Ecology The interaction of an organism and its environment.
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Transcript of Ecology The interaction of an organism and its environment.
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Ecology
The interaction of an organism and its environment
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Biology is multidimensional
CellTissueOrgan
Organ SystemOrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystem
This array is an example of what dimension?Levels of Organization
What fields of biology are at each extreme?Biochemistry and Biophysics
In this course our focus will be upon…The Plant!
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Ecosphere
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What is the white mass at the top?
What is the big green-brown body in the upper half?
What season is it in Connecticut?
What are the white swirls?
Where is the equator?
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Biome: deciduous forest biome
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What is one source for the water?
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Ecosystems: forest, riverine, old field, disturbed
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Forest ecosystem: a community of trees
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What are the different colors and shapes?What are we not seeing without a closer look?
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Forest Community: What do producer, consumer, decomposer mean?
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Population of trees--OK only if ONE species? Is that valid?
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Organism: one tree
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Why is this one tree so
different from those
individuals in the previous
picture?
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Organ System: branch with stem, buds, petioles, leaves
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Organ: one leaf
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Tissues: epidermis, palisade and spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem
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epidermiswindow, lens
palisade mesophyllphotosynthesis
xylemwater and mineral intake
phloemsugar and amino acid export
spongy mesophyllevaporative cooling (photosynthesis)
epidermisregulates water loss and gas exchange
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Cell: a mesophyll protoplast (Cell wall was digested off by cellulase)
http://www.botany.wisc.edu/images/mesophyll-protoplast_lg.jpg
cell membraneimport/export
chloroplastphotosynthesis
cytosolfermentation glycolysis
vacuoletoxic waste processing
nucleustranscriptionreplication
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Organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, mitochondrion, oleosome
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endoplasmic reticulum
internal transport
nucleustranscription, replication
mitochondrionrespiration
zymogen granule enzyme protein storage
and secretion compartment
DNA
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Macromolecular: DNA
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ribose sugar(green white)
phosphate(yellow red)
nitrogenous bases(blue green white red)
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Environmental Requirements For Plants
Water (H2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Sunlight and Heat
Minerals (most from soil)
Macroelements (above plus:)
N=nitrogen P=phosphorus K=potassium
Ca=calcium Mg=magnesium
Fe=iron S=sulfur
Microelements (enzyme cofactors)
Co Mn Cu Zn Si Mo B Al Cl
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Forest Community Trophic Levels: What do producer, consumer, decomposer mean?
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Food Web and Trophic Pyramid
2° Carnivores 10 kcal m-2 yr-1
1° Carnivores 400HerbivoresHerbivores 4,000Producers 21,000
energy processed
Energy lost at each transition and with “life cost” at each level
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Food Web and Trophic Pyramid
1° Carnivores 0.1 g DW m-2
HerbivoresHerbivores 0.6Producers 470.0
biomass
plants outweigh all consumers combined!
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Food Web and Trophic Pyramid
ZooplanktonZooplankton 21g DW m-2
Phytoplankton 4
biomassWhich trophic level has the higher rates of growth and/or reproduction?
What happens if I use “weed and feed” on my lawn?
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Food Web and Trophic Pyramid
2° Carnivores1° CarnivoresHerbivoresHerbivoresProducers
population size
This might be expected for a grasslands ecosystem
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Food Web and Trophic Pyramid
2° Carnivores1° CarnivoresHerbivoresHerbivoresProducer
population size
This might be expected for a tropical single-tree ecosystem
What is the compensating factor making this stable?
If the tree is unique in a very diverse tropical rainforest, if the associated species have obligate relationships, what happens if we “harvest” this one tree?
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Spirodela http://www.univ-ubs.fr/ecologie/Photos/lemna.jpg
Lemna http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Lemna_graphics_New/L_gibba2.jpg
Competition:
Spirodela is excluded by Lemna when grown together
Did/Will you observe competitive exclusion in the arboretum?
Allelopathy: chemical inhibition of other organisms nearby.
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Symbiosis: Mutualism
Legume - Rhizobium
Pollinator - Flowering plant
Ant - Acacia
Trees - Mycorrhizal fungi
Lichen
http://faculty.vassar.edu/suter/1websites/osawa/photography/images/lichenfoliose.jpg
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Symbiosis: Commensalism
Tree - Vitis labrusca
http://www.all-creatures.org/pica/ftshl-grape-24.jpg
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Symbiosis: Parasitism
Vitis labrusca - Phylloxera infestans
http://ohioline.osu.edu/b919/images/919_080.jpg
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Symbiosis: HerbivoryUngulate or Rodent - Plant
Opuntia - Cactoblastis cactorum - Cyclura rileyi
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http://www.oceanoasis.org/fieldguide/images/opun-lag-fruit-rebman.jpg
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Symbiosis: CarnivoryCarnivorous plant - Animal
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Succession: PrimaryPioneer Species colonizing rock, creating soil
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Succession: SecondarySuccessional Seres: Old Field going back to Forest
http://www.freewebs.com/kingsprovince/Old%20field.jpg
Is a Climax Community a valid concept? (Chestnut, Dogwood)
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Tropical Climate
The sun passes directly overhead for more days per year than anywhere else
Minimal photoperiod swings
The sun passes directly overhead only one day per year
Photoperiod swings
The sun fails to rise at least one day per year
Extreme photoperiod swings
Terrestrial Landmarks and Photoperiod Swings
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Effect of Latitude and Solar Incidence
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Effect of Latitude, Longitude (proximity to water)
How harsh is the winter in Willimantic, Connecticut?
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Effect of Latitude • The thin white line around the earth is its atmosphere!
• Air pockets called “cells” have the circulation indicated by arrows.
• ArrowsArrows coming down indicate high pressure, less precipitation.
• ArrowsArrows pointing outward indicate low pressure, and high precipitation.
• Pattern repeated in Southern Hemisphere (not shown)
L
westerlies
horse latitudesSE trade winds
NE trade winds
equatorial doldrums
westerlieshorse latitudes
30°N
30°S
0°
H
LH
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Effect of Elevation
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Biomes on Earth
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Biome Temperature Precipitation Key Plants Other Features
Rainforest High HighBroadleaf evergreen trees, epiphytes, lianas (vines)
The soils are infertile and the species diversity is very high
Savannas and Deciduous
Tropical ForestHigh
Seasonal Drought
Grasslands with scattered broadleaf deciduous shrubs
and trees
Periodic fire is common, C4 photosynthesis
Desert HighLow but a
"wet" seasonSucculents and some annual
herbs
Small/no leaves, thick waxy cuticles, hairy epidermi, CAM
photosynthesis
Grasslands Temperate Moderate LowPerennial bunch and sod
grassesLand exploited for crops
Temperate deciduous
forestTemperate Moderate Even
Deciduous trees and perennial herbs
Obvious herbaceous plants vary with season
Temperate mixed and
conifer forestsModerate Moderate
Mixtures of broadleaf and conifers
Transition between temperate and taiga, soils are infertile
Mediterranean scrub
Temperatemoist winter dry summer
Evergreen and summer deciduous trees and shrubs,
thicket/coppice
Also known as chaparral (NW) and maquis (OW)
Taiga Severe temperate Moderate Low Coniferous forestSoils are acid and infertile,
possible permafrost
Tundra Extreme temperate LowVery low shrubs, grasses,
lichens, herbs
Permafrost present in soil, much plant biomass is below
ground