Ecology Test Review

Empty slide to keep flashcards in order

What is the study of organisms and how they interact with each other and other organisms and their environment?

ECOLOGY

_______________ is the study human populations.

__Demography__ is the study human populations.

What is…

1. An organism?2. A species?3. A population?4. A community?5. An ecosystem?6. A Biome7. A Biosphere?

1. An organism? One member of a species

2. A species? An organism that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

3. A population? Group of organisms that belong to the same species in an area

4. A community? Group of different populations in an area

5. An ecosystem? Living and non-living things that interact in an area

6. A Biome? A community of ecosystems with the same characteristics such as climate

7. A Biosphere? Part of Earth that has life(above, on, below surface)

How are aquatic ecosystems classified?

How are aquatic ecosystems classified?By…DepthWater FlowTemperatureWater Chemistry

What is a microclimate?

What is a microclimate?A climate that exists over a small area

and different from the surrounding area and influenced by temperature

and precipitation.

Name the 5 factors that contribute to the Earth’s climate.

Name the 5 factors that contribute to the Earth’s climate.

1. Absorption of sun’s energy2. Heat transport3. Latitude4. Land masses5. Ocean currents

______ is where an organism lives and gets its needs met? (example: food, air, shelter, etc.)

Habitat is where an organism lives and gets its needs met? (example: food, air, shelter, etc.)

What is the difference between the PHOTIC Zone and the APHOTIC Zone?

PHOTIC Zone = Light present which can reach plant life (algae)APHOTIC Zone = No light

What is the difference between immigration and emigration?

Immigration = going into an area (can increase population numbers)Emigration = going out of an area (can decrease population numbers)

What is an invasive species?

Plants or animals that will reproduce rapidly when introduced to a new area.

Why do organisms need nutrients?

Why do organisms need nutrients? For all essential life functions!

What make their own food?

PRODUCERSAUTOTROPHS

GREEN PLANTS

How are green plants

similar tosulfur

bacteria deep in the

oceans?

They both produce

carbohydrates for food.

Green plants by photosynthesis and bacteria by chemosynthesis

___________ is the process that bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air into ammonia?

Nitrogen fixation is the process that bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air into ammonia?

__________ is when sulfur and nitrogen combine in smog (pollution) with water.

___Acid Rain_____ is when sulfur and nitrogen combine in smog (pollution) with water.

What need to find and eat food? (carnivore, herbivore, omnivore)

HeterotrophsConsumers

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore

Eats only meat

Eats only plants

Eats meat and plants

What digests and absorbs nutrients from decaying organisms?

(Mushrooms, Bacteria)

DECOMPOSERS

What is an organism that eats already dead animals?

Vultures & Hyenas

ScavengersVultures & Hyenas

_________ is an organism such as a worm that feeds on animal

and plant remains.

Detritivore is an organism such as a worm that feeds on animal

and plant remains.

What can be recycled in our biosphere and what cannot be recycled?

What can be recycled?MATTER

What cannot be recycled?ENERGY

What is this structure called?

Name and describe each trophic level.

How much energy is transferred from lower level to next?

What is this structure called? Biomass Pyramid or Energy Pyramid

Name and describe each level. See labels

How much energy is transferred from lower level to next? 10%

What is each of the levels called?

What is each of the levels called?TROPHIC LEVEL

When 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level, what happens to the other 90% of the energy?

Some is used for essential life processes like movement, growing, reproduction, etc. and some is used up as heat.

Find the calories available to the next higher level beginning with freshwater shrimp and going up to osprey.

How many calories does the Northern Pike need for its

daily living?

Divide by 10 each time you go to the next higher trophic level.

Northern Pike uses 9 calories for daily living.

Explain what this picture is demonstrating.

This picture is demonstrating that as you go higher on the biomass pyramid the concentration of DDT (pesticide) increases .

What is this called?

Food Chain

What is this called?

Why does the arrow point towards the consumer?

Food Web

Shows the transfer of energy from one organism into another.

Biotic factor means…

Abiotic factor means…

Biotic factor means…Living factors that affect the environment

Abiotic factor means…Non-living factors that affect the environment.

Name some types of biotic and abiotic factors will affect the size of a population in a specific ecosystem?

______________ is influenced by the average temperature and precipitation in a particular area.

CLIMATE is the average temperature and precipitation in a particular area.

What is the human factor?

A factor caused by human actions such as pollution, all trees cut

down, or global warming.

What would cause an increase in the atmospheric CO2 levels?

Increased burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, mining, volcano!

________ is your habitat plus your role in it (a relationship)

Mother/Child or Predator/Prey

Niche is your habitat plus your role in it (a relationship)

Mother/Child or Predator/Prey

Why can’t two species occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time?

Due to the Competitive Exclusion Principle

A___________ is 2 organisms that depend on each other (they have

a niche in a relationship)

A__SYMBIOSIS____ is 2 organisms that depend on each

other (they have a niche in a relationship)

___________ is when both organisms help each other (+/+)

Ex: Bee & FlowerShark & Remora fish

Lichen (algae/fungus)

_Mutualism__ is when both organisms help each other (+/+)

Ex: Bee & FlowerShark & Remora fish

Lichen (algae/fungus)

_______ is when one organism gets helped and the other not affected (+/0)

(harmed or helped)Ex: Bird nest/TreeBarnacle/Whale

_Commensalism_ is when one organism gets helped and the other not affected

(harmed or helped) (+/0)

Ex: Bird nest/TreeBarnacle/Whale

_________ is when one benefits (parasite) and one is harmed (host) but not necessarily

killed

(+/-)Ex: Tick (parasite)/Dog(host)

Mistletoe(parasite)/Deciduous Tree(host)

_Parasitism_ is when one benefits (parasite) and one is harmed (host) but not

necessarily killed

(+/-)Ex: Tick (parasite)/Dog(host)

Mistletoe(parasite)/Deciduous Tree(host)

What is predator vs. prey?

What is predator (lynx that kills) vs. prey (rabbit that gets killed)

________________________ is the maximum number of a particular species that can be supported by a specific environment.

__Carrying Capacity__ is the maximum number of a particular species that can be supported by a specific environment.

Be able to: explain what carrying capacity is, determine the carrying capacity of population, and explain what factors cause increases and decreases in a population.

Be able to describe each Biome: Tropical Rainforest

Tropical Rainforest:•Found along the equator

• Temperature, rainfall (250cm/yr), humidity

•Little humus and organic litter, poor soil.

•Very high biodiversity

Animal Adaptations

•Specialization among organisms

• biodiversity

Threats

•Deforestation - was 20% of Earth’s surface, now ONLY 7%

• Agriculture

Taiga

TAIGA

Taiga:•Northern coniferous forests just south of the Arctic Circle

•Long cold winter 6-10 months• Short growing seasons enhanced by constant sunlight.

•Snow precipitation

Plant Adaptations• Conifer leaves are thin and waxy to retain water

• Cones protect seeds

Animal Adaptations• High Biodiversity in the summer• Birds migrate south in winter• Animal fur is thick and insulated

Deserts

Deserts:•There are many kinds of deserts.

•< 25 cm rainfall per year•Soil is rich in minerals BUT little organic matter

•Rainshadow effect is when rain falls on the wind ward side of ___mountains__________•Dry air is swept over the leeward side

Plant Adaptations•Thick, fleshy stems with wax covering•Spines to protect against predators•Sudden growth spurts

Animal Adaptations•Estivation summer sleep•Nocturnal•Absorb water from food.

Threats•Increasing residential areas•Recreational vehicles

Tundra

Tundra:•_Permafrost__________ permanently frozen layer of ground

6 in below the surface •Dotted with pools of water lots of insects

•Treeless

Plant Adaptations•Mosses and lichen covered rocks•Short and woody plants•Reproduce quickly in brief summer

Animal Adaptations•Migratory birds•Reindeer and caribou move to find food•Small rodents burrow underground

Threats•Oil removal and transportation•Land easily damaged and slow to recover

Tropical Savannas

Tropical SavannasDry

Frequent firesGrassy and smaller trees

Africa

All that learning made this Bulldog tired!