msa008 Economic Reforms in India since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked? by Montek S. Ahluwalia
Economic reforms 1991
-
Upload
pranav-krishna -
Category
Economy & Finance
-
view
131 -
download
2
Transcript of Economic reforms 1991
![Page 1: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Economic Reforms
since
1991
![Page 2: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction:July 1991,India has taken a series of
measures to structure the economy and improve the BOP position. The new economic policy introduced changes in several areas.
The policy have salient feature which are: -
1.Liberlisation (internal and external)
2.Extending Privatization 3.Globalisation of the economy Which are known as “LPG”.
(libearlisation, privatisation, globalisation)
2
![Page 3: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Economic Reforms in India
![Page 4: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Meaning of Economic Reform: The term economic reform
broadly indicates necessary structural adjustments to external events. It include the function of country’s spending to the level parallel to its income and thereby reducing fiscal deficits.
This requires gradual reduction in import and increase in export. These adjustments also requires market change in order to make economy flexible.
![Page 5: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
New Economic Policy
![Page 6: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
New Economic policy: A new plan in action by the
government to influence production and capital formation of a country is known as NEP.
NEP-New economic policy It was started in the year 1991. Major effects of NEP were done
by P.V.Narasimhan & Manmohan Singh.
![Page 7: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Reasons for implementing NEP: There were poor performance of
public sector. The scope for private sector was
limited. There were sudden fall in Foreign
Exchange Reserves(FER). There were more expenditure
than incoming. International investors were not
encouraged by government. Tax notes were very high so
people started evading taxes.
![Page 8: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Main Features Of Economic Reforms
ECONOMIC REFORMS
LIBERALISATION
PRIVATISATION
GLOBALISATION
![Page 9: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
WHAT IS LIBERALIZATION?
![Page 10: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Liberalisation: Free from direct or physical control
by the government in the way of trade is known as liberalisation.
Before 1991 the were some controls of Govt. they are:
Industrial licensing system was a rigid process.
They were controlling the price. Import licensing. Restrictions on investment.
![Page 11: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Economic reforms under Liberalization:
There were four reforms under liberalization:
Industrial reforms Financial reforms Fiscal reforms External reforms
![Page 12: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Industrial reforms: Abolition of licensing except some
products like cigar etc. Contradiction to public sector i.e.
number of items produced by public sector were reduced.
Govt. given freedom to import capital. Dereservation of production units. Producer’s given freedom to what to
produce & how much to produce.
![Page 13: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Financial reforms: R.B.I was turned into felicilitator. Due to this dramatically change
the banking sector of the country had expanded a lot.
It also allowed Foreign Institutional Investors(FII) to invest money in Indian market.
![Page 14: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fiscal reforms: It relates to total revenue and
total expenditure of government. Before liberalisation, the taxes
were very high & this encouraged tax evasion by the people.
After Liberalisation, taxes were reduced.
The procedure for paying taxes was simplified.
Non-planned expenditure by the Govt. was reduced
![Page 15: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
External reforms: Foreign exchange reserves: In 1991, Devaluation of rupee so by this
foreign countries can buy Indian good. This provided good flow of trade. At presently, exchange rate is determined by
supply & demand in international market. Foreign trade policy: Abolition of import licensing except for some
cases. Quantitative restrictions were removed. Tariff restrictions were moderated. Export duties has withdrawn.
![Page 16: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Advantages of liberalization Industrial licensing Increase the foreign investment. Increase the foreign exchange
reserve. Increase in consumption and
Control over price. Check on corruption. Reduction in dependence on
external commercial borrowings
16
![Page 17: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Disadvantages of Liberalization
Increase in unemployment. Loss to domestic units. Increase dependence on
foreign nations Unbalanced development
17
![Page 18: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
whatis
Privatization
![Page 19: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Privatisation:
Privatisation is defined as the transfer of function, activity or organization from the public sector to private sector.
Two ways for Privatisation:1) Sale of public sector units to
private sector.2) With drawl of public sector
units-joint.
![Page 20: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Objectives ofPrivatisation To increase efficiency &
competitive power of the enterprises
To strengthen industrial management.
To earn more & more Foreign currency.
To make optimum use of resources
To achieve rapid industrial development of the country.
![Page 21: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mesures Adopted For Privatisation
Contraction of Public sector Disinvestment Sale of shares of public
enterprises Increase in private sector Conversion of loans into shares
is not necessary Sick industries Memorandum of understanding
![Page 22: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Advantages of Privatisation:
Reduction in economic burden Increase in efficiency Reduction in sense of
irresponsibility Scientific Management Reduction in Political
Interference Encouragement of new
Inventions
![Page 23: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Disadvantages of Privatization
Industrial sickness. Lack of welfare. Class struggle. Increase in inequality Opposition by employees. Problem of financing. Increase in unemployment. Ignores the weaker sections. Ignores the national
importance
![Page 24: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Public sector reforms The reforms introduced to support
public sector units are: Introduction of some awards like: Navaratnas E.g: BPCL,MTNL,Etc. Maharatnas E.g: CIL, ONGC, Etc. Miniratnas E.g: BSNL, ITDCL, Etc.
![Page 25: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
World Trade Organization: The World Trade
Organization (WTO) is a large international organization to regulate trade that was established in 1995.
As of 15 December, 2005, there were 153 member countries. In the WTO, agreements are made on trade between countries.
![Page 26: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Established: 1st January 1995.Created by: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94).Budget: 185 million Swiss francs for 2008.Secretariat staff: 625. Head: Pascal Lamy (Director-General).Membership: Countries on map. 153 countries (on 23 July 2008).New member: Ukraine
![Page 27: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The primary aim of WTO is to implement the new world trade agreement.
To promote multilateral trade . To promote free trade by abolishing tariff
& non-tariff barriers. To enhance competitiveness among all
trading partners so as to benefit consumers.
To increase the level of production & productivity with a view to increase the level of employment in the world.
To expand & utilize world resources in the most optimum manner.
To improve the level of living for the global population & speed up economic development of the member nations.
To take special steps for the development of poorest nations.
Objectives of WTO:
![Page 28: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Freer trade cuts the cost of living•It gives consumers more choice, & a broader range of qualities to choose from.•Trade raises incomes.• Trade stimulates economic growth, & that can be good news for employment• The basic principles make the system economically more efficient, & they cut costs.• The system allows disputes to be handled constructively.• A system based on rules rather than power makes life easier for all.
Advantages of WTO:
![Page 29: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Disadvantages of WTO•The WTO dictates policy•The WTO is for free trade at any cost•The WTO destroys jobs, worsens poverty•Small countries are powerless in the WTO•Weaker countries are forced to join the WTO•The WTO is the tool of powerful lobbies•Non-tariff barriers•Competition
![Page 30: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What is
![Page 31: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Globalisation:It is defined as a process associated with increasing openness, growing economic independence and Deeping economic integration in the world economy.
Reduction of trade barriers Free flow of capital Free flow of technology Free movement of technology
![Page 32: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Outsourcing: It is a system of hiring business services
from the outside world is known as Outsourcing.
Advantages of outsourcing:1) Easy availability of cheap labour2) Reasonable degree of skill3) Virgin market4) Lack of competitive competitors5) Cheap and abundant availability of raw
material6) Revolutionary growth of I.T industry in
India
![Page 33: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Positive Effects of Globalisation: Adoption of new & flexible production
methods. Reconstruction of production & Trade
patterns. Raise of Foreign capital. Qualitative improvement in the country. Rise in the generation of employment. Rise in Banking and Foreign sector
efficiency. Increase in the technology.
![Page 34: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Loss of domestic industriesExploits Human resourceDecline in incomeUnemploymentTransfer of natural resourcesLead to commercial and
political colonismWidening gap between rich
and poorDominance of foreign
institutions34
Negative Effects of Globalisation
![Page 35: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Positive Effects Of NEP:
Impressive increase in growth rate of GDP. I.T industry has achieved global
recognition. Increase in the Govt. revenue i.e. increase
in national income. Increase in foreign exchange reserves. Flow of private & foreign investment. Recognition of India as an emerging power. Shift from monopoly market to competitive
market. Decline in poverty
![Page 36: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Negative Effects Of NEP: Neglect to agriculture. Urban concentration of growth
was high but neglected rural. Preference for handicraft were
low. There is cultural erosion in the
country. It is like economic colonization.
![Page 37: Economic reforms 1991](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062503/58f155a01a28abf4538b4605/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
DONE BY
PRANAV KRISHNA
Thank you