UNIT 8. PRIMARY SECTOR.

Agriculture, livestock, fishery and forestry.

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COMPACT RURAL SETTLEMENT.

In such settlements,

houses are built close to

each other. They

generally develop close

to a railway station, a

road, a well, a quarry or an industrial site.

2

SCATTERED RURAL SETTLEMENT

In such settlements,

houses or the individual

farmhouses are isolated

or scattered and are

located away from each

other. They develop

mostly in the plateau, forested or hilly areas.

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AGRICULTURA DE ROZAS (SLASH AND BURN)

Slash-and-burn is an

agricultural technique that

involves the cutting and

burning of plants

in forests or woodlands to

create fields. It is subsistence

agriculture that typically uses

little technology.

Today the term slash-and-

burn is mainly associated

with tropical rain forests.

Slash-and-burn is used by

between 200 and 500 million

people worldwide. In 2004 it

was estimated that,

in Brazil alone, 500,000 small

farmers cleared an average of

one hectare of forest per year

each.4

RICE AGRICULTURE.

Rice cultivation is well-suited

to countries and regions with

low labor costs and high

rainfall, as it is labor-intensive

to cultivate and requires ample

water. However, rice can be

grown practically anywhere,

even on a steep hill or

mountain area with the use of

water-controlling terrace

systems.

The traditional method for

cultivating rice is flooding the

fields while, or after, setting

the young seedlings.

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Food consumption of rice by country – 2009(million metric ton of paddy equivalent)

World Total 531.6

China 156.3

India 123.5

Indonesia 45.3

Bangladesh 38.2

Vietnam 18.4

Philippines 17.0

Thailand 13.7

Japan 10.2

Burma 10.0

Brazil 10.0

6

MECHANIZED AGRICULTURE.

Features:

1. High investment.

2. Advanced techniques.

3. High productivity.

4. Planters, harvesters,

tractos, trucks, irrigation

techniques, fertilisers,

pesticides, genetic

engineering (seeds).

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GREENHOUSES

A greenhouse (also calleda glasshouse or a hothouse) is abuilding or complex inwhich plants are grown.Commercial glass greenhousesare often high tech productionfacilities for vegetables orflowers. The glass greenhousesare filled with equipment likescreening installations, heating,cooling, lighting and also maybe automatically controlled by acomputer to maximize potentialgrowth.

A greenhouse is a structuralbuilding with different types ofcovering materials, such asa glass or plastic

8

EXTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING.

The livestock grazes on large

pastures in the open air. The

productivity and capital

invested is lower than

intensive livestock farming.

cattle

sheeps

pigs

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INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING.

Intensive animal farming refers to the keeping of livestock at higher stocking densities . The main products of this industry are meat, milk and eggs for human consumption. Confinement at high stocking density is one part of a systematic effort to produce the highest output at the lowest cost. Confinement at high stocking density requires the use of antibiotics and pesticides to mitigate the spread of disease and pestilence exacerbated by these crowded living conditions

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CASH CROPS (CULTIVOS COMERCIALES).Large estates/plantations with

monocultures of cocoa, tea,

coffee, bananas, pineapples, etc.

These farms are owned by great

multinational companies. These

cash crops are mainly cultivated

in Central and South America,

Africa and Asia.

Cocoa

Coffee

Banana

Tea

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Soybean

Palm Oil

Rubber

sugarcane

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DEFORESTATIONDeforestation occurs for

many reasons: one is to

clear land to be used

as pasture for livestock and

plantations.

Large parts of the

Amazonian rainforest have

been deforestated to be

used as pastures for the

cattle and to plant soybean.

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FISHERYFishery is the industry of

catching, processing and

selling fish. A fishery may

involve the capture of wild

fish or raising fish

through fish

farming or aquaculture.

There are two types of

fishing: 1. coastal fishing

(near the coast, small boats, it

takes one or several days) and

2. off-shore fishing and deep-

sea fishing (it takes several

weeks or months, large boats,

freezer factory ships).

Coastalfishing

Fish farming 14

Large scale commercial

fishing boats are owned

by multinational

companies. Commercial

fishermen harvest a wide

variety of animals,

ranging

from tuna, cod, carp,

and salmon to shrimp, kr

ill, lobster,

clam, squid, and crab.

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