ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTOsipova Nina A., associated professor,Osipova Nina A., associated professor,

PhD in chemistryPhD in chemistry

Matveenko Irina A., associate professor,Matveenko Irina A., associate professor,

PhD in PhilologyPhD in Philology

TOMSK -2015TOMSK -2015

ГеологияЭкологияГеохимия

ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

ContentsContents

1. Course aims and objectives1. Course aims and objectives 2. Course 2. Course ссontentsontents 3. 3. Main notions ConclusionConclusion

ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT (subject)

is connected with some disciplines

radioecologyHUMAN ECOLOGY

ECOTOXICOLOGY

GEOECOLOGYECOLOGICAL SAFETY

ENVIRONMENTAL

chemistry

ГеологияЭкологияГеохимия

ТHE DEMANDS TO HOLDER OF A MASTER’S DEGREE

• Be in possession of some topics in Be in possession of some topics in geoecology, chemistry, biology,geoecology, chemistry, biology, toxicology, toxicology, epidemiologyepidemiology

• To apply the Ecological Risk Assessment To apply the Ecological Risk Assessment methodology in the point of interdisciplinary methodology in the point of interdisciplinary approachapproach

• To participate in Ecological Risk Assessment To participate in Ecological Risk Assessment and Management and Management

• To understand the principles and foundation To understand the principles and foundation of the interaction “Human Health-of the interaction “Human Health-Environment”Environment”

The aimThe aim of the courseof the course

is to give knowledge of the is to give knowledge of the environmental state and risk environmental state and risk awareness. The course attempts to awareness. The course attempts to create an image of risk assessment create an image of risk assessment and management in combination as and management in combination as an effective tool in environmental an effective tool in environmental management and protection.management and protection.

having taken the course studentshaving taken the course studentsare toare to

know the differences between know the differences between risk and hazard;risk and hazard;

be aware of multiple aspects be aware of multiple aspects and interdisciplinary character and interdisciplinary character of risk studies;of risk studies;

have an orientation in have an orientation in legislation and standards legislation and standards concerning risks;concerning risks;

be able to recognize environmental hazards and identify be able to recognize environmental hazards and identify risks;risks;know the main steps of environmental risk assessment know the main steps of environmental risk assessment procedure;procedure;have an imagination of typology of risk assessment methods;have an imagination of typology of risk assessment methods;

know how to organize risk know how to organize risk assessment;assessment;

know how to choose a know how to choose a suitable methodical suitable methodical approach for practically approach for practically carrying out risk analysis;carrying out risk analysis;

have an overview of risk have an overview of risk perception, acceptance perception, acceptance and communication;and communication;

have skills to characterize have skills to characterize environmental risks and environmental risks and evaluate risk level;evaluate risk level;

be able to discuss and be able to discuss and evaluate risk assessment evaluate risk assessment reports;reports;

be able to take part in be able to take part in risk-based decision risk-based decision making ;making ;

have a conception of how have a conception of how to use risk assessment to use risk assessment and management as and management as effective environmental effective environmental management tools.management tools.

students shouldstudents should

Course contentsCourse contents IntroductionIntroduction ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT The chemical risk and the european

regulations Human health risk assessment from

exposure of chemicals Carcinogen Risk AssessmentCarcinogen Risk Assessment Radiation Risk AssessmentRadiation Risk Assessment

Key WordsKey Words

hazard identification;hazard identification;dose-response assessment;dose-response assessment;exposure assessment;exposure assessment;

risk characterizationrisk characterizationchemical pollutionchemical pollutionenvironmental riskenvironmental risk risk assessmentrisk assessment

ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESMENTECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESMENT

ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISK FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH RISK FOR THE POPULATION CAUSED BY CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS POPULATION CAUSED BY CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS

OF THE ATMOSPHEREOF THE ATMOSPHERE

There are some significant advantages to this discipline, such as:

1. Seminars with active communication between lecturers 1. Seminars with active communication between lecturers

and students – not only standard lecturesand students – not only standard lectures 2. The latest techniques are used (e.g. educational games, 2. The latest techniques are used (e.g. educational games,

case studies, business role plays, and idea creation are case studies, business role plays, and idea creation are

facilitated by using PowerPoint presentations in class), and facilitated by using PowerPoint presentations in class), and

the internet is used for activities the internet is used for activities 3. Elements of extramural education are used.3. Elements of extramural education are used. 4. Classes with specialists from the state nature 4. Classes with specialists from the state nature

conservative organizations who can give their insights and conservative organizations who can give their insights and

personal experience from a real perspective to students of personal experience from a real perspective to students of

our departmentour department

activityactivity

10 lectures10 lectures

10 practical works10 practical works(seminars, (seminars,

practical works, practical works, Works with PCs)Works with PCs)

Self-studySelf-study

EXAMEXAM

not only standard lecturesnot only standard lectures Seminars with active communication between lecturers and Seminars with active communication between lecturers and

students – not only standard lectures. The latest techniques are students – not only standard lectures. The latest techniques are used (including analytic technique for analysis of contaminants, used (including analytic technique for analysis of contaminants, computer data base, computer programes) and idea creation are computer data base, computer programes) and idea creation are facilitated by using PowerPoint presentations in class). facilitated by using PowerPoint presentations in class).

Self-studySelf-study

Self-study involves an exercise of carrying Self-study involves an exercise of carrying out environmental risk analysis, out environmental risk analysis, assessment and evaluation and making assessment and evaluation and making proposals for environmental risk proposals for environmental risk management and also risk-based management and also risk-based decisions, concerning land-use and decisions, concerning land-use and emergency planning. emergency planning.

ECOLOGICAL RISK ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

We hope the program of the course would be We hope the program of the course would be usefull for the students of the universities learning usefull for the students of the universities learning science of environment safety and safety of science of environment safety and safety of technical systems as well as for experts engaged in technical systems as well as for experts engaged in issues of ecological safety.issues of ecological safety.

We are trying to built our resources gradually We are trying to built our resources gradually and so far with support from both our universities and so far with support from both our universities and the outside community.and the outside community.

At the moment the terms At the moment the terms «security»and «hazard» and «security»and «hazard» and «risk» are mentioned in a large «risk» are mentioned in a large number of different number of different international international regulatory documentsregulatory documents

During last years the term “RISK” During last years the term “RISK” became very popular in different became very popular in different areas: engineering, economics, areas: engineering, economics,

environment, management, environment, management, biology & medicine, etc. and biology & medicine, etc. and

different authors use this term different authors use this term in different senses.in different senses.

Below we consider some Below we consider some definitions of risk in different definitions of risk in different

sources.sources.

ecological risk assessmentsecological risk assessments

are used to support many types of are used to support many types of actions, including the regulation of actions, including the regulation of hazardous waste sites, industrial hazardous waste sites, industrial chemicals, and pesticides; chemicals, and pesticides; radionucledes, radionucledes, or the management or the management of watersheds or other ecosystems of watersheds or other ecosystems affected by multiple chemical, affected by multiple chemical, physical, or biological stressorsphysical, or biological stressors

STANDARTS AND STANDARTS AND LEGISLATIONSLEGISLATIONS

Environmental management standards (ISO 14000)Environmental management standards (ISO 14000)

IPCS. Glossary of Exposure Assessment-Realated Terms: A Compillation, IPCS. Glossary of Exposure Assessment-Realated Terms: A Compillation, Prepared by the Exposure Terminology Subcommittee of the IPCS Exposure Prepared by the Exposure Terminology Subcommittee of the IPCS Exposure Assessment Planning Workgroup for the International Programme on Assessment Planning Workgroup for the International Programme on Chemical Safety Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk Chemical Safety Harmonization of Approaches to the Assessment of Risk from Exposure to Chemicals. 2001from Exposure to Chemicals. 2001 . .

Government/Research Councils Initiative on Risk Assessment and Government/Research Councils Initiative on Risk Assessment and Toxicology. Developing New Approaches to Assessing Risk to Human Toxicology. Developing New Approaches to Assessing Risk to Human Health from Chemicals. Report prepared by the Risk Assessment and Health from Chemicals. Report prepared by the Risk Assessment and Toxicology Steering Committee. Leicester Toxicology Steering Committee. Leicester (UK), 1999(UK), 1999..

U.S. EPA. Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: U.S. EPA. Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance: Standard Default Exposure Factors. Publication 9285.6-03. Office of Standard Default Exposure Factors. Publication 9285.6-03. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, 1991Washington, 1991

WHO/IPCS. Environmental Health Criteria 210: Principles for the WHO/IPCS. Environmental Health Criteria 210: Principles for the Assessment of Risks to Human Health from Exposure to Chemicals. World Assessment of Risks to Human Health from Exposure to Chemicals. World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety. Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety. Geneva, 1999Geneva, 1999..

"РУКОВОДСТВО ПО ОЦЕНКЕ РИСКА ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИ "РУКОВОДСТВО ПО ОЦЕНКЕ РИСКА ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ, ЗАГРЯЗНЯЮЩИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИИ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ, ЗАГРЯЗНЯЮЩИХ ОКРУЖАЮЩУЮ СРЕДУ. РУКОВОДСТВО. Р. 2.1.10.1920-04“ОКРУЖАЮЩУЮ СРЕДУ. РУКОВОДСТВО. Р. 2.1.10.1920-04“(Russia)(Russia)

Definitions of riskDefinitions of riskThere are many definitions of There are many definitions of riskrisk that that

vary by specific application and vary by specific application and situational context.situational context.

One is One is that risk is an issue, which that risk is an issue, which can be avoided or mitigatedcan be avoided or mitigated

(where in an issue is a potential (where in an issue is a potential problem that has to be fixed now.) problem that has to be fixed now.)

Risk is described both qualitatively Risk is described both qualitatively and quantitatively.and quantitatively.

Definitions of riskDefinitions of risk

Qualitatively, risk is proportional Qualitatively, risk is proportional to both the expected losses to both the expected losses which may be caused by an which may be caused by an

event and to the probability of event and to the probability of this event. Greater loss and this event. Greater loss and

greater event likelihood result greater event likelihood result in a greater overall risk.in a greater overall risk.

Definitions of riskDefinitions of risk

In common risk is the chance that In common risk is the chance that something undesirable will happen. something undesirable will happen.

RRisk is described as a situation isk is described as a situation which would lead to negative which would lead to negative consequences. consequences.

RiskRisk is considered as an indicator of is considered as an indicator of threat, or depends on threats, threat, or depends on threats, vulnerability, impact and uncertainty.vulnerability, impact and uncertainty.

Definitions of riskDefinitions of risk

The concept of acceptable risk The concept of acceptable risk For a long period another concept – the For a long period another concept – the

so called concept of absolute so called concept of absolute safety or safety or zero risk has been the bases of industrial zero risk has been the bases of industrial enterprise operation.enterprise operation.

The concept of zero risk was replaced The concept of zero risk was replaced by the so-called concept of acceptable by the so-called concept of acceptable risk, the basis of which was formed by the risk, the basis of which was formed by the principle ―to foresee and to prevent.principle ―to foresee and to prevent.

This concept implies the probability of This concept implies the probability of accident and, hence, the measures for accident and, hence, the measures for prevention from accident occurrence and prevention from accident occurrence and development. development.

Strategic Risks in different Strategic Risks in different fields of human activityfields of human activity

The nature itself from one side and the The nature itself from one side and the humans’ activity from the other side humans’ activity from the other side

are sources of risks. The avoidances on are sources of risks. The avoidances on large chemical enterprises, breaks in large chemical enterprises, breaks in oil- and gas- pipelines etc. represent oil- and gas- pipelines etc. represent significant hazard and lead to high significant hazard and lead to high

damage for population and damage for population and environment. Since these risks are environment. Since these risks are

connected with reliability of appropriate connected with reliability of appropriate equipment, their study directed to equipment, their study directed to

excuse the payment for the providing excuse the payment for the providing and support of the necessary level of and support of the necessary level of

reliability equipment.reliability equipment.

Strategic  risks  in  natural  Strategic  risks  in  natural  and man-caused spheresand man-caused spheres

These These  risks  risks  nowadays become of nowadays become of strategic character in connection strategic character in connection with global changes of inhabitancy, with global changes of inhabitancy, development of technosphere and development of technosphere and increasing scales of acts of nature. increasing scales of acts of nature.

1.Risks  of development of dangerous 1.Risks  of development of dangerous   naturalnatural   phenomena phenomena

(earthquakes, flooding, hurricanes, (earthquakes, flooding, hurricanes, landslips, floodings, karst, forest fires, landslips, floodings, karst, forest fires,

etc.) etc.) (risk(risk   importance 1.00); importance 1.00);

The earthquake and The earthquake and tsunami, 2011 tsunami, 2011

The earthquake and The earthquake and tsunami, 2011 tsunami, 2011

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami caused ruptures in multiple water mains caused ruptures in multiple water mains originating from the city's water supply. originating from the city's water supply. Train service was also stopped due to Train service was also stopped due to damage caused to railway infrastructure.damage caused to railway infrastructure.

FukushimaFukushimaFukushimaFukushimaFukushima City is about 63 kilometres Fukushima City is about 63 kilometres

north-west of Fukushima I Nuclear Power north-west of Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, the site of the nuclear accident Plant, the site of the nuclear accident that followed the tsunami. Although that followed the tsunami. Although outside the nuclear accident exclusion outside the nuclear accident exclusion zone, the levels of radiation in the city zone, the levels of radiation in the city caused residents to remain indoors caused residents to remain indoors more, reducing economic activity.more, reducing economic activity.

The Fukushima disaster is the largest of the 2011 The Fukushima disaster is the largest of the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents and is the largest Japanese nuclear accidents and is the largest nuclear accident since the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.disaster. Japanese officials initially assessed the Japanese officials initially assessed the accident as Level 4 on the International Nuclear accident as Level 4 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) despite the views of other Event Scale (INES) despite the views of other international agencies that it should be higher. international agencies that it should be higher. The level was successively raised to 5 and The level was successively raised to 5 and eventually to 7, the maximum scale value.eventually to 7, the maximum scale value.

Many countries have advised their Many countries have advised their nationals to leave Tokyo, citing the risk nationals to leave Tokyo, citing the risk associated with the nuclear plants' associated with the nuclear plants' ongoing accident. International experts ongoing accident. International experts have said that a workforce in the have said that a workforce in the hundreds or even thousands would take hundreds or even thousands would take years or decades to clean up the area.years or decades to clean up the area.

PINATUBO

2 days 1991

10 billion tonnes magma20 milj ton SO2600 000 ton Cu800 000 ton Zn1 000 ton Cd

300 000 ton Ni550 000 ton Cr10 000 ton As

800 ton Hg

60 volcanoes per day>3000 volc. At midocean ridges

HAIL in the surroundings of Tomsk HAIL in the surroundings of Tomsk in august-2008 – unusual natural in august-2008 – unusual natural

phenomena in Siberiaphenomena in Siberia

2. 2. Risks  of failures and accidents Risks  of failures and accidents at potentially dangerous objects at potentially dangerous objects

(0.94);(0.94);

3. 3. EEnvironmental contamination nvironmental contamination (0.43);(0.43);

  4.4. Risks  connected with global change of Risks  connected with global change of climate, degradation of environment, climate, degradation of environment,

planetary  risks  (0.24);planetary  risks  (0.24);

Development of research in the Development of research in the sphere of risk analysis sphere of risk analysis

and assessment in Russiaand assessment in Russia

the guideline of European the guideline of European Community 82.501.ЕЕС 1 Seveso Community 82.501.ЕЕС 1 Seveso II DirectiveII Directive

In Great Britain in 1985 the basic In Great Britain in 1985 the basic part of legislation to prevent large part of legislation to prevent large

accidents called SIMAHaccidents called SIMAH

development of the research in the development of the research in the sphere of risk management in sphere of risk management in

RussiaRussiaThe following factors contributedThe following factors contributed 1. Traditional fields of mechanics, the theory of 1. Traditional fields of mechanics, the theory of

machines and mechanisms in particular, deal with the machines and mechanisms in particular, deal with the study of reliability of various devices. Such methods as study of reliability of various devices. Such methods as event tree and failure tree have been taken from this event tree and failure tree have been taken from this sphere into the theory of risk management that played sphere into the theory of risk management that played significant role in risk investigation intensity. significant role in risk investigation intensity.

2. The progress in the field of industrial and 2. The progress in the field of industrial and environmental safety was initiated due to some large environmental safety was initiated due to some large industrial accident or catastrophe. industrial accident or catastrophe.

3. A wide circulation of foreign experience of risk analysis. 3. A wide circulation of foreign experience of risk analysis. 4. Development of managements as a science 4. Development of managements as a science

contributed to the comprehension of the process contributed to the comprehension of the process organization in risk analysis and assessment.organization in risk analysis and assessment.