Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living...
-
Upload
eric-robinson -
Category
Documents
-
view
234 -
download
0
Transcript of Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living...
![Page 1: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components
Environmental Science study of ecosystems (ecology)
Environmentalism social movement that seeks to protect the environment
![Page 3: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a sustainable system?
one that survives over some specified time that attains its full expected life span
a sustainable society manages it’s economy and population size without exceeding the planet’s ability to absorb environmental insults, replenish its resources and sustain life
![Page 4: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Treeless volcanic island2200 miles off the coast of Chili
Moai -Stone Statues that line the perimeter of the island (250) 13 ft high and 14 tons.
![Page 5: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Easter Island Story First inhabitants arrived at Easter Island
as early as 318AD. Most believe they were Polynesian, however, some think they arrived from South America.
Between 1400-1600, population was around 9,000.
![Page 6: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
In 1772, the first European visitors arrived on Easter Island. It was deserted! Barren!
There were signs of deforestation, soil depletion and erosion.
Most archeologist believe the natives cleared the trees for crop land. Planted crops stripped nutrients from the
soil. Clear signs of cannibalism.
![Page 7: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
LIVING OFF EARTH’S CAPITAL
Do Not eat the goose that lays the golden egg If you have one million in the bank at 10%
interest, you earn $100,000 year. If you spend just $110,000 per year you will be bankrupt in 18 years
Natural cycles will provide for us if we do not destroy our natural capitalDon’t
Eat me
![Page 8: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Linear growth vs.exponential growth
linear growth: quantity increases by a fixed amount. EX. 1,2,3,4
Exponential growth: quantity increases by a fixed % of the whole in a given time. EX: 2,4,8,16,32
Fig. 1-2 p. 4Fig. 1-2 p. 4Fig. 1-2 p. 4Fig. 1-2 p. 4
![Page 9: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Population is growing exponentially at a worldwide rate of 1.2%. In developing countries it is 1.7%. In developed countries it is .1%.
226,000 more people per day
Fig. 1.1, p. 2
World total
Developingcountries
Developedcountries
9
8
7
6
54
3
2
1
1950 2000
2050 2100
10
developed
developing
world
![Page 10: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fig. 1-3 p. 5Fig. 1-3 p. 5
![Page 11: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fig. 1.1, p. 2
16
15
14
13
12
11
Billio
ns o
f peop
le?
?
?
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
02-5 million
years8000 6000 4000 2000 2000 2100
Hunting and gathering
Black Death–the Plague
Time
Industrialrevolution
Agricultural revolution
B.C. A.D.
![Page 12: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
70 doubling
% growth rate time in years
70 51.8 years
World Population Growth Rate
1.35 %
![Page 13: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
An increase in the capacity to provide goods and services for people’s final use
economic growth is measured by an increase in GNP. GNP: gross national product: $ value of goods and
services produced by a country’s businesses within and outside the country
GDP: gross domestic product: $ value of goods and services produced within the country
GWP: gross world product: total $ value of goods and services produced in the world
The problem with GNP is the higher the GNP the more resource depletion and environmental damage. GNP is not the best indicator of quality of life.
per capita GNP: individuals slice of the economic pie
![Page 14: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
countries are classified as either developing or developed based on their per capita GNP and their level of industrialization developed countries:
U.S., Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and all of Europe. per capita GNP
greater than $10,000
generate 75% of pollution
use 88% of resources
have 85% of wealth
make up 20% of population
![Page 15: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
80% of population some are middle income $1,000 to
$10,000 per capita GNP like South Africa, Mexico, Brazil,
Malaysia some are low income with a per capita
GNP of less than 1,000 like India, Pakistan, China
95% of population growth will take place in developing countries
![Page 16: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
economic growth has allowed us to Live longer be healthier have more
comfort It has not allowed us
to stop
environmental problems
Wipe out poverty
![Page 18: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
encourages sustainable forms of economic growth that meets the basic needs of the current generations of humans without preventing future generations and other species from meeting their basic needs
discourages environmentally harmful and unsustainable forms of economic growth
it requires that governments, businesses and individuals integrate environmental goals into their decision making process
![Page 19: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Wealth Gap
the gap between per capita GNP or the rich and poor has greatly widened since 1980.
20% high income, 25% moderate income, 30% low income $2-3 / day, 25% very low income of less than $1.00/day.
1 in 5 is hungry, malnourished, lacks access to clean water, decent housing and health care.
![Page 20: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Globalization is the broad process of global, social, economic and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world.
A few indicators of globalization: global economy grew from 6.7 trillion to $42 trillion
since 1950
![Page 21: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
anything that we get from the environment to meet our needs and desires
perpetual resource: something that is continually renewed like solar energy
renewable: On a human time scale something that can be renewed fairly rapidly (Within decades)
![Page 22: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
biodiversity: variety of life forms that can survive a variety of conditions Genetic diversity species diversity ecological diversity provides free recycling, purification,
resources and pest control
![Page 24: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
renewable resources can be depleted SUSTAINABLE YIELD: highest rate at which a
renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply
Tragedy of The Commons by “Garrett Hardin”: Overuse of common property resources, which are owned by no one but available to everyone free of charge. For example clean air, oceans, fish, Antarctica. This leads to exploitation then no one can use the resource. “ If I don’t use this resource then someone else will, the little bit I pollute is not enough to matter”
![Page 25: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fig. 1.11, p. 11
Resources
Perpetual Nonrenewable
Renewable
Freshair
Freshwater
Fertilesoil
Plants andanimals
(biodiversity)
Directsolar
energy
Winds, tides,
flowing water
Fossilfuels
Metallic minerals
Non- metallic
minerals
(iron, copper,
aluminum)
(clay, sand,
phosphates)
![Page 26: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
- deforestation water logging
or salinization of soil
deforestation pollution reduction in
biodiversity groundwater
depletion Wetlands
destruction
![Page 27: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
energy resources like coal, gas, uranium which are burned and lost
metallic mineral resources that can recycled
Non-metallic mineral resources that are difficult to recycle
![Page 28: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other animals. It can be natural or from humans
Two types of pollutant sources: point source: where pollutants come from a single
identifiable source, like a drainpipe or a smokestack. Non-point source: pollutants that come from dispersed
sources. Examples are runoff from fertilizers and pesticides or oil from cars.
Two approaches to dealing with pollution: pollution prevention pollution clean-up
![Page 29: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
rapid population growth rapid and wasteful use of resources with little
emphasis on pollution prevention degradation of life support systems poverty failure of economic and political systems to have
market prices that include environmental costs Our urge to dominate and manage nature for our
use with far too little knowledge of how nature works
Population x Affluence x Technology = Environmental Impact
![Page 32: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Air Pollution• Global climate
change• Stratospheric ozone
depletion• Urban air pollution• Acid deposition• Outdoor pollutants• Indoor pollutants• Noise
Biodiversity Depletion
• Habitat destruction• Habitat degradation• Extinction
Water Pollution• Sediment• Nutrient
overload• Toxic chemicals• Infectious
agents• Oxygen
depletion• Pesticides• Oil spills• Excess heat
Waste Production
• Solid waste• Hazardous
waste
Food Supply Problems
• Overgrazing• Farmland loss
and degradation• Wetlands loss
and degradation• Overfishing• Coastal pollution• Soil erosion• Soil salinization• Soil waterlogging• Water shortages• Groundwater
depletion• Loss of biodiversity• Poor nutrition
MajorEnvironmental
Problems
Fig. 1.13, p. 14
![Page 33: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
United States
The Netherlands
India
CountryPer Captia Ecological Footprint(Hectares of land per person)
10.9
5.9
1.0
Fig. 1.10a, p. 11
![Page 34: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
CountryTotal Ecological Footprint
(Hectares)
United States
The Netherlands
India
3 billion hectares
94 million hectares
1 billion hectares
Fig. 1.10b, p. 11
![Page 35: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Developing Countries
Population (P)Consumptionper person
(affluence, A)
Technological impact perunit of consumption (T)
Environmentalimpact of population (I)
Developed Countries
X
XX
XX
X =
=
=
Fig. 1.15, p. 15
![Page 36: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Who should we believe? The precautionary principle Try not to be overwhelmed by the
environmental bad news because there is a lot of good environmental news.
![Page 37: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens cannot change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has”
Margaret Mead
![Page 38: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Invention that changed everything: The plow
![Page 39: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Birth rates rose faster than death rates and population increased
People cleared increasingly larger plots of land and destroyed more natural habitat
People began accumulating material goods
![Page 40: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Began in England in the mid 1700s Began when England used up all of its forests
and substituted coal for wood Shift from renewable to n on-renewable This lead to growth in mechanization and
factory towns Fossil fuel powered farm equipment lead to
an increased agricultural yield which lead to more people
![Page 41: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reduced infant mortality Raised life expectancy which lead to
more people Better health Birth control Education Affordable goods income
![Page 43: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cultural shift to new technologies such as TV, computers an internet
Hard to know what the impacts will be
![Page 44: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Help us understand more about the Earth and how systems work
Allow us to respond to problems faster Use technology to monitor changes in the
Earth More sophisticated technology to model
complex systems Technology to reduce pollution and use
materials more effectively
![Page 45: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Cause confusion, distraction, and a sense of hopelessness because of information overload
Increase environmental degradation and homogenization of world cultures
We are developing new technologies before we can evaluate their impact
![Page 46: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
1870-1900: environmental concern grows because of yellow fever, typhoid fever, cholera, garbage, air pollution, unsafe factories, contaminated water
1891 Forest Reserve Act: established the responsibilty of the federal government to protec public lands
1892: John Muir formed the Sierra club
![Page 47: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Fig. 2.6, p. 31
![Page 48: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Theodore Roosevelt was president He persuaded congress to give the president the
power to designate public land as wildlife refuges Roosevelt Established the bureau of reclamation He tripled the size of forest reserves 1905: Congress created the US Forest service to
manage and protect forest reserves. Gifford Pinchot was the first chief
1912: US National Park System was created by Congress
The passenger pigeon became extinct
![Page 49: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Fig. 2.7, p. 31
![Page 50: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Fig. 2.4, p. 30
![Page 51: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Preservationists Believed humans
should protect nature, not conquer it
John Muir
Wise Use Believed resources
should be used wisely to enhance the nation’s economic growth
Gifford Pinchot Theodore Roosevelt
![Page 52: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Both groups opposed delivering public lands into the hands of a few for profit
Both would be disappointed by what has happened over the years
![Page 53: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The 1930s was the great depression and Franklin Roosevelt was president
Aldo Leopold became the leading professional in charge of wildlife management. Set up management plans for the Grand Canyon. Others followed his design
Low cost purchase of large tracts of land from cash poor landowners
Started Civilian Conservation Corp Built large dams to get cheap water to CA Enacted the Soil Conservation Act of 1935 that
was for combating the problem of soil erosion
![Page 54: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CCC
![Page 55: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Hoover Dam
![Page 56: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which documented how DDT was killing wildlife. The beginning of the environmental Era.
![Page 57: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
1964 Wilderness Act allowed the government to protect large tracts of public land as part of the National Wilderness System
1965-1970 science of ecology was created to understand earth
Cuyahoga River caught fire and burned for eight days
![Page 58: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Massive air pollution in New York leaves 300 dead
Lake Erie beaches closed due to pollution
Santa Barbara coastline heavily polluted by leaking offshore oil rigs.
Foam in rivers from pollution
![Page 60: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
April 20th first Earth Day 1970 Richard Nixon created EPA (the
Environmental Protection Agency 1973 OPEC oil embargo 1974 CFCs found to be creating ozone
hole 1978 Love Canal 1979 Three Mile Island
![Page 61: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Wise Use movement was formed which was an industrial coalition aimed at destroying all the environmental laws
![Page 63: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
* Goal of Science – creation of a new idea, principle, or model that connects and explains facts and leads to usable predictions about what is likely to happen in nature.
Scientific Method – Observe > Hypothesize > Argue > Test > Hypothesize > Argue > Test
Scientific Theory – an idea or principle, or model that ties together and explains multiple facts that previously appeared not to be related and is supported by a great deal of evidence. (natural selection)
Scientific or Natural Law – a description of what happens in nature time after time in the same way without known exception. (second law of thermodynamics)
![Page 64: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Steps 1. Pose a question2. Gather info (knowns)3. What new info/data needs to be gathered?4. Develop a hypothesis that explains data
and predicts new facts. Could there be other explanations?
5. Develop an experiment that can be done to test the hypothesis so it can become a scientific theory.
![Page 65: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
1. Set up two groups
a. Experimental group – chosen variable is changed in some way.
b. Control group – chosen variable is not changed.
This type of experiment is designed so that all conditions are the same except for the single variable in the experimental group. This is to be sure that the variable is the only factor that could possibly cause any observed change.
![Page 67: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
2. Set up two groups
a. Experimental group – one group of patients is given a new drug.b. Control Group – similar group of patients is given a placebo (sugar pill).
This is called a double blind experiment because
neither the patient or the doctor is aware of who is receiving the drug or the placebo. This is done to avoid biased results.
Multivariable Analysis – Many of the questions
investigated by environmental scientists involve a huge number of interacting variables (synergism). In multivariable analyses mathematical models run on high-speed computers are used to analyze the interaction of many variables.
![Page 68: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
1) Disprove2) Establish that a model, theory or law has an extremely high probability of being true.
Nothing can every be proven. Everything we know is just theory. Science is dynamic and changing.
![Page 69: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Frontier Science –
“breakthroughs” these are preliminary results that are often controversial because they have not yet been widely tested and accepted.
Consensus Science -
consist of data, theories and laws that are widely accepted within the scientific community because they have been tested and retested or because observations of nature support them.
![Page 70: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
1. Validity of Data – Difficulty of
Accurate Measurement (soil erosion, species extinction, forest loss)
2. Multiple Variables - not enough
info, difficult to analyze data
![Page 71: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Positive Feedback Loop – reinforces itself, a change in a
system, which causes the system to make another change in the same direction (vicious circle). Positive feedback systems destabilize a system. (Easter Island)
Negative Feedback Loop - a change in a system which
results in a change in the opposite direction. Negative feedback loops lead to dynamic equilibrium and homeostasis within a system. (Body Temp)
![Page 72: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Fig. 3.4, p. 51
Rate of metabolicchemical reactions
Heat inputfrom sun andmetabolism Heat loss
from aircooling skin
Heat in body
Positive feedback loop
Bloodtemperature inhypothalamus
Excess temperatureperceived by brain
Sweat productionby skin
Negative feedback loop
![Page 73: Ecosystem: a particular location whose interacting components include living (biotic) and non living (abiotic) components Environmental Science study.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697c00c1a28abf838cc8f2d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Synergistic Interaction - two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater that the sum of the two parts.
Environmental
Scientists attempt to identify both harmful and beneficial synergisms so that we can:
1. counter harmful ones2. promote beneficial
ones