Ecology Workbook 1June 2015

Ecological Worksheet Pyramid Worksheet

1) Decreases

2) 10%

3) Heat, Respiration, Wastes

4) 2nd

5) Energy emitted from the sun never returns back to the sun

6) Dry weight/mass of living things

7) Biomass = dry mass; Numbers = actual counts

8) Because there is a 90% loss of energy/biomass at each step, so by the time tertiary or quaternary consumers get to eat, there isnt much food left

9) There has to be more herbivores than carnivores because there has to be more energy at the trophic level that is being fed on than in the one doing the eating because of how much energy is lost between levels.

10) The trophic level above always has less energy compared to the one below it.

11)

ProducerGrass

Primary Consumer

Grasshopper

Secondary ConsumerChicken

Tertiary Consum

er Hawk

Growing Bacteria answers P. 20

Carrying Capacity answers P. 21

1. The number is increasing so rapidly in area A because there are favorable conditions for pollination…lots of male and female trees close together, good weather, lots of water and sunshine, lots of insect pollinators…

2. Fluctuations in section C are due to slight increases and decreases in population number due to DD factors that limit growth

3. B represents the Carrying Capacity of the area for Jack Pines

4. The average growth rate (net) in C is Zero (0)

5. Growth is slow at first, while numbers that can breed are low. Next there is a period of rapid population growth where many trees are reproducing at a very fast rate. Finally, when the population reaches the carrying capacity, the reproductive rate slows again such that the net growth = 0

6. The numbers of trees in the area would decrease . The graph would curve downwards in a “crash”. After a period of adjustment, the numbers will again begin to increase and the graph will turn to J shaped again.

7. Numbers of trees would decrease as the area is logged, but at a slower rate than if a forest fire wiped them out all at once

1.

2. Large increase in deer could be due to them having lots of food, mild weather and low numbers of predators like wolves.

3. The deer population may have decreased because of high numbers of wolves, high numbers of deer competing for the same resources, deer hunting season, harsh weather, natural disaster (flood etc)

4. The wolf population was high because there were lots of deer for food.

5. The relationship between wolves and deer is related/correlated. When deer increase in number, so do wolves, and visa versa.

6. By extrapolation/estimated, there would be approx. 5000 deer and 33 wolves

7. Yes or No. Yes, if there are too many wolves, they could prey on domestic animals like cattle. No, they are following the natural course of their population cycle.

8.

A. decrease

B. increase

C. decrease

D. decrease

E. increase

9. Hunting and trapping limits are calculated based on how many animals can be killed without putting the population in danger of crashing to low numbers or extinction. So when deer populations are high, then hunting limits can also be high.

Limiting Factors p. 25/26

1. DD – The larger the population, the larger the impact of the factor

DI – the factor operates to its full extent no matter how big the population is

2.a. DD (competition)

b. DD (predation)

c. DI (weather)

D. DI (natural disaster)

E. DD (stress, disease, competition, lack of food,water, shelter, jobs)

F. DD (predation)

G. DI (natural disaster)

H. DD (overcrowding – lack of….)

I. DD (overcrowding - disease)

J. DI (severe weather)

K. DD (no predators)

L. DD (competition)

M. DI (severe weather)

1. December = 2

2. January = 900

3. 400 000

4. 1 800 000 000

5. At first the population needs time to adjust. There are only a few males and females to mate in the beginning and many more later on.

6. Things flies compete with are dogs, humans, other insects, bacteria

7. Factors that changed when the window was opened include temperature, other insects came in, some flies flew away

8. DD factors: food, water, space, predators, disease, overcrowding, stress

9. DI factor: Temperature

10. Drought is DI. It causes a reduction in food supply regardless of how many individuals are in the population

11. Competition is DD. The more individuals, the more competition for food, water, space, etc.

Answers to p 43+44

1. 15-19 Males: 3.5% Females: 3.3%

2. 35-39 Females 4.5%

3. 30-39

4. Males: 49.2% Females: 51.1%

5. Males: 5.3% Females: 7.1%

The % of females over 65 is greater than the % of males because females have a longer life expectancy

6(a) increasing (b) decreasing or stable

(c) Females are having less babies in 1996 than they were in 1961

Ecology Workbook 2June 2015

Worksheet page 9

Photosynthesis:

Reactants Products

Chem. Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sunlight Carbohydrate + Oxygen

Word Equation: CO2 + H2O + Sun C6H12O6 + O2

Respiration:

Chem. Eq: Carbohydrate + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Cell Energy

Word Eq: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Cell Energy

Worksheet page 9 continued

Statement Photosynthesis

Respiration

Occurs in plants only

Yes

Occurs in all living things

Yes

Occurs in chloroplasts

Yes

Occurs in mitochondria

Yes

Uses sunlight Yes

Produces cellular energy

Yes

Part of carbon cycle

Yes Yes

1. Process Carbon Source or Carbon Sink???Forest Fires  Source

Decomposition SourceRespiration Source

Photosynthesis Sink Sedimentation Sink 

Diffusing into Ocean Sink Erosion Source

Diffusing out of Ocean SourceDriving cars Source

Factory Emissions SourceErupting Volcano Source

Making limestone rocks Sink Fossil fuel trapped beneath the Earth Sink 

Clams making their shells Sink Planting trees/Reforestation Sink Dead stuff that isn’t decaying Sink 

Burning Fossil Fuels Source

2. Carbon and Climate are related: increased CO2 in atmosphere = increased greenhouse effect = increased warming = climate change

3. In the carboniferous period, tons of dead organic matter was trapped and then compressed (it did not decay). The compressed organic matter was converted to fossil fuels.

4. If no sunlight – less photosynthesis – increased death of organisms – increased decay – increased CO2 in atmosphere – climate change

5. What can we do – reduce, reuse, recycle, use energy efficient devices, car pool, mass transit, ride a bike, plant trees, use alternative energy sources (not fossil fuels)

Carbon Cycle Diagram:

Photosynthesis by Plants=2, Death and Decay of Organisms=7,

Animals eat Plants= 3, Fossil Fuel= 5, Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide= 1

Carbon Dioxide released by Respiration= 4, Carbon Dioxide released by combustion= 6

Questions of the Nitrogen CycleQuestion #1

Decompostion =C

Assimilation (Animals)= B

Assimilation (Plants)= F

Nitrification= E

Nitrogen Fixation= A

Denitrification= G

Ammonification=D

Question #2

No, But it can be fixed to be usable by Producers and Consumers.

#3 Nitrogen Conversion

N2 Nitrogen

NH4+ Ammonification

NO2- Nitrite

NO3- Nitrate

#4 Four Main Conversions

Nitrogen Fixation The production of soluble nitrogenous compounds.

Nitrogen is fixed in 3 ways:

1. By nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil or water

2. By nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in roots of legumes (a type of plant)

3. By lightning

N2

#4 Four Main Conversions

Ammonification The production of Ammonium ions

This is done by special ammonifying bacteria in soil and water

It is part of the decompostion process occuring on animal wastes (urine and feces) and on dead organisms

1. NH4

#4 Four Main Conversions Nitrification

Nitrate ions are produced when:

1. Ammonium is converted to nitrite and then to nitrate.

2. nitrogen gas is converted to nitrate.

This is done by nitrifying soil or water bacteria

Nitrate is the form of nitrogen that is easiest for plants to use. It easily dissolves in water.Plants absorb it from the soil.

NO2- NO3

-

#4 Four Main Conversions DeNitrification

Occurs when denitrifying soil or water bacteria convert ammonia, nitrite, or nitrate back to nitrogen gas.

Nitrogen gas is released into the atmosphere.

N2

#4 Four Main Conversions Nitrification

Nitrate ions are produced when:

1. Ammonium is converted to nitrite and then to nitrate.

2. nitrogen gas is converted to nitrate.

This is done by nitrifying soil or water bacteria

Nitrate is the form of nitrogen that is easiest for plants to use. It easily dissolves in water.Plants absorb it from the soil.

NO2- NO3

-

#4 Four Main Conversions Nitrification

Nitrate ions are produced when:

1. Ammonium is converted to nitrite and then to nitrate.

2. nitrogen gas is converted to nitrate.

This is done by nitrifying soil or water bacteria

Nitrate is the form of nitrogen that is easiest for plants to use. It easily dissolves in water.Plants absorb it from the soil.

NO2- NO3

-

#5 Nitrogen Fixing

Nitrogen is fixed in 3 ways:

1. By nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil or water

2. By nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in roots of legumes (a type of plant)

3. By lightning

#7 Nitrogen get into Animals

-Plants can absorb soluble Nitrogen from the soil when it is in the form of Nitrate, Nitrite or Ammonium.

#6 Nitrogen get into Plants

-Animals get their nitrogen by eating plants

#8 Nitrogen get into DecomposersDecomposers get their nitrogen by decomposing dead organic matter

#10 Three Types of Bacteria

Nitrogen Fixing ,Nitrifying, Ammonifying, Denitrifying

- Bacteria are involved in the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria that produce usable forms of Nitrogen.

#9 What type of organisms

#11 Three types of LegumesPeas, beans, lentils, soybeans, alfalfa, clover.

Have special swellings on their roots called nodules, that provide homes to certain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

#13 How does Nitrogen that is fixed get into land.

The usable forms of nitrogen are soluble (dissolve) in water

Nitrogen can be found in the atmosphere (78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen gas), soil, water and in living things.

#12 Two Places where nitrogen cycle occurs

Matching Nutrient Terms Answers

Both are part of the Nitrogen CycleBoth involve NitrogenBoth involve Bacteria

Both are chemical reactionsBoth occur in soil and water

Reverse processesBoth involve nitrogen changing form

Both required to complete the loop/cycleBoth required to keep the balance for a healthy ecosystem

Nitrification Denitrification

Produces Nitrates/Nitrites Produces Nitrogen gasInvolves Nitrifying Bacteria Involves Denitrifying BacteriaPlants can use the products Plants can not use the productAdds Nitrogen to soil/water Subtracts Nitrogen from soil/water Subtracts Nitrogen from air Adds Nitrogen to air

COMPARE AND CONTRAST