Ecology
description
Transcript of Ecology
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Ecology
By: Amber Tharpe
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Ecology
• The study of the interactions of living things and their environment
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Levels of Organization(from smallest to largest)
• Organism- individual living thing• Population- group of the same species that lives
in an area• Community- all the different species that live in an
area• Ecosystem- all the living and nonliving things in an
area• Biome- major regional ecosystem characterized
by climate and species that live there
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Parts of an EcosystemBiotic factors
• Living things• Ex: plants,
animals, fungi, bacteria
Abiotic Factors• Nonliving things• Ex: moisture,
temperature, wind, sunlight, soil
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Biodiversity- variety of living things in an ecosystem• Keystone species- species that has an
unusually large impact on its ecosystem–Loss of it would have a ripple effect on
the entire ecosystem–Ex: beaver makes dams, changing
streams to ponds, wetlands, and meadows
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Producers• Organisms that make
their own food from nonliving resources
• Aka autotrophs• Do photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis• Turn energy from the
sun or compounds into usable energy for organisms
Consumers• Organisms that eat
other living organisms for energy
• Aka heterotrophs • Depend on
producers directly or indirectly
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Botharrow shows the flow of energy for an ecosystem
Food Chain
• Single sequence that links species by their feeding relationships
Food Web
• Model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships
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Food Chain
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FOOD WEB
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Food Chains and Webs
• must begin with a producer• ultimately ends with a decomposer
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Types of Consumers• Herbivores- only eat plants• Carnivores- only eat animals• Omnivores- eat plants and animals• Detritivores- (scavengers) eat dead organic
matter – Ex: vultures
• Decomposers- eat dead organic matter and break it down into simpler compounds– Return vital nutrients back into the environment– Ex: fungi
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Trophic Levels
• Levels of nourishment in a food chain• Producer- makes own food• Primary consumers- herbivores• Secondary consumers- carnivores that eat
herbivores• Tertiary consumers- carnivores that eat
secondary consumers
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Energy in the Trophic Levels
• Energy is lost as you go up• Only 10% of the energy on a level moves up to
the next level• There are fewer animals in the higher trophic
levels, due to the small amount of energy available at the higher levels
• Energy pyramid- diagram that compares energy used by the different trophic levels
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Hydrologic Cycle
• Aka water cycle• Circular pathway of water on Earth from the
atmosphere, to the surface, below ground, and back
• Processes- transpiration, precipitation, evaporation, condensation
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4 Water Cycle Processes
1. Transpiration- water loss through plant leaves
2. Precipitation- waterfall in the form of rain, sleet, snow
3. Evaporation- liquid water converting to gas4. Condensation- gaseous water converting to a
liquid
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Biogeochemical Cycle
• Movement of a particular chemical through the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem
• O, C, N, P
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Oxygen Cycle
• Processes- photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• O is given off by plants and breathed in by animals
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Carbon Cycle
• Processes- respiration, photosynthesis, decomposition, combustion– Combustion- the breakdown of fossil fuels,
releasing CO2
• C found in carbon dioxide, fossil fuels, living things, rocks, and dissolved in water
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Nitrogen Cycle
• Most abundant gas in the atmosphere, but most living organisms cannot use it in its raw form
• Nitrogen fixation- the process of converting gaseous nitrogen into ammonia- a usable form by bacteria
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Phosphorus Cycle
• Processes- weathering, erosion, runoff• P found in rock, living things, and fertilizers
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6 Major Biomes
• Tropical rain forest• Grassland• Desert• Temperate rain forest • Taiga• Tundra
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Tropical Rain Forest
• Hot and lots of rainfall• Lush thick forests with diverse organisms• Soil is thin and low in nutrients• Canopy- uppermost branches of the trees– Blocks most light
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Grassland
• Grass is primary plant• Tropical- aka savannas– Warm with seasonal rainfall– Tall grasses with scattered trees and shrubs– Hoofed herbivores like gazelles are predominant
• Temperate- aka prairie– Dry with seasonal temperatures– Many animals live below ground
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Desert
• Dry• Plants that store water– Ex: cacti
• Many animals are nocturnal to limit activity during the day
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Temperate Forest
• Deciduous- drop leaves in the winter– Seasonal temperatures and even rainfall– Ex: oaks, beeches, maples (broadleaves)
• Coniferous- retain needles all year– Seasonal temperatures, long rainy winter– Ex: spruces, firs, redwoods
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Taiga
• Aka boreal forest• Long cold winters• Conifers and mammals with thick coats
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Tundra
• Subzero temperatures with little precipitation• Permafrost- permanently frozen ground• Mosses and few animals
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Minor Biomes
• Chaparral- aka Mediterranean shrubland• Hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters• Small evergreen shrubs with short roots