• How can it be fixed, and by what or whom?

• What is the government’s role during times of economic downturn?

*Two opposing theories existed on the causes of and remedies for economic depression that affected governments’ behaviours during and after the Great Depression:

*The theories of John Maynard Keynes (canes) and Friedrich August Hayek (hi-ek)

*They recently worked through their differences in a rap battle!

Keynes Hayek

*Make a t-chart to compare the theories of Keynes and Hayek

*Read the curriculum handout about economic theories and principles surrounding the Great Depression in Canada and answer the following:

*Which economic school of thought would each economist belong to?

*Theories are reform liberal

*Economy driven by aggregate demand (total demand for goods and services in the economy at a given time and price level)

*Government should intervene when the economy is in a downturn, taking actions such as cutting taxes, subsidizing housing, or lowering interest rates so people can have access to spending money. SPEND, SPEND, SPEND! It’s the only way to increase demand!

*Giving people the power to buy will multiply that invested money in the economy (multiplier effect)

*WARNING from Keynes: If money being saved is greater than what is being invested – which happens when interest rates are too high – unemployment will rise

*Theories are classical liberal

*The “invisible hand” (coined by Adam Smith) of the free market will prevent and cure economic cycles

*This is called “laissez-faire” economics (“let it be”)

*Government should not control the money supply

*Unnatural adjustments of interest rates artificially displace capital (money)

*“easy money” causes people to change their normal spending habits, and leads to inflation

*WARNING from Hayek: Socialism (what he believed to Keynesian economics) requires central economic planning and that will lead to totalitarianism

*The government will control our social lives!

*Despite his laissez-faire beliefs, Hayek did believe that wealthy nations should provide a safety net without endangering freedom – basic food/shelter/clothing

*Because provincial and municipal gov’ts were already in debt from expanding infrastructure and education during the 1920s, economic improvement became the responsibility of the feds

*Mackenzie King was PM when the depression began, and he refused to provide aid to the provinces, and only made minor relief efforts (classical liberalism)

Relieve yourselves, you bums!

*R.B. Bennett’s Conservatives won the 1930 election, and Bennett also initially refused to offer large-scale relief to the provinces

*Bennett advocated for high import tariffs and large-scale gov’t spending as remedies

*He eventually was forced to offer some relief to the unemployed

*His make-work programs and system of unemployment aid got too large and he had to severely cut back federal spending – this deepened the depression because gov’t employees were laid off and make-work projects stopped

*It wasn’t until Bennett was in danger of losing the 1935 election that he came up with a “new deal,” based on US president Roosevelt’s “New Deal”

*Bennett did a series of radio announcements promising the following changes:

*Minimum wage

*Fair treatment for employees

*Marketing boards for farm products

*Trade commission to stop price-fixing by businesses

*Unemployment insurance

*Limited working hours

*Health insurance

Woah! Please don’t fire me! I’m sorry for not helping you out. Let’s make a new deal. I was going to propose this earlier. Seriously!

*Despite the “new deal,” Bennett was defeated in the 1935 election by his predecessor, Mackenzie King.

*King lowered tariffs and signed a new trade agreement with the US, but largely believed in laissez-faire economics

*His main goal was to balance the budget but cutting gov’t spending

*To save $, King closed down relief camps and cut aid to the provinces

*After studying economics, however, King decided to become more interventionist and spend more $ to get the economy going

*Regardless, King pretty much just waited the depression out

*The depression officially ended with the start of WWII in 1939