Ecology is Lecture 17 4 questions from Lecture 17 will be on your final for this course
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Transcript of Ecology is Lecture 17 4 questions from Lecture 17 will be on your final for this course
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Ecology is Lecture 17 4 questions from Lecture 17 will be on your final for this course
Review material for Lecture 17 is listed in the Assignments section of my website.
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Ecology = Interactions of organisms with their environment and with other organisms
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Ecosystem = living (biotic) and nonliving components (abiotic) in a defined area.
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Marine tide poolsLakes and rivers
Desert
Rain Forest
Ecosystem examples
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Biotic (living) components
Abiotic (nonliving
components)
ECOSYSTEM Structure
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Soil Texture
Soil Temperature
Soil Water
Soil air (O2, CO2, N2, CH4)
Soil pH
Soil nutrients
Soil Ecosystem - the abiotic components
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Fungi Bacteria
Nematodes AnnelidsArthropods
Plants
Soil Ecosystem - the biotic
components
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Biotic Abiotic BIOGEOCHEMICAL
CYCLES
P
NC
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CARBON CYCLE – biogeochemical cyclePlant Structure Animal structure
DecomposersFossil fuels
CO2death
death
death
burn
eat
respire
respirephotosynthesis
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In 2009 the world will burn:
31 billion barrels of oil
6 billion tons of coal
100 trillion cubic feet of natural gas
This burning will produce 30 billion tons of excess carbon dioxide – CO2
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This burning will produce 30 billion tons of excess carbon dioxide – CO2
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Greenhouse: Light penetrates glass but heat is trapped by glass
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Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide
(CO2) trap reflected heat
Greenhouse gases
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Rising levels of CO2 appears to correspond to
changes in world temperature
But is rising level of CO2 the cause of
the increasing temperature?
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Does greenhouse effect melt glaciers? Glacier in Andes is shrinking at a rate of 509 feet per year
Qori Kalis glacier -1978 Qori Kalis glacier -2000
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Total CO2 20.23 tons
Transport 9.54 tons
Energy 3.99 tons
Waste 3.92 tons
Food 2.78 tons
Average CO2 production per person per year (U.S.)
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Nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied
to crops influences the nitrogen cycle
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Production of Nitrogen fertilizers in millions of tons of nitrogen 1
million
10 million
100 million
1900 1930 1960 1990
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Livestock such as cattle and pigs produce excess Nitrogen (N) in there waste which finds its way into rivers
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Excess nitrogen from farming collects in the Mississippi to Gulf of Mexico
Nitrogen causes algae blooms which deplete oxygen when algae die
Dead zone
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Underground aquifers are repositories of 20 % of all fresh water
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Nitrates move through soil and contaminates
aquifers
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Nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2
-) problem
Nitrite formation in
animals
Nitrate Fertilizer in soil
Nitrite Health issues
Forms methhemoglobin (no Oxygen)
Nitrite + amine (NH2) = nitrosamine = cancer??
Can antioxidants (veggies) neutralize effect of nitrite??
Nitrate in crop
plants
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Producers (Photosynthesis)
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Quaternary consumers
Decomposers
Trophic (feeding)
levels
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Quaternary consumer 10 lbs
Tertiary consumer – 100 lbs
Secondary consumer – 1000 lbs
Producers 100,000 lbs
Primary consumer – 10,000 lbs
Only 10% of energy and biomass is transferred to the next trophic level
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Food chain magnifies PCBs
PCB cause cancer and disruption of reproduction
Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm
Larger fish 4.83 ppm
Small fish 1.04 ppm
Birds 124 ppm
Zooplankton 0.123 ppm
Polychlorinated biphenyl
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World population
1800 = 1 billion
1930 = 2 billion
1975 = 4 billion
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developing regions
Industrial regions
2020?
2008
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Earth’s biomes – ecosystems dominated by specific types of vegetation and governed by climate
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Chaparral burns every few years as plants get woodier and oils
accumulate in the leaves
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Ash becomes fertilizer for plant growth
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Immediately after fire
Same area 2 years after fire
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After a fire, wildflower seeds germinate
After fire the burned stumps sprout new greenery.