Economics to support mastitis decisions
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Supporting farmers with mastitis decisions
Henk Hogeveen
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Who am I
Farm boy (dairy farm, 45 cows)
Animal science at Wageningen Univesity
●Epidemiology (simulation model of management around cystic ovaries)
●Economics (long term effect of herd health management programs)
PhD at Vet Medicine (AI programs to diagnose mastitis)
Working in field of animal health managementIn between Wageningen University and Faculty of Vet. Med.
●@henkhogeveen
●animal-health-management.blogspot.com
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Mastitis is …….
A welfare problem
A production problem
A nuisance to the farmers
An economic problem
Decision making is weighting these aspects and choose that option that gives the highest fulfillment of goals
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What to expect?
Mastitis from an economic perspective
Costs of mastitis
●Farmers own estimation
Benefits of improved management
Economics as motivator
Conclusions
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Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Dairy farm
After: McInerney, 1996
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Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
Satis-faction
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Other inputCapitalLabourLand
OutputFresh milkCheeseDeserts……
Dairy farm Dairy processor Consumption
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Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
Satis-faction
Mastitis
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Other inputCapitalLabourLand
OutputFresh milkCheeseDeserts……
Dairy farm Dairy processor Consumption
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Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
Satis-faction
Mastitis
1. Lower efficiency
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Other inputCapitalLabourLand
OutputFresh milkCheeseDeserts……
Dairy farm Dairy processor Consumption
![Page 9: Economics to support mastitis decisions](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554aadceb4c905df668b522b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
Satis-faction
Mastitis
1. Lower efficiency2. Lower suitability for processing
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Other inputCapitalLabourLand
OutputFresh milkCheeseDeserts……
Dairy farm Dairy processor Consumption
![Page 10: Economics to support mastitis decisions](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554aadceb4c905df668b522b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
Satis-faction
Mastitis
1. Lower efficiency2. Lower suitability for processing3. Less satisfaction
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Other inputCapitalLabourLand
OutputFresh milkCheeseDeserts……
Dairy farm Dairy processor Consumption
![Page 11: Economics to support mastitis decisions](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052522/554aadceb4c905df668b522b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Economics of mastitis
InputCapital Buildings Equipment Feedstuffs Health care …..
LabourLand
Satis-faction
Mastitis
1. Lower efficiency2. Lower suitability for processing3. Less satisfaction4. Lower societal value
OutputMain product Milk
Side products Calves Meat …..
Other inputCapitalLabourLand
OutputFresh milkCheeseDeserts……
Dairy farm Dairy processor Consumption
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Effects
Lower efficiency
Lower suitability for processing
Less satisfaction
Lower societal value
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What to expect?
Mastitis from an economic perspective
Costs of mastitis
●Farmers own estimation
Benefits of improved management
Economics as motivator
Conclusions
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Recent literature (€)
Bar
2012
Halasa
2009
Hagnestam-Nielsen
2009
Huijps
2008
Level Cow Cow Cow-year Cow
Milk production losses - 11 78 36
Labour - 11 - 4
Treatment - 14 - 15
Culling - 46 - 22
Death - 0 - 0
Veterinarian - 2 - 1
Milk quality - 0 - 0
Materials - 0 - 0
Diagnostics - 0 - 0
Total 61 84 97 78
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Spain (€)
Spain
2012
Spain 2012 Huijps
2008
Level Herd (150) Cow Cow
Milk production losses 21,344 143 36
Labour 878 6 4
Treatment 13,280 89 15
Culling 3,040 20 22
Death - - 0
Veterinarian 120 1 1
Milk quality 0 - 0
Materials 0 - 0
Diagnostics 0 - 0
Total 38,661 258 78
Using tool: www.bec.wur.nl -> research -> decision support tools
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Differences
Netherlands Spain
Incidence clin mastitis (cases/100 cows/year 30 78
Costs milk prod. losses (€/kg) 0.12 0.27
BMSCC (*1,000 cells/ml) 220 230
Visit costs (€/visit) 20 20
Drug costs (€/treatment) 20 60
Value labour (€/hour) 18 10
Culling costs (€/culled case) 480 380
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Research
Default cost calculations
●Based on literature and expertise
●Clinical mastitis: Yearly incidence
●Subclinical mastitis: Bulk milk somatic cell count
●Conservative estimations
Data collection
●64 dairy farms
●Data entry at “open farm days”
●Assistance from researcher
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Theory vs practise (€/cow/year)
DefaultMean Low High
Production losses subclinical 16 36 6.8 72.4
Production losses clinical 23 10 2.5 22
Veterinarian (€/cow/year) 0.3 0.6 0 2.5
Drugs 6 10.6 3.5 26.7
Discarded milk 9 7.9 2.5 17.9
Culling 22 17.9 0 46
Penalties 0 0.30 0 2.4
Labor 4 3.8 0 15
Total economic losses 81 78 31.4 153.8
Farm specific
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What’s behind this
Default Mean Low High
Costs milk prod. losses (€/kg) 0.12 0.07 0.03 0.10
Visit costs (€/visit) 20 24 0 67.8
Drug costs (€/treatment) 20 33 17.5 73.5
Value labour (€/hour) 18 19 0 30
Culling costs (€/culled case) 480 383 0 750
Farm specific
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Real vs expected costs (n=64)
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Expected costs (€ per cow)
Rea
l co
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(€/c
ow
)
5 good estimators
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Too high estimation
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Expected costs (€ per cow)
Rea
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(€/c
ow
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13 over estimators
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Too low estimation
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Expected costs (€ per cow)
Rea
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(€/c
ow
)
46 under estimators!!!!!
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What to expect?
Mastitis from an economic perspective
Costs of mastitis
●Farmers own estimation
Benefits of improved management
Economics as motivator
Conclusions
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Prevention
Effectiveness of management is important to know
●Lack of clinical trials
●Only on treatments (AB, dipping, etc.)
●Based on expertise estimates have been made (Huijps et al., 2010).
●Underestimation of effectiveness by veterinarians?
●Preventive programs do work (Green et al., 2009)
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Costs of mastitis, prevention
Half definition until now
Definition of costs of an animal disease (McInerny et al., 1992):
Costs = Losses + Expenditures
●Loss : Benefit taken away (milk production, culling)
●Expenditures : Extra input into livestock production (treatment and preventive measures)
My definition
●Failure costs: Costs associated with occurrence of mastitis
●Preventive costs: Costs associated with prevention
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IntroductionFailure
Costs
Preventive costs
Optimal prevention
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Study into total costs of mastitis on Dutch dairy farms
Questionaire dataset of 189 farms (Santman-Berends et al., 2011)
●General questions
●Livestock management
●Lactating cows
●Milking process
●Feed
Pathogens and clinical mastitis on 120 farms
MPR data
Calculations of failure costs clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis
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Preventive measures
Cleaning cubicles
Cleaning lanes
Drying off
Pre-stripping
Clean dirty udders
Milker gloves
Clean cluster after clinical case
Milk high SCC cow last
Post milking teat disinfection
Fixing cows after milking
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Total costs mastitis (€/cow)
Average 5% percentile
95% percentile
Clinical mastitis 62 16 151
Subclinical mastitis 14 9 21
Failure costs mastitis 76 26 164
Prevention costs 88 43 131
Costs of masitits 164 99 281
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Failure costs vs preventive costs
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What to expect?
Mastitis from an economic perspective
Costs of mastitis
●Farmers own estimation
Benefits of improved management
Economics as motivator
Conclusions
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Economics as motivator
Study to investigate (quantify) farmers motivative factors for a change in mastitis management
With special attention to bonus vs penalty system
Conjoint analysis, 100 farmers
●Systematically varying the motivation features in a questionnaire
●Measuring the preferences of the farmer
●Calculate preferences for individual features
Source: Valeeva et al., 2007
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Features of motivation
Are you motivated to change your mastitis management to decrease the BMSCC if:
● It leads to better cow health/welfare
●You will get a financial reward (bonus/penalty)
● 50 farmers question as bonus
● 50 farmers question as penalty
● It is easier to fulfill legal requirements
●Your pleasure in work increases
● It leads to lower economic losses
●You get recognition
●The quality of the dairy products are better
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Motivative factors
Premium (n = 40) Penalty (n = 43)
Job satisfaction 17.41a (1) 14.90agij (2)
Overall situation on the farm 15.81abc (2) 14.89bfhj (3)
Economic losses 14.23bdgj (3) 14.39abcehi(4)
Animal health and welfare consciousness 13.95cfgh (4) 14.51ck (5)
Ease in meeting regulatory requirements 12.45def (5) 9.59d (6)
Extra financial incentive based on bulk milk
SCC 11.35ehij (6) 16.43efgk (1)
Dairy product quality and image 8.63i (7) 8.66d (7)
Recognition for a job well done 6.13 (8) 6.63 (8)
Total 100.00 100.00
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Clusters
3 clusters could be distinguished
●Farmers motivated by Premium/penalties
●Farmers motivated by an Efficient (well-organized farm) that easily complies with regulations
●Farmers motivated by basic economics
No relation between cluster and other variables
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There is more than economics
Attitude explains mastitis situation (Jansen et al., 2009)
Campaigns do have an influence (Jansen et al., 2010)
Cost factors are not regarded as being equal (Huijps et al, 2009)
Sometimes farmers behave irrational (Huijps et al., 2010)
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What to expect?
Mastitis from an economic perspective
Costs of mastitis
●Farmers own estimation
Benefits of improved management
Economics as motivator
Conclusions
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Economics to support decisions
Mastitis costs money
●Most expensive cattle disease present
●Many new studies; failure costs:€ 80-100/cow/year)
●Spain € 258/cow/year ??
●Total costs (including prevention) is much higher
●Differences and underestimation between farmers -> farm specific calculations
Decision support is weighing costs of prevention vs reduction of failure costs
●That is up to you, veterinarians!!!
●Tool on www.bec.wur.nl -> research -> decision support tools
More than only money to motivate farmers
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Thank you for your attention