'[2]

24. (a) do not credit if any incorrect answer included

(i) fo'; 1

(ii) gra / clover / leg#&e; 1



17/25



18/25

(!) (i) nitrogen fi'ation / -a!er (proce); A red#ction 1

(ii) lightning; Ao'idation / co&!ine with o'ygen

AlighteningB

Rth#ndertor& / lighting 1

(iii) denitrifying; A correct e.g.(6e#do&ona)

Ritro!acter / itroo&ona / 4hio!i#& 1

(iv) fi'e nitrogen / provide fi'ed nitrogen or-9

(:); Ra&&onia

ref to,clover / leg#&e / na&ed leg#&e ,&aing , a&ino acid /

polypeptide / protein;

(plant ha) no need to rely on (fi'ed) nitrogen co&po#nd in oil;

Rref to fertilisers

free$living pecie provide , a&&oni#& (ion) / fi'ed nitrogen ,

for nitrifying !acteria / nitrification; 2 &a'[7]

25. 1 e#trophication ;

2 increaed growth of" algae / eaweed ;

3 !loc" light / pace ;

9 ref to co&petition ;

5 (o) alter food chain / e'a&ple ;

= deco&poition of" ewage / dead organi& ;

ref to aero!ic !acteria / increaed K7 / le o'ygen in water ;

8 fih / ea l#g / ponge / coral" die ; (lined to o'ygen lo)

? *6 ; e.g. increaed &ineral n#trient increae #cepti!ility of coral to

dieae"

increaed n#&!er of anaero!ic pecie" ref to heavy &etal to'icity 9 &a' [4]

26. (a) (i) denitrification; 1

(ii) 4hio!i#&; 1

(iii) active tranport / diff#ion; 1

(iv) nitrification; 1



19/25

(!) max ! for each method

ploughing-in

1 leg#&e / na&ed e.g." poe" (root) nod#le /

nitrogen fi'ing !acteria;

2 )hizobium+perfor& nitrogen fi'ation / decri!ed;

3 nitrogeno# co&po#nd are preent in" root / nod#le /

leg#&e / plant;

4 &ade availa!le to oil if" plo#ghed in / not re&oved;

5 root / *+"deco&poed / acted on !y deco&poer / rot / decay;

6 nitrogeno# co&po#nd releaed (!y deco&poer);

7 for&ation of nitrate; ! max

crop rotation

8 different" crop / plant" have different (n#trient / nitrate)re,#ire&ent;

9 each year"different de&and &ade on the oil / n#trient not

!eing re&oved at the a&e rate;

10 in" 9th

/ fallow" year" no (little) n#trient re&oved / #ed

for graing ani&al;

11 n#trient level allowed to !#ild #p;

12 #e leg#&e in rotation;

13 t#!er / root" crop to i&prove oil tr#ct#re; ! max

9 &a'[8]

27. plot ie ;

oil type ;

oil p- ;

plant cover ;

apect / locality ;

ref to te&perat#re lined to apect ;

lope ;ref to rainfall or irrigation ;

ti&e period ;

*6 ; e.g. tillage" &ethod of c#ltivation" degree of co&paction

*6 ; e.g. previo# #e of land &a' 3[3]



20/25

28. (a) award two marks if correct answer (,-.$ is given

incorrect answer (or no answer but correct working , mark

99 / 23? ( 100)

18.9% ; ;

ecf applied for minor addition errors 0/1 2 2

(!) 1 lay" tape / tring" acro path ; Ralong the path

2 incl#de tra&pled and non tra&pled area in a&e tranect ;

3 #e of ,#adrat ;

9 ref to how ,#adrat i placed ; Rrando&

5 co#nt n#&!er of plant / percentage cover of plant ;

= plot a graph ;

repeat the tranect ;

8 carry o#t tatitical tet (Lann$+hitney / pear&anB ran) ;

? *6 ; e.g. detail of a&pling techni,#e 5 &a'[7]

29. (a) plant/protoctit;

ani&al/f#ngi/protoctit;

Aprotoctists once onlyRtaxa that are not kingdoms 2

(!) energy

&ove&ent/loco&otion/cle contraction/cilia/flagella;

active tranport; Aexample

ana!olic reaction/*+; Ae.g.protein synthesis/N3 replication(&ove&ent of chro&oo&e in) &itoi/&eioi;

nerve i&p#le/electroche&ical gradient;

&aintain !ody te&perat#re/generate heat;

*6; (eg !iol#&inecence/electrical dicharge)

*6; (detail of any point) ! max

carbon

in" !ioche&ical/&acro&olec#le; A in organic matter

e.g. car!ohydrate/protein/lipid/n#cleotide/n#cleic acid;

Anamed examples

growth;repair;

*6; e.g. detail of any point) ! max &a' 9

(c) (nitrifying !acteria) help/increae" plant growth;

!acteria &ae nitrate (availa!le);

plant need nitrate;

for" a&ino acid/protein/chlorophyll/*;

for" new cell/&itoi/new leave; &a' 2



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(d) (i) che&oheterotrophic; 1

(ii) photoa#totrophic; 1

(e) (i) car!on; R452

1

(ii) esulfovibrio" #e #lph#r ()/&ae hydrogen #lphide (-2);

green #lph#r !acteria" #e -2/&ae ;

colo#rle #lph#r !acteria #e -2; &a' 2

(f) colo#rle #lph#r !acteria; 1

(g) 4.perfringensi&ilar to 4. difficile/*+;

(!acteria) anaero!ic;

(ti#e da&age/poor !lood #pply) decreae o'ygen availa!le;

condition #ita!le for 4lostridium to ltiply;

*6; &a' 2[16]

30. increaed profit for far&er/hop;

no reid#e on food;

no peticide;

le #e of inorganic fertilier;

le ri of poll#tion;

!enefit to oil tr#ct#re and ,#ality;

!enefit to !iodiverity;

!enefit to h#&an health; &a' 3[3]

31. idea of oil develop&ent ; Aref to depth or fertility of oil

(increae)" organic &aterial / h# ;

(increae) in availa!ility of water ;

&ineral availa!le ; An#trient

(o&e pioneer pecie) carry o#t nitrogen fi'ation ;

photoynthei (fi'ing car!on) ;

create ha!itat / provide helter ;*6 ; e.g. increae weathering" ta!ilie and / oil 2 &a'

[2]

32. pollination;

&aintain !iodiverity;

!enefit to food chain/food for other organi&; &a' 2[2]



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33. ro#teway/pathway allowing &ove&ent of (inect);

ref to connectivity/*+;

ref to ite of ref#ge/ha!itat; &a' 2[2]

34. pop#lation;

ha!itat;

co&nity;

ecoyte&;

(firt) trophic; R tropic

prod#cer/(photo) a#totroph/a#totrophic;

(pri&ary) con#&er/heterotroph/heterotrophic/her!ivore;

R carnivore/other #ualified consumer [7]

35. max , mark from following6

1 econo&ic definition of #taina!le; e.g. i&ilar ,#antitie of ti&!er

can !e harveted year on year

2 grant for planting foret / &anage&ent che&e ;

3 planting to en#re #taina!le harvet rate;

max ! marks for planting strategy6

9 tree not planted too cloely together;

5 #pport yo#ng tree to prevent da&age e.g. fro& graing ani&al;

= pecie planted that are #ita!le for prevailing condition /

native pp;

oftwood p. / conifer / na&ed conifer / fat growing p. planted;

8 decid#o# !roadleaved pecie aro#nd edge for aethetic reaon;

? create different ha!itat / na&ed ha!itat / protected ha!itat/ o&e

fallen tree left to rot;

max ! marks for felling/cropping strategy6

10 ref. to clear felling having negative effect e.g. oil eroion;

11 only &at#re tree re&oved / elective felling / individ#al tree;

12 o&e clearing / ride / glade in woodland / trip felling;13 control of" pet / dieae / fire prevention;

19 ref to coppicing / pollarding;

15 (decid#o# tree) regrow fro& !ae/ idea of rotation/ cycle;

1= tandard / large tree not coppiced" a enco#rage !iodiverity; [7]

36. (a) (clinically) o!ee/o!eity; R morbidly obese 1



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(!) ietB

eential fatty acid/linoleic acid/linolenic acid/fat ol#!le

vita&in/*/ //M;

iet C

#gar/na&ed #gar/tarch; A vitamin 4 2

(c) (i) K;

energy intae (of K) i lower 74*; 2

(ii) energy intae i le than energy #ed 74*; 1

(d) (no fr#it &ay &ean) c#rvy/decri!ed; R vitamin 4 deficiency unless #ualified

raied" choleterol/NN" level in !lood; R intake

fatty #!tance depoited in artery wall/atherocleroi;

coronary arterie;narrow l#&en;

red#ce" !lood/o'ygen" delivered to heart cle;

D-/heart attac/angina;

thro&!oi/clot;

raied !lood pre#re/hypertenion;

troe;

tre on liver;

tre on idney;

d#e to e'ce protein/a&ino acid/#rea;

*6;

*6; e.g. depoition of #!c#taneo# fat/*+o!eity

tre on @oint

anore'ia/!#li&ia/o!eion on diet

contipation

!owel cancer

hypoglycae&ia

giddine

lethargy/fatig#e/tiredne 7butR lack of energy8 3 &a'[9]



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37. 1 ref to etting grid/area to !e a&pled;

2 #ita!le yte&atic &ethod choen/ref to !elt/line tranect;

3 ref to repetition of line tranect;

9 #e of ,#adrat;

5 #e of appropriate ied ,#adrat;

= detail of reg#lar ,#adrat placing;

identify pecie/#e of ey;8 preence or a!ence in ,#adrat;

? calc#lation of % of pecie fre,#ency;

10 &ea#re % cover/#e of appropriate cale; e.g. (Kra#n$!lan,#et/*D74/

*74/7L)

11 ref to analyi of data/#e of ite diagra&;

12 *6; ref to relevant tatitical analyi" e.g. pear&an 4an Dorrelation &a'

QWC #le"% ell)%g"(i&e* "(&e% $&i(g &'e#i"li&t te%+& 1[8]

38. ref to" leaching/r#noff" into waterway;

ca#ing algal !loo&;

!locing of light for a,#atic plant;

ref to" deco&poition/high n#&!er of deco&poer;

leading to high K7;

reference to O!l#e$!a!yB yndro&e;

lin to hae&oglo!in; &a' 9[4]

39. (i) tree c#t" cloe to gro#nd/down to it t#&p/*+; R down to trunk

new growth for&/*+;

harvet after a n#&!er of year/proce repeated;

rotational coppicing/*+;

ref to how coppicing increae !iodiverity

e.g. increaing light intenity; &a' 3

(ii) (tandard) large plan/*+; A #ed a timber

Astandards more valuable/39

(coppice) &all dia&eter wood/fencing/h#rdle/gardenf#rnit#re/charcoal/firewood/&atche;

(coppice) contin#o#" o#rce of ti&!er/inco&e;

recreational #e/nat#re reerve; A ref to to#ri& &a' 2[5]



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40. releae of car!on dio'ide;

fro& f#ngal repiration;

availa!le for photoynthei/car!on fi'ation;

e'tracell#lar digetion;

na&ed eny&e();

releae of" inorganic #!tance/&ineral/na&ed &ineral; R nutrients+ nitrogen

A nitrogenous compound#ptae thro#gh" root/root hair;

na&ed #e of &ineral in plant;

ref. to h#

ref. to !eneficial role of h# in oil; e.g. increae water retention" i&prove oil

tr#ct#re" ta!ilie oil &a' 9[4]

Ecosystems and Sustainability Answers F215

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Transcript of Ecosystems and Sustainability Answers F215