Ecological Restoration of the Riparian Ecosystem at … Technical Series/Oliver... · Ecological...
Transcript of Ecological Restoration of the Riparian Ecosystem at … Technical Series/Oliver... · Ecological...
2011
Hannah Oliver
Prepared for: Restoration of Natural
Systems Program
ER 390, Directed Studies
Supervisor: Dr. Val Schaefer
University of Victoria
June 2011
Ecological Restoration of the Riparian Ecosystem at Mystic Vale/ Hobbs Creek
Victoria, BC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURE 1 Aerial photograph of Mystic Vale………………………………………………………………….…..…………...i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii 1.0 OBJECTIVE…………………………….…………………………………………………………….................................1
2.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………….………............1
2.1 SITE DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...2 2.1.1 Hydrology…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...….….4
2.2 SITE ISSUES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 2.2.1 Funding and Resources………………………………………………………………………………………...……….…....….4 2.2.2 Invasive Species………………………………………………………………………………………...………….…….……….5 2.2.3 Human/Animal Use………………………………………………………………………………………...………...….……….5 2.2.4 Improperly placed trails………………………………………………………………………………………...…..…….…....6 2.2.5 Lack of awareness…….………………………………………………………………………………………...……….….…….6
3.0 METHODS AND MATERIALS……………….…………………………………………………………………………....…..7
3.1 DATA COLLECTION……………………………………………………………………………………..…….…………...7 3.2 RESTORATION……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...10
4.0 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION……………….………………………………………………………………….......…..13
5.0 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……15
5.1 DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……15 5.2 SOURCES OF ERROR………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………19
7.0 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………21
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….………………………………………………22
Appendix I Native Plants of Mystic Vale……………………………………………………………………………………..31 Apppendix II Mystic Vale wildlife/vegetation………………………………………………………………………………..34 Appendix III Hillcrest proposal/vegetation…………………………………………………………………………………...36
List of Figures
FIGURE1. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (SOURCE CRD)………………………………………………………………………………..I FIGURE 2. ENGLISH IVY………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 FIGURE 3. HUMAN/ANIMAL USE OF TRAILS…………………………………………………………………………………….5 FIGURE 4. EROSION IN REACH 8………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 FIGURE 5. WOODY DEBRIS IN REACH 8……………………………………………………………………………….………..8 FIGURE 6. PRE-RESTORATION IMAGES OF REACH 7...…………………………………………………………………………..9 FIGURE 7. PRE-RESTORATION IMAGES OF REACH 6………………………………………………………….………………..10 FIGURE 8. POST-RESTORATION OF REACH 8…………………………………………………………………………………..11 FIGURE 9. POST-RESTORATION OF REACH 6………………………………………………………………………...………..12 FIGURE 10. MYSTIC VALE RESTORATION POINTS……………………………………………………….………………........14 FIGURE 11. BROKEN WEIR…….………………………………………………………………………………………….…..14 FIGURE 12. EUTROPHICATION AT START OF CANOE POND………………………………………………………………..…..14 FIGURE 13. SPROUTED COTTENWOOD CUTTING………………………………………………………………………………16
List of Tables
TABLE 1. WATER QUALITY FIELD CARD ……………………………………………………………………………….…….24 TABLE 2. WATER QUALITY FIELD CARD…………………………………………………………………………..…..………27 TABLE 3. VEGETATION OF MYSTIC VALE AND HOBBS CREEK.…………………………………………………..….……….29
Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek
Figure 1: "sensitive ecosystem" of old second-growth forest
ImportantThis map is for general information purposes only.The Capital Regional District (CRD) makes norepresentations or warranties regarding the accuracyor completeness of this map or the suitability of themap for any purpose. This map is not for navigation.The CRD will not be liable for any damage, loss orinjury resulting from the use of the map orinformation on the map and the map may bechanged by the CRD at any time.
Printed Tue, Jun 14, 2011
Regional Community AtlasCapital Regional District
[email protected]://www.crd.bc.ca
Hobbs Creek
Mystic Vale-a "sensitive ecosystem" ofold second-growth forest
30015075Metres
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Nancy Turner and her ES 481 class for their help with the restoration activities; I could not have done it without you! Thanks to Dr. Val Schaefer, who proposed this project to me and provided crucial support throughout the process. And thanks to MaryAnn Backstrom, Elaine Dolan, Sonya Rokosh and the students at Hillcrest Elementary who allowed me to assist in planting native vegetation at their school, and use their site as a comparison in this project.
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Abstract
The literary review, ecological assessment and restoration of Mystic Vale/Hobbs Creek were conducted over a six-month period from January to June 2011 in Victoria, B.C. Mystic Vale has been deemed a “sensitive ecosystem” and is made up of old second-growth forest, primarily of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). This ecologically significant site lies between the University of Victoria campus and the urban environment, making it a biological reservoir and environmental corridor for various species. Threats to the ecosystem include the spread of invasive species, particularly English Ivy (Hedera helix), runoff from the surrounding urban environment, and erosion and soil compaction from human and dog traffic. The primary goal of this study was to assess the functionality of the riparian ecosystem and threats to ecological health, while implementing the appropriate restoration techniques through student involvement. The results of this study show that invasive species are slowly dominating the forest understory and are posing a threat to tree species, while erosion caused by the high volume of water and human traffic is significantly deteriorating the ecosystem. Three reaches (6-8) were the main focus of this study in which the initial steps to restoration included the transplanting of sword ferns along the eroded creek edge, addition of willow wattles along an undercut bank, and removal of invasive species. These initial stages of restoration are additions to previous attempts at restoration, and can serve as a launching point for future sustained action.
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1.0 Objective:
To assess the ecosystem health of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek in Victoria, B.C. and determine
the initial steps towards restoration, as well as applying these restoration techniques to serve as a
basis for continual and future implementation.
2.0 Introduction
The analysis of the ecological and functional health of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek was
conducted to assess the efficacy of previous restoration techniques, and determine possible
threats to the ecosystem. Past restoration efforts (specifically the implementation of weirs) have
clearly lessened the strain placed on the Hobbs Creek channel. The thirty log weirs were put in
place in 2001-2002 to increase dissolved oxygen levels and disperse the energy flow within the
stream channel, by creating riffle-pool areas (Aqua-Tex 2009). However, despite these past
restoration attempts, the loss of riparian vegetation and activities of people and dogs in the
riparian area have contributed to the continual erosion and undercutting of the banks. In some
places the past restoration techniques have failed (Figure 11), as many have failed to be
monitored or maintained. Soil compaction, erosion, and resulting spread of invasive species and
build up of sediment in the creek can all be contributed to increasing human usage. This project
focuses primarily on the previously identified reaches 6-8, and is aimed at restoring parts of
Mystic Vale in an attempt to bring it closer to its original trajectory, as well as spread awareness
of these issues through student and volunteer involvement.
As increasing urbanization is rapidly replacing and creating great strain on old-growth
and mature forests as well as the surrounding watersheds, it is critical that continual monitoring
and ecological assessments of streams and forests in urban areas is done to ensure the continued
health of these environments. The assessment and restoration of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek
has been an on-going process over a six-month period, from January to June. Dr. Valentin
Schaefer has been an important consultant during this time, and restoration activities have been
conducted with the help of Nancy Turner‟s ES 481 class. A second restoration site at Hillcrest
Elementary School forest was done in May with the help of elementary students, and serves as a
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comparison to this project in restoration techniques and means of directing different age groups
in the field of restoration.
The overall goal for this project is to assess the current health and functionality of the
ecosystem in Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek and ascertain the necessary restoration methods that
need to be implemented or reinforced in a time and cost effective way. By starting the initial
phases of restoration in Mystic Vale, a more comprehensive picture of what factors sill remain a
threat to the overall biodiversity of the area, as well as a better understanding of the steps needed
to ensure the continual monitoring of the ecosystem, has been reached.
2.1 Site Description
Mystic Vale (Figure 1) makes up 4.7 hectares and is located on the University of
Victoria campus in two municipalities, in the District of Saanich as well as Oak Bay. It is
comprised of old-growth and second-growth forest, as well as the Hobbs Creek ravine (Aqua-
Tex 2009). The coordinates for Mystic Vale are located at 48o 27‟35”N and -1230 18‟24”W. This
site is within the Coastal Douglas-fir moist maritime (CDFmm) biogeoclimatic zone, site series
13 (western red-cedar –Indian plum, strongly fluctuating water table) (McDadi and Hebda 2008).
The region gets about 700mm of rain annually, with mild and wet winters and dry summers
(McDadi and Hebda 2008). The mild climate allows for a diversity of ecosystems and high
productivity, making a significant contribution to the overall biodiversity values of the province
(Harrop-Archibald 2007). (Wildlife use and images of some of the vegetation of Mystic Vale can
be seen in Appendix II). As Mystic Vale is an old second-growth forest, it has been disturbed at
one point by logging and development. It acts as a buffer between the urban and the riparian
environment, and provides connectivity to other ecosystems while promoting the spread of
biodiversity (Harrop-Archibald 2007).
The creek channel and surrounding banks have been severely eroded due to improperly
placed trails, loss of riparian vegetation, and high amounts of human and animal (dog) traffic
(Aqua-Tex 2009). The stream bed erosion has resulted in a build-up of sediments further down
the creek, as well as soil compaction and loss of native vegetation. Another issue that is affecting
the health of Mystic Vale is the spread of invasive species, such as English ivy (Hedera helix),
Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), and holly (Ilex aquifolium). Mystic Vale is classified as
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a “sensitive ecosystem”, and the portion that lies in the District of Saanich is protected from
development in perpetuity, while the portion within the District of Oak Bay has a 10-year
development moratorium (UVic 2003).
Historically, the land that now makes up the University of Victoria campus made up part
of the traditional territories of First Nations, such as the Straits Coast Salish people, and
communities such as the Senchalhen and Lekwungen peoples (Harrop-Archibald 2007). First
Nations people utilized a number of management techniques such as controlled burns to enhance
and maintain resources (McDadi and Hebda 2008). Burning would often promote the
productivity of culturally important plant species such as camas (Camassia ssp) and other edible
plants such as bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) (McDadi and Hebda 2008). With First Nations
management techniques, the ecosystem would have had more open spaces with less densely
packed vegetation (Harrop-Archibald 2007).
Since the mid-1800‟s, the local ecology has been significantly altered in and around
what is now Mystic Vale, mainly due to European settlers (Lucey et al. 2002). The area has been
cleared for development, farming, and military activities (Harrop-Archibald 2007), contributing
to the stress and degradation of the environment. The high moisture level and floodplain in
Mystic Vale suggests that Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) would typically populate the area,
although presently the over-story is made up mostly of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
grand fir (Abies grandis), and broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) (Aqua-Tex 2009). Stroh (et.
al 2008), note that increased deer populations and the resulting changes in species competition
might be one reason Western redcedars fail to regenerate in old-growth and mature forests.
Continual trampling due to heavy foot traffic might be another factor.
The slopes along Mystic Vale are fairly steep, ranging from 200-300, with the upper slope
supporting plant species such as arbutus (Arbutus menziesii), Douglas-fir, and Oregon-grape
(Mahonia aquifolium), while the lower slope supports more moist-loving vegetation such as
Sword fern (Polystichum munitum), Pacific water parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa), and false lily-
of-the-valley (Maianthemum dilatatum) (Aqua-Tex 2009). The understory primarily consists of
oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Indian plum (Oemleria
cerasiformis), English ivy, and sword fern (Aqua-Tex 2009).
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2.1.1 Hydrology
Hobbs creek is part of four watersheds running through the University of Victoria
Campus: Finnerty Creek (north), Sinclair or Cadboro drainage (north-east), Hobbs Creek (east),
and Bowker Creek (west) (Lloyd 2004). Hobbs Creek flows northeast before snaking southeast
and discharging into Cadboro Bay (Harrop-Archibald 2007). It receives stormwater drainage
from a culvert under Cedar Hill X Road (Lloyd 2004). Lloyd (2004) notes that historically less
than one third of runoff on campus would have been surface runoff, as the forest canopy and
high concentration of rich topsoil would have absorbed much of the precipitation, the ground
surface was rough with less impermeable surfaces which made overland flow unlikely, and the
lack of defined channels meant that runoff had to find alternate routes to streams through the soil
as interflow or as groundflow. In a study comparing hydrology on campus in 1956 to 2003, it
was found that by 2004, 23.5% of the campus was impervious surfaces, including roofs,
sidewalks, and parking lots, which is much higher than 6.5% impervious surfaces in 1956
(Harrop-Archibald 2007). Lloyd (2004) states that since 1956 the runoff from campus has
doubled, with the most common contaminants in stormwater runoff coming from parking lots
and roads.
2.2 Site Issues
2.2.1 Funding and Resources
One of the major issues facing the health of Mystic Vale, is the lack of permanent
positions in Facilities Management in regards to natural systems. Without a stable position such
as an Environmental Coordinator in Facilities Management, ensuring the continual monitoring of
ecosystem health within Mystic Vale is difficult. Lack of funding and allocation of resources to
the appropriate departments is another issue.
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2.2.2 Invasive Species
A number of invasive species have taken over many parts of Mystic Vale, particularly
English Ivy (Figure 2). English ivy only reaches maturity once it has grown up a vertical surface
(Elliott 1995), as can be seen throughout Mystic Vale on various tree species. Once English ivy
is established on a tree, it can weaken and kill trees, often increasing the likelihood of their
collapse in windy conditions. Invasive species pose a threat to the native plant species, as they
must compete for habitat and light. The prevalence of a few invasive species decreases
biodiversity and reduces habitat and food for native animal species. As non-native species do not
have natural predators or insects to keep them in check, they often spread unhindered. Simply
removing invasive species such as English ivy without replacing it with native, bank-stabilizing
vegetation, poses another issue of increased erosion as it effectively keeps soil in place. The
other major invasives in the vale include holly, Himalayan blackberry, Daphne-laurel (Daphne
laureola), and Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius).
Figure 2: upstream of reach 8, note extensive cover Figure 3: human and animal use of trails, dogs are often not kept
english ivy on trees on leashes and go off the paths
2.2.3 Human/Animal use
The biological integrity of the vale is threatened due to human and dog use (Figure 3).
People utilize the numerous trails in the vale for recreational purposes and as place to exercise
their dogs. Many dogs are not kept on their leashes, and end up contributing to the erosion and
destruction of the creek bank and surrounding vegetation. The loss of native vegetation has also
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resulted in the undercutting of banks and increased water turbidity, as sediment builds up in the
creek channel. Lack of fencing or barriers make it easier for people or dogs to go off the trails,
and in turn damage native plants and aid in the spread of invasive species. The resulting soil
compaction caused by trampling also makes it more difficult for native species to establish. This
soil compaction combined with erosion of the nutrient-rich topsoil caused by the high amount of
impervious surfaces and increased runoff from surrounding houses, limits root depth. This can
increase the chances of blowdown, as well as increasing tree susceptibility to disease and pest
infestations, especially as trees are more vulnerable in a high stress and fragmented ecosystem
(Harrop-Archibald 2007).
2.2.4 Improperly placed trails
Improperly placed trails are another threat to the ecological health of Mystic Vale. The
location of many of the trails lies too close to the stream channel, making it difficult for the creek
to access its typical floodplain (Aqua-Tex 2009). As a result, the trails are often completely
water-logged in winter. The muddy state of the trails during these months causes people to use
alternate routes such as along more vegetated areas, creating further erosion and soil compaction.
The high traffic on the trails also impacts the creek banks, and can cause sediment build up or
possible collapse of the edge.
2.2.5 Lack of Awareness
Mystic Vale is often used for educational purposes, although on a sporadic basis. There is
no continuous means of bringing the issues facing the ecosystem to light, to the University or the
greater community. Signs that have been placed in the Vale in the past have either been defaced
or ignored. The lack of interpretative and positive signage on the history and significance of
Mystic Vale, as well as formal documentation on restoration efforts in the vale, makes it difficult
for the public to fully appreciate the importance of efforts to preserve and restore the area.
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3.0 Methods and Materials
3.1 Data Collection
The site analysis was done using an ecologically based analysis of three previously
identified reaches spanning a length of 245 meters of Hobbs Creek in Mystic Vale, located in
Victoria, B.C. A literature review and analysis of past documentation concerning the history and
issues of Mystic Vale began on January 21st and was an ongoing process. Data was collected
over a three-day period, with reach 8 data collected on March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm and
pictures taken of all the reaches. Data on reaches 7-6 was collected on March 12, 2011 from
1:15pm-3:30pm. Restoration of the three reaches was conducted on March 8, 2011 from 11am-
1:30pm. A second survey of the site was done a month later, on April 17th, from 12:30pm-
2:30pm, in which creek and vegetation data was recorded and restoration attempts were assessed.
Permission to assess and conduct restoration activities was obtained from the University of
Victoria under the guidance of Dr. Val Schaefer.
I began measurements at reach 8 (Figure 4-5) at 165m downstream from a 30 inch culvert
located at the top of Hobbs Creek, and identified areas for restoration. I initially examined two
spots for analysis in reach 8, to make note of a large amount of woody debris in the wetted
channel. Aqua-Tex Scientific Consulting Ltd. had previously identified all the reaches in 2002,
but for the purposes of this report I focus only on reaches 8-6. I recorded the habitat type of reach
8 as a pool. Data was recorded using a standard water quality field card (Urban Salmon Habitat
Program). The water temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH were taken using Hanna
instruments (3156 Industrial Boulevard, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7L4P7) and K-7512
CHEMetrics (Chemetrics Inc. 4295 Catlett Road, Calverton, VA 20138) was used for dissolved
oxygen. I measured the bankfull width (from bank to opposite bank) and wetted width (from the
point where water reaches each bank) using measuring tape. Depth was taken at three equally
distanced points across the wetted width of the reach using a large stick that I submerged into the
water. I then measured the depth of immersion with the measuring tape, and found the average
depth using these three measurements.
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Figure 4: ( pre-restoration) Reach 8, view towards left bank. Figure 5: (pre-restoration) Reach 8, view upstream. Woody debris in
erosion occuring on right bank, spot for willow wattle channel, erosion of bank evident along left side.
installation
The percent and type of instream cover such as vegetation, undercut banks, boulders, or
large woody debris was recorded as well as the percent crown cover, which was estimated by
assessing the amount of tree cover that shaded the stream. The gradient, or slope was determined
using a clinometer at the waters edge. Large woody debris, or dead wood that had a diameter of
10cm or larger and over a minimum of 2 meters in length was recorded if it was in the wetted
channel (Figure 5). The percent of bedrock, boulders, cobble, gravel, and fines in the stream was
determined by observing what was visible and obtaining a sample when needed from the creek
itself. I determined whether it was an altered stream site (site which no longer maintains the
natural characteristics of the stream and stream banks, such as added weirs or boulders), erosion
site, or obstruction (any structure which may block or hinder fish movement).
Looking downstream, I assessed the vegetation from the left bank to the right, such as
coniferous forest, broadleaf forest, mixed, shrub, or grasses. A soil analysis was conducted about
1 meter from the creek edge by digging a hole about half a meter down and taking a sample from
the exposed pit. By assessing the soil characteristics and using the hand texturing method of
squeezing and slightly wetting the sample, I was able to determine the soil nutrient regime (SNR)
and soil moisture regime (SMR).
This process and each step were repeated and recorded for each reach. (See Figures 6-7
for pre-restoration images of reaches 7-6).
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Reach 7: 262m d/s of culvert
March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm
Reach 7: 262m d/s of culvert
March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm
Img. 6a
View: Upstream (Canoe Pond)
Comments: Large woody debris (LWD) in wetted
channel
Img. 6b
View: Upstream (right bank)
Comments: erosion along start of edge
Img. 6c
View: Upstream, left bank
Comments: some erosion evident along front edge,
sword fern growth along lower bank
Img. 6d
View: Left bank adjacent to canoe pond
Comments: erosion and soil compaction evident, would
benefit from a terrace
Figure 6: Pre-restoration images of reach 7
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Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert
March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm
Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert
March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm
Img. 7a
View: downstream, right bank
Comments: Severe erosion along bank, exposed
roots.
Img. 7b
View: upstream
Comments: before weir. Erosion evident along both
banks
Figure 7: Pre-restoration images of reach 6 3.2 Restoration
Restoration activities occurred on March 8, 2011 at 11:30am with the help of Nancy
Turner‟s ES 481 class with a focus on reaches 8 and 6. After meeting in the classroom, we
gathered all the equipment such as shovels, work gloves, garbage bags, and clippers and brought
the materials to the work site. Once we were gathered in the Vale, we did a quick debriefing on
the site issues, and split into several groups. One group went with Nancy Turner and Val
Schaefer to harvest native willow (Salix ssp.), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera), and
Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) from other locations on campus. Another group went up to
reach 8 to begin invasive species removal. The last group went down to reach 6 to begin the
transplantation of juvenile sword ferns from within the Vale, to the eroded creek banks, in an
effort to help stabilize it. During this process I went from group to group taking pictures in order
to document the activities.
Once the groups were finished transplanting sword ferns and removing invasives, all of
the groups converged at reach 8 where we began the process of installing a wattle along the
eroded (right) edge of the creek bank (165m), and approximately 10m upstream from wattles that
were added years before. We did this by placing 4 stakes firmly along the creek edge at regular
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intervals. We then placed the willow and dogwood cuttings, which were approximately 1 meter
in length, and alternated them end to end along the stakes. Once this was done we placed a few
of the cottonwood cuttings directly into the creek edge, in the hopes that they will germinate and
sprout as well as the wattle cuttings.
The initial restoration process took approximately 2 hours through the combined efforts
of the Environmental Studies 481 class under the guidance of Nancy Turner and Dr. Valentin
Schaefer. (See Figures 8-9 of post-restoration activities.)
Reach 8: 165m d/s of culvert
March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm) Reach 8: 165m d/s of culvert
March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm)
Img. 8a
View: upstream Comments: removal of English ivy from trees
Img. 8b
View: upstream Comments: collection of native willow, cottonwood, and dogwood
Img. 8c
View: downstream Comments: installation of wattles along eroded right bank, planting of cottonwood cuttings.
Img. 8d
View: downstream Comments: wattles successfully installed along right bank, alternated between stakes.
Figure 8: post-restoration images of reach 8
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Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert
March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm)
Reach 6: 410m D/S of culvert
March 8, 2011 (11:30am-1:30pm)
Img. 9a
View: towards right bank Comments: transplanting of sword ferns along eroded edge (right bank)
Img. 9b
View: upstream Comments: collection of sword ferns for transplantation from other sites in Mystic Vale
Img. 9c
View: towards right bank Comments : newly planted sword fern along eroded right bank
Img. 9d
View: upstream, left bank Comments: 5 newly planted sword ferns along left bank
Figure 9: Post-restoration images of reach 6
For the restoration of Hillcrest Elementary on May18th and 25th, native vegetation was
incorporated into the forest as part of the “Greenwave” project. Hillcrest Elementary signed up to
have elementary students plant native vegetation in the back forest of their school, which is
comprised of large stands of arbutus, Douglas fir, and Broadleaf maple, with a very sparse under-
story of oceanspray and dull Oregon-grape. After assessing the site and creating a site map with
a list of possible vegetation to be planted in particular areas, I met with the principal (Elaine
Dolan) to discuss times for planting. We scheduled two planting days, with one Western-
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redcedar (Thuja plicata) planted on May 18th with a group of five grade-five students at the back
entrance of the school. The second planting day was done on May 25th, from 9am-1pm. On this
day, a school aide MaryAnn Backstrom and another RNS student Sonya, helped set up the sites
and plants, while about 11 classes of students from kindergarten to 5th grade came out throughout
the day to participate in learning about and planting the native vegetation. The project proposal
and list of vegetation that was planted can be seen in Appendix B.
4.0 Results and Interpretation
The land-use type for the particular area of Mystic Vale is urban, while the creek as well
as the vale can be considered an “altered site” as the land has been logged and a number of weirs
were placed in the creek. Figure 10 displays an aerial photo (2005) of Mystic Vale/Hobbs Creek
with the points of restoration activities labelled in yellow. The overall vegetation observed was a
coniferous forest, mixed with a shrub understory. The data for each reach can be seen in Table 1,
and the second analysis can be seen in Table 2. Some of the dominant vegetation observed along
the 245-meter length of stream was Douglas-fir, Grand fir, Broadleaf maple, and shrub species
such as oceanspray, snowberry, Indian plum, Sword fern, English ivy, and Holly. A list of
vegetation can be seen in Table 3, while Nancy Turner‟s vegetation assessment can be seen in
Appendix I. Evidence of previous restoration attempts can be seen along all three reaches with
the implementation of weirs and a previously installed willow wattle in reach 8. While the weirs
appeared to have greatly lessened the strain on the creek, some weirs have broken (Figure 11).
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Figure 10: Mystic Vale restoration points (image source : Google Earth, scale-1:5,000)
Figure 11: broken weir, view d/s Figure 12: eutrophication at start of Canoe Pond, view d/s
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The habitat type for the various reaches is a pool, although the addition of the weirs has
altered the water flow, creating a type of riffle-pool technology. Woody vegetation is present
along the stream banks, while grasses, and rushes make up some of the in-stream vegetation,
which is only present in Canoe Pond. Some eutrophication is present, as can be seen in the green
algal blooms (Figure 12) particularly at the start of Canoe Pond. In-stream vegetation such as
rushes and grasses are also present along the edges and at the start of the pond as well. The soil
moisture regime (SMR) and soil nutrient regime (SNR) was fairly consistent throughout the
reaches, with an SMR of 4-5 and SNR of rich. Reach 7 had a slightly higher SNR of rich-very
rich.
Water temperature ranged from 8.4oC for reaches 8-7 and 8.2oC for reach 6 on the
March 5th and 12th data collection days (Table 1). The temperatures were more varied on the
April 17th data collection day, ranging from 8.8oC to 7.9oC (Table 2). In both instances reach 6
had the lowest temperature. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 5ppm-8ppm on the first set of
data collection, with reach 6 having the highest DO levels. On April 17th DO levels ranged from
6ppm-8ppm with reach 8 having the highest DO levels. The pH levels ranged from 7.5 to 8, with
reach 6 having the highest pH in both instances. Data on the total dissolved solids (TDS) could
only be recorded for the first set of data collection, as the battery on the measurement device
expired on the second collection day. Reach 8 was 175 u/m, reach 7 was 90u/m, and reach 6 had
the highest levels of TDS at 209 u/m.
As this site rests directly between an urban environment and University campus, human
impact from trail use is evident. The risk of runoff from residential houses, streets, and parking
lots is also apparent.
5.0 Discussion
5.1 Data analysis
The findings suggest that the three reaches assessed in this study show signs of
restoration through the installation of willow wattles and weirs. There was also evidence of past
ivy removal, as some ivy along the trees have been cut off at the base. Despite these restoration
efforts however, the health of Mystic Vale is still threatened. The spread of invasives is extensive,
16
in particular English Ivy, which is encroaching upon the creek and clogging the waterway. The
native vegetation is threatened by the pervasive quality of these species, while the invasives
further degrades the functionality of the riparian ecosystem. Ivy is also posing a threat to tree
health and increasing the chances of creating hazard trees, which can fall more easily and is a
risk to human health. The removal of ivy from several large trees and surrounding area along
reach 8 has reduced this threat, although a more extensive removal is still needed.
The high volume of water during the winter months and compaction of the soil from
people and dogs that is causing erosion along the creek edges, have placed pressure on the
installed weirs. The addition of the wattle in reach 8 and planting of the cottonwood cuttings into
the eroded edge outside of the weir, seems to have lessened the strain somewhat. The cuttings as
well as the willow wattles also appear to have sprouted nicely after assessing the site a month
after the installation (Figure 13).
Figure 13: sprouted cottonwood cutting
Water quality analysis displays other issues for Hobbs Creek. The dissolved oxygen
levels (DO), while higher than other urban creeks is still below the median level (10.8 mg/L)
normally found in streams in British Columbia (mg/L is roughly equivalent to ppm) (Ministry of
Environment 2010). The optimal level of DO for salmon is 9mg/l, while 3.5-6mg/l is considered
low (EPA 1991). As temperature, depth, and flow all affect DO levels, localized decreases in the
amount of DO can be seen in streams with a low flow rate in British Columbia (Ministry of
Environment 2010). However, anthropogenic influences such as nutrient related wastes, or run-
off that is high in carbon can affect DO levels. A cut-off of a nutrient supply can cause algal die-
off, often resulting in oxygen depletion and eutrophication (Ministry of Environment 2010). The
17
increased amount of impervious surfaces in urban environments contributes to run-off of
chemicals and fertilizers in streams. As Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek lies between a University
Campus and residential housing, as well as major roads and parking lots, it is subject to
contamination from a number of sources.
The DO levels in Hobbs Creek are relatively low, and would not support fish species.
The fact that the levels of DO seemed to reverse in the reaches in a month‟s time between data
collection is interesting. A possible reason for this could be because water levels have slowed so
that there is less aeration and thus a lower DO. Another possibility is an extrinsic factor, such as
increased siltation or organic runoff that might increase DO levels in reach 8 while lowering the
DO levels of the areas directly downstream of this discharge, as bacteria levels would increase.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) measures the amount of dissolved, charged ions as well as
uncharged material in the water, such as calcium, sodium, phosphates, nitrates, etc. A decrease in
TDS can usually allow for higher levels of DO. In the Pacific Northwest, levels of TDS are
generally low in forested streams, as there is usually high rainfall (Welch et al. 2001). Welch et
al. (2001) state that typical median TDS values range from less than 40mg/L in Queets River,
Washington and less than 100mg/L in Klamath River, California. The level of TDS in the Mystic
Vale reaches was varied. The levels seem to be slightly on the high side in comparison to other
streams in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in reaches 8 and 6. Factors that affect the amount
of TDS in streams include runoff such as salts, fertilizers, and organic wastes from an urban
environment, as well as infiltration of wastewater and soil erosion.
5.2 Sources of Error
During data collection, I came across a few issues that might have affected the results.
The weather on both data collection days was overcast with rain at some points and the
temperature was quite cool. The trails were all extremely waterlogged, and impassable in some
spots. This made it a bit difficult to get through each reach. The attempt to collect data on TDS
on the second day failed because the battery had run out, leaving a gap in my data. There is also
the possibility that the tool used for measurement of TDS was not calibrated properly, and the
data is skewed. Also, vegetation analysis was done at a time when many of the plants had not
flowered yet, making it more difficult to find and identify species. During the restoration on May
18
8th, it did not rain so conditions were a bit easier to work in, although the trails were still very
saturated. I was supposed to have collected willow branches from Rithets Bog prior to
restoration, but wasn‟t able to do so. However, it ended up being a valuable part of a lesson in
harvesting species, especially with the expertise of Nancy Turner.
The transplantation of sword ferns on May 8th went smoothly and initially appeared to
stabilize the bank, which was the intended goal. However, on further assessment a month later,
all of the sword ferns that had been transplanted along the edge adjacent to the weir, were all
trampled and dead. A few plants on the right bank and several ferns before the weir on the left
bank were intact, but most of the vegetation had died. It appears the rock weir and adjacent edge
(along the left bank) are used by humans or dogs as a side path. Perhaps more clearly marking
the area with flagging tape or posting signs that a restoration project was in progress would have
prevented the loss.
Working with a university class in environmental restoration was quite different from
working with an elementary school class, such as that at Hillcrest Elementary School forest.
While restoration planning went into both sites, it still felt a bit disorganized in both instances.
This can usually occur in restoration, as unforeseen circumstances might arise or the setting up of
the sites or planting can take a bit longer than anticipated. With the university class however, it
was a bit easier to direct, particularly because of age and it was a much smaller group. I found
that the large number of sites (8) at Hillcrest combined with the large number of very young
students, compared to only the two sites in Mystic Vale with a small group of older students,
made the Hillcrest Site a bit more frenetic. As we only had three of us directing the students at
Hillcrest, perhaps more volunteers would have allowed things to go more smoothly. Regardless,
both sites have benefited from the restoration activities that took place, and have helped in
educating and spreading awareness about the particular threats or issues specific to each site.
The results emphasize a number of points about the health of Mystic Vale. Altogether,
past restoration efforts have reduced the stress placed on Hobbs Creek through the installation of
weirs, and allowed for the persistence of many trees through the removal of English ivy. These
efforts, as well as the current restoration activities are at risk, however, as the spread of invasive
species and continual erosion of the creek banks is clearly evident. These efforts are only
19
temporary solutions and will not sustain the intended recovery of this habitat because there is
still no permanent means of monitoring and restoring the ecosystem, nor are there programs or
adequate signage in place to ensure the cooperation of the public through the spread of
awareness. The creation of comprehensive and dynamic programs that involve student and
public participation as well as further restoration is still needed if Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek
are to become a fully functioning riparian ecosystem.
6.0 Recommendations
The education of the public on the importance of riparian ecosystems and the issues
facing Mystic Vale is critical in ensuring the cooperation of those using the Vale as well as those
living in the surrounding area. By promoting the participation of the public in restoration efforts,
it will create a greater sense of connection to the environment. Fostering this connection through
stewardship activities will instil a sense of responsibility to reducing human impact on this
sensitive ecosystem and spread awareness of the consequences of urban runoff, erosion, and the
spread of invasive species. Establishing “restoration days” in classes such as Environmental
Studies and promoting student projects in the Vale is another way to ensure continual
management of this site.
As signs have previously been defaced or ignored, incorporating informative signage on
the interesting aspects of the Vale, such as wildlife trees and species that inhabit the area, might
create an interest in preserving the ecosystem for these species. As Aqua-Tex (2009) points out,
incorporating signs that take on a “positive, and informational approach” will be much more
effective than restrictive or negative warnings. Clearly defining and designating areas for dogs
such as making certain areas a “leash” or “no-leash zone,” is also critical to reducing the impact
on the creek.
Continual restoration is still needed in Mystic Vale to enhance and promote a fully
functioning ecosystem. As ecosystems are dynamic, changes due to climate change, new
invasive species, and human impact can be difficult to anticipate. An adaptive management
approach is essential to accounting for these unknown factors. To ensure restoration efforts are
efficiently capitalized, further assessments are needed of areas that most require restoration.
20
These sites can be placed as the highest priority. A more in-depth assessment of the types and
abundance of vegetation within Mystic Vale is also necessary.
The removal of invasive species, particularly the English ivy, is critical to protecting tree
health and allowing for the re-establishment of native species. Starting from the top-down will be
most effective in minimizing sediment that will build up further down the creek, as well as
reducing the spread of invasive species through the water channel. Invasive species removal
should be done in the seasons with minimal rainfall and in stages to limit erosion and sediment
pile-up in the creek channel. Native vegetation and bank-stabilizing species such as willow (Salix
ssp.), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), and sword fern
(Polystichum munitum) should be planted in cleared areas to decrease erosion effects as well.
The removal or replacement of weirs is also needed, as well as the replacement of the willow
wattles 175 meters downstream from the culvert.
In reach 7 (Canoe Pond), wattles or shrub barriers should be added along the eroded
edges (Figure 6b-6c). The slope adjacent to the pond is also severely eroded (Figure 6d) as it
appears people and/or dogs have been using it as a side trail. This area would benefit from the
addition of terracing. This can be done by taking fallen logs already present in the Vale, and
placing the logs in a terrace formation along the slope. Native shrub species can then be planted
along the terraces to further aid in reducing erosion and preventing people from utilizing this
area as a pathway.
The removal of invasives and other restoration work is an extensive job that requires
numerous volunteers over an extended period of time. Monitoring as well as restoration efforts is
important in ensuring that restoration goals are being met. Observing fluctuations in water
quality or changes in vegetation growth will alert restorationists to new or continued threats to
the environment. Water quality can be assessed through data collection of pH, temperature, TDS,
and changes in stream flow and water levels, while types and amount of vegetation can be
recorded after each restoration activity. Incorporating restoration activities within the University
curriculum and encouraging student projects and participation within the Vale can ensure
continual management of this site. Establishing a site coordinator or a permanent position in
regards to natural systems (such as Mystic Vale) at the university, as well as promoting
21
restoration work to volunteer groups such as ESSA or the RNS Volunteer Network is another
way to guarantee the continual monitoring of the ecosystem.
Long-term goals for Mystic Vale include the incorporation of boardwalks on the most
waterlogged areas to reduce erosion and minimize impact on tree roots and shrub understory.
Creating fences or native shrub barriers along the most damaged areas will effectively prevent
human and dog traffic within those sites, and allow for native vegetation to re-establish.
7.0 Conclusion
The health and functionality of Mystic Vale and Hobbs creek is under threat of invasion
by non-native and highly persistent species, as well as human impact. By implementing the
following objectives and frequently assessing and monitoring the site conditions, Mystic Vale
and Hobbs Creek can regain functionality and allow for increased biodiversity and sustainability
of the surrounding ecosystem. This project was created to complement past restoration
procedures and to initiate future steps towards restoration. The hope is that through continual
student involvement, restoration efforts can build upon the information gathered and continue the
necessary steps towards shifting Mystic Vale towards its original trajectory.
22
References
Aqua-Tex: Scientific Consulting Ltd. 2009. Hobbs Creek-Mystic Vale Five Year Plan: Restoration Priorities for Planning Purposes DRAFT for discussion. Aqua-Tex: Scientific Consulting Ltd.
EPA. 1991. Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects of Forestry Activities on Streams in Pacific Northwest and Alaska. EPA #910/9-91-001.
Elliott, Charles. 1995. The Ivy Debate. Horticulture 73:21-25.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects of Forestry . Activities on Streams in Pacific Northwest and Alaska. EPA #910/9-91-001. In “Optimal Water Quality Standards for Aquatic Ecosystems.” Prepared by Chris Maun and Peter Moulton
Harrop-Archibald, H. 2007. University of Victoria Natural Features Study Bowker Creek, Cunningham Woods, Upper Hobbs Creek/Mystic Vale. University of Victoria, BC: Restoration of Natural Systems Program.
Lloyd, R.H. 2004. Integrated Storm Water Management Plan. University of Victoria Project No. 02-4367. Victoria, British Columbia. Lucey, P., C.L. Barraclough, L. Malmkvist, B.D. LaCas, and V. Wilson. 2002. Hobbs Creek Proper Functioning Condition Assessment. Aqua-Tex: Scientific Consulting Ltd. McDadi, Omar and Richard J. Hebda. 2008. Change in Traditional Fire Disturbance in a Garry
Oak (Quercus garyana) meadow and Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesesii) mosaic, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: A possible link with First Nations and Europeans. Forest Ecology and Management. 256: 1704-1710.
Ministry of Environment. 2010. Water Quality: Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen. Province of British Columbia. Retrieved May 8, 2011. http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/do/do-02.htm
Stroh, Noémie, Christohpe Baltzinger, and Jean-Louis Martin. 2008. Deer prevent western redcedar (Thuya plicata) regeneration in old-growth forests of Haida Gwaii: Is there a potential for recovery? Elsevier B.V. 255: 3973-3979.
University of Victoria. 2003. Campus Plan. http://web.uvic.ca/vpfin/campusplan
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Welch, Eugene B., Jean M. Jacoby, and Christopher W. May. 2001. Stream Quality. In Robert J. Naiman and Robert E. Bilby (Eds.), River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecoregion. (pp. 69-85). Tacoma, WA: Weyerhaeuser
24
Water Quality Field Card: Reaches 8-6 Table 1
Name Hannah Oliver Date Data collected for reach 8 March 5, 2011 from 3pm-4:15pm
Reaches 7-6 March 12, 2011 from 1:15pm-3:30pm Weather Partly cloudy, slight drizzle, 100C Reach # 8 8 7 6 Location (chainage) 165m D/S of culvert (0-
11m) from LWD 247m D/S of culvert 262m D/S of culvert
(start of Canoe Pond) 410m D/S of culvert
Temperature 8.4oC 8.4oC 8.4oC 8.20C Dissolved O2 5ppm 5ppm 6ppm 8ppm TDS 175u/m 175u/m 90u/m 209u/m pH 7.5 7.5 7.4 8 Velocity 0.03m/s n/a 0.01m/s .07m/s Depth 1 .25m .25m 0.4m .15m Depth 2 .35m .5m 1.5m .3m Depth 3 .25m .28m .8m .45m Habitat Type (P/R) P P P P Start 0m 11m 82m 97m End 11m 82m 97m 245m Wetted width (avg) 1.5m 1.4m 12m 2.6m Bankfull Width (avg) 2m 1.8m 14.3m 3m Depth (avg) 0.3m 0.34m 0.9m 0.3m Bedrock - - - - Boulders - - - 10% Cobble - - - - Gravel - - - 5%
25
Fines 100% 100% 100% 80%
Instream Cover (% and type) V=25% V=60% V=45% V=<1%
Instream Cover (% and type) Undercut banks (1%)
LWD=5%
LWD=90% LWD=1% LWD=1%
% Crown Cover 45% 10% 5% 55%
Gradient 18% 20% 22% 38%
LWD 6 8 3 1
Altered/Erosion/Obstructions A-weir installed O-(x) log jam A-weir installed at far end
A-boulders added as weir E-exposed roots, undercut bank
Land-use (type) U-(urban)
LG-logging
U-(urban)
LG-logging
U-(urban)
LG-logging
U-(urban)
LG-logging
Stability (l/r)
r= unstable l=moderately stable
r= moderately stable l=moderately stable
r=moderately unstable l=moderately unstable
r=unstable l= moderately unstable
Comments SMR=4
SNR=R
SMR= 4
SNR= R
SMR=5
SNR=R-VR
SMR=4 SNR=R
26
General Comments:
-considerable amounts of LWD (70%) found in the upper area of reach 6, right after Canoe Pond. Less is found further into the reach.
-flooding of trails significant. Particularly outside of where willow wattles were installed in reach 8, and farther into reach 6.
-wildlife use of wildlife trees noted. Hummingbird, Hairy woodpecker, and bushtits observed utilizing wildlife tree near canoe pond.
-second point of data collection for end of reach 8 and right before start of reach 7 because wanted to note high amount of LWD, and increase in slope going downstream
27
Water Quality Field Card: Reaches 8-6 Table 2
Name Hannah Oliver
Date Data collected for reachs 8-6 April 17, 2011 from 12:30-2pm
Weather Overcast, slight rain, 100C
Fines 100% 100% 80%
Instream Cover (% and type) V=25% V=55% V=<1%
Reach # 8 7 6
Location (chainage) 165m D/S of culvert (0-11m) from LWD
262m D/S of culvert (Canoe Pond)
410m D/S of culvert
Temperature 8.8oC 8.6oC 7.90C
Dissolved O2 8ppm 6ppm 6ppm
TDS - - -
pH 7.5 7.8 8
Habitat Type (P/R) P P P
Start 0m 82m 97m
End 82m 97m 245m
Wetted width (avg) 1.8m 12.9m 2.8m
Bankfull Width (avg) 2m 14.3m 3m
Bedrock - -
Boulders - - 10%
Cobble - - -
Gravel - - -
28
Instream Cover (% and type) Undercut banks (1%)
LWD=5%
LWD=1% LWD=1%
% Crown Cover 45% 5% 80%
Gradient 18% 22% 38%
LWD 6 3 1
Altered/Erosion/Obstructions A-weir installed A- Weir installed at far
end
A=boulders added as weir E-exposed roots, undercut bank
Land-use (type) U-(urban)
LG-logging
U-(urban)
LG-logging
U-(urban)
LG-logging
Stability (l/r)
r= unstable
l=moderately stable
r=moderately unstable
l=moderately unstable
R=unstable L= moderately unstable
General Comments:
-sprouting of cottonwood cuttings and willow planted in reach 8 is apparent.
-flooding is significantly lower than at last data collection.
-Several wildlife trees assessed at reach 6. For 1st tree: 6-visual appearance, 7-crown condition, 2-bark retention, 4-wood condition. For the 2nd
tree: 5-visual appearance, 5-crown condition, 4-bark retention, 5- wood condition.
29
The Vegetation of Mystic Vale and Hobbs Creek
April 17, 2011
Note: Species survey estimated through reaches 8-6 by scanning the slope and creek. This list is supplementary to a previous survey of the vegetation of Mystic Vale conducted by Nancy Turner and Brett Heneke in 1993.
Tree Species Grand fir Abies grandes Broadleaf maple Acer macrophyllum Red alder Alnus rubra Arbutus Arbutus menziesii Bitter-cherry Prunus emarginata Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Western red-cedar Thuja plicata
Shrub Species Red-Osier Dogwood Cornus stolonifera Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius* Daphne-laurel Daphne laureola* Salal Gaultheria shallon English Ivy Hedera helix* Ocean Spray Holodiscus discolor English holly Ilex aquifolium* Dull Oregon-grape Mahonia nervosa Indian Plum Oemleria cerasiformis False box Pachistima myrsinites Mock-orange Philadelphus lewisii Cascara Rhamnus purshiana Black gooseberry Ribes lacustre Red-flowering currant Ribes sanguineum Himalayan blackberry Rubus discolor* Trailing blackberry Rubus ursinus Sitka willow Salix sitchensis Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium
30
Herbaceous Species Vanilla leaf Achyls triphylla Rattlesnake-plantain orchid Goodyera oblongifolia Purple peavine Lathyrus nevadensis Water parsley Oenanthe sarmentosa Western buttercup Ranunculus occidentalis Pacific sanicle Sanicula crassicaulis False Solomon’s-Seal Smilacina racemosa Fringecup Tellima grandiflora Piggy-back plant Tolmiea menziesii Star flower Trientalis latifolia Western trillium Trillium ovatum
Ferns Spiny wood fern Dryopteris expansa Licorice fern Polypodium glycyrrhiza Sword fern Polystichum munitum Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum
* Invasive Species
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Appendix I– Native Plants of Mystic Vale (Turner 1993) (As seen in Hilary Harrop-Archibald‟s „Natural Features Study‟ (2007) NATIVE PLANTS OF MYSTIC VALE, SAANICH, BRITISH COLUMBIA Nancy J. Turner and Brett Heneke January 20, 1993 (updated March, 1993) Environmental Studies Program University of Victoria List of Plant Species from Brief Survey of rim, slopes and creekside areas of Mystic Vale. - Please note that many herbaceous perennials and annual plant species are not visible at this time of year. (Species listed alphabetically by scientific name within major categories of TREES, SHRUBS, HERBACEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES, MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS. A note on LICHENS and FUNGI is also made. TREES Grand fir (Abies grandis ) Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum ) Red alder (Alnus rubra ) Arbutus (Arbutus menziesii ) Black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa ) Bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata ) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana ) Hooker's willow (Salix hookeriana ) Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana ) Sitka willow (Salix sitchensis ) Western red-cedar (Thuja plicata ) Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia ) SHRUBS Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia ) Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera ; syn. Cornus sericea) Salal (Gaultheria shallon ) Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor ) Orange-flowered honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliosa ) Hairy honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula ) Tall Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; syn. Berberis aquifolium ) Common Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa ; syn. Berberis nervosa) Indian-plum (Oemleria cerasiformis ) False box (Pachistima myrsinites ) Mock-orange (Philadelphus lewisii ) stink currant (Ribes bracteosum ) black gooseberry (Ribes divaricatum ) Red-flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum ) Dwarf wild rose (Rosa gymnocarpa ) Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana ) Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus ) Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis ) Trailing wild blackberry (Rubus ursinus ) Red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa )
32
Snowberry, or waxberry (Symphoricarpos albus ) Red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium ) HERBACEOUS FLOWERING PLANTS Vanilla-leaf (Achyls triphylla ) Sedge (Carex spp.) Coralroot (Corallorhiza maculata ) Sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum ) Large-leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum ) Rattlesnake plantain orchid (Goodyera oblongifolia ) # Purple pea (Lathyrus nevadensis ) Twinflower (Linnaea borealis ) Wood-rush (Luzula sp.) Skunk-cabbage (Lysichitum americanum ) Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora ) #Siberian miner's-lettuce (Montia sibirca ) Nemophila (Nemophila parviflora ) Water-parsley (Oenanthe sarmentosa ) #Sweet cicely (Osmorhiza ? purpurea ) Sanicle (Sanicula crassicaulis ) Yerba buena (Satureja douglasii ) # False Solomon's-seal (Smilacina racemosa ) Hedge-nettle (Stachys cooleyae ) #Common twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius ) Tall fringecup (Tellima grandiflora ) Fringecup (Tiarella trifoliata ) Starflower (Trientalis latifolia ) Western trillium (Trillium ovatum ) Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica ) (NOTE: a number of grass species were also observed, but not identified) # additional species from May, 1993 FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES Lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina ) Spiny wood fern (Dryopteris expansa ) Common horsetail (Equisetum arvense ) Branchless horsetail (Equisetum hiemale ) Giant horsetail (Equisetum telmateia ) Licorice fern (Polypodium glycyrrhiza ) Sword fern (Polystichum munitum ) (NOTE: Mystic Vale contains one of the most spectacular populations of sword fern anywhere on southern Vancouver Island) Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum ) SOME MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS (NOTE: This list is very incomplete, representing only a fraction of the species occurring in the Vale) Antitrichia moss (Antitrichia curtipendula ) Fork moss (Dicranum scoparium ) Hypnum moss(Hypnum circinale ) Stolon moss (Isothecium myosuroides ; syn. I. stoloniferum , I. spiculiferum ) Oregon feather moss (Kindbergia oregana ; syn. Eurhynchium oreganum ) Feather moss (Kindbergia praelonga; syn. Eurhynchium praelongum ) Palm-tree moss (Leucopelis menziesii ) Douglas neckera moss (Neckera douglasii ) Neckera moss (Metaneckera menziesii)
33
Mnium moss(Plagiomnium insigne ) Plagiothecium moss (Plagiothecium undulatum ) Leafy liverwort (Porella navicularis ) Mnium moss(Rhizomnium glabrescens ) Feather moss (Rhytidiadelphus loreus ) Triangle-leaved feather moss (Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus ) Leafy liverwort (Scapania bolanderi ) NOTE ON LICHENS and FUNGI A complete inventory of Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens and Fungi in the Mystic Vale area should be made. A few identifiable lichens seen include: Ochrolechia sp.; Cladonia spp.; Cetraria spp.; Platismatia glauca ; Parmelia sulcata ; Hypogymnia physodes ; Peltigera sp.; Usnea hirta . A wide variety of fungi, including mushrooms and tree fungi, also occur in the area, contributing to the overall biodiversity. BIRDS NOTE: It is particularly important to survey this area on a year-round basis, not just over a short period, because the woods of Mystic Vale and surrounding areas may provide critical habitat not just for resident bird species, like winter wren and rufous-sided towhee, but also for migratory species, which need these areas for resting and feeding on their northward and southward journeys. Woodpeckers abound in the vale, as do a wide variety of small songbirds--kinglets, bush tits, juncos, creepers, wrens. Owls, eagles and other raptors need the tall trees and snags for nesting and perching.
34
Appendix II– Mystic Vale wildlife use and vegetation images Reach 6: Wildlife tree
Comments: wildlife tree in reach six, used by birds and other species
Reach 7: Wildlife tree
Comments: extensive grooves around this tree, noted woodpeckers foraging for insects
Reach 7: Western Trillium (Trillium ovatum)
Comments: native species, located in moist forests
Reach 7: Bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata)
Comments: native species, berries/flowers attractive to birds and other species. Reduces erosion.
35
Reach 6: Broadleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)
Comments: Fern and lichen growth on Bigleaf maple. Provides bank stabilization and habitat for a variety of
Reach 8: Birds nest
Comments: Birds nest in groove of Broadleaf maple. Indication that various bird species utilize this riparian environment.
36
Appendix III– Hillcrest Elementary School Proposal
Proposal for the Restoration of Hillcrest School
Forest
Hillcrest Elementary and the University of Victoria
March 14, 2011
Hannah Oliver
37
Project Rationale
The forest located at Hillcrest Elementary School in the District of Saanich provides aesthetic,
ecological, and educational benefits to the school and surrounding community. It is comprised of a large
stand of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and arbutus (Arbutus menziesii) and provides habitat for a
number of species while acting as an ecological corridor within the urban environment. The natural area
gives students of Hillcrest Elementary the opportunity to experience, learn from and connect with
nature. It also can provide students in the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria
an opportunity to aid in restoration and environmental education. Some plants and natural features on
the site are shown in Figure 1.
The site has been degraded over the years due to heavy use by the children at recess and lunch
and the broader community after school hours. Dogs are often let off their leashes and contribute to the
degradation. Soil compaction is evident along many side trails in the forest. Invasive species such as
daphne (Daphne laureola), English ivy (Hedera helix), holly (Ilex aquifolium), and Scotch broom (Cytisus
scoparius) are also present and threaten the integrity of the ecosystem. Restoration of the site can help
ensure the survival of native species and allow for hands-on educational opportunities with student
participation leading up to and including Earth Week.
Project Objective
To improve the health and overall biodiversity of the forest at Hillcrest Elementary School
through the collaboration of University of Victoria and elementary school students, using a variety of
techniques in ecological restoration. Also, to use this activity as a learning opportunity for the students
to better understand, connect with and appreciate nature.
Project Implementation
Several areas within the Hillcrest forest could benefit from restoration. The first section is the
strip of vegetation that runs approximately 150m to the left of the entrance from Houlihan Crt (Maps 1
and 2), with a “garden area” that runs about 57m from the entrance. The overstory is Douglas-fir and
arbutus, with a mixed understory of dull Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), red alder (Alnus rubra), and
oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor). The garden area also includes native willow (Salix ssp.), Western
redcedar (Thuja plicata), and giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron ssp.), with the fern common polypody
(Polypodum vulgare) (Img 1a) and sword fern (Polystichum munitum). An extensive list of vegetation can
be viewed on the Hillcrest Tree Resource (Talbot Mackenzie Associates 2010). Some invasive species in
this section include daphne, holly, and English ivy. Other non-native garden plants have also been
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introduced (Img 1b). Removal of this vegetation, particularly around the trees is recommended.
Installing signs indicating reasons behind restoration activities would also alert the community about the
importance of conserving this space. Including an interpretive sign for a wildlife tree near the entrance
would further educate people of the benefits such trees have in the ecosystem (Img 1c).
Another section that could benefit from restoration is the main forested area, to the right of the
entrance from Houlihan Crt (Img 2a). Invasive species removal of Scotch broom (40m into forest) (Img
2b), holly, and English ivy would clear space for native vegetation. Planting of juvenile shrub species such
as flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum), oceanspray, and salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) can act as a
buffer for areas that require re-vegetation and steer people away from areas outside of the main
pathway. The plantings will also provide food and habitat for a number of animal species. Planting of
young tree species such as Douglas-fir and arbutus in the gaps where soil is loose between already
established species can serve a similar purpose, in more clearly defining the main trails (Img 2c).
The swale located 67m into the main forest area, is a low-lying area with some wetland
characteristics. Bigleaf maples (Acer macrophyllum) and native willows are present, as well as a number
of coarse woody debris. This area could benefit from garbage clean-up, and planting of native
vegetation such as willow, salal (Gaultheria shallon) and Indian plum (Oemleria cerasiformis) (Img 3a).
The last area that could benefit from restoration is the densely vegetated area at the far corner
of the forest, past the swale. It is made up primarily of Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana) and common
burdock (Arctium minus) (Img 4a). Removal of the burdock and English ivy along the fence is
recommended, as well as cutting back some of the thicket.
Restoring these features will allow for the continued use of the ecosystem by a variety of native
species (Imgs 5a-c). It can provide numerous educational opportunities, and create a safe haven for the
students and community alike.
Resource Plan and Allocation
The resources for the proposed restoration techniques can be obtained at minimal cost. Any
willow planting can be obtained from within the forest itself, by harvesting the branches and planting
them directly into the ground. Other native species can be harvested from areas close to Hillcrest forest,
the University of Victoria campus, or obtained from native plant nurseries (this may involve some cost).
The removal of invasive species as well as the planting of native vegetation can be done by elementary
school children and volunteers from the School of Environmental Studies, at no cost. We assume that
the material can be removed from the site at no cost by the school or Saanich Parks.
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A. Environmental Education
The restoration of Hillcrest forest can be broken into several stages. The first stage can involve
UVic students giving class presentations to elementary students under the guidance of the school
teachers. These presentations would be about the natural history and importance of biodiversity of
ecosystems. By using age-appropriate activities, the maintenance and preservation of the forest can be
incorporated into the elementary students’ curriculum.
An ethnobotany lesson in the uses of particular plants by First Nations and importance of the plants to
the ecosystem might be incorporated as well. We can add the installation of a few bird boxes and a bat
box as activities.
B. Invasive Species Removal
The second stage can involve removal of non-native plants. Elementary students can remove
English ivy and Scotch broom. Other invasive species such as daphne, burdock, and Himalayan
blackberry can be removed by UVic students as they require special care in their removal. The proposed
locations of the invasive species removal are shown on Map 3.
C. Planting Native Vegetation
The last stage will be planting of native species, such as salmonberry, flowering currant, salal,
and others. This can be done by elementary as well as university students. The locations for the
plantings will be determined by student experts from the university of Victoria, placed to avoid high-use
“desire lines” by students through the forest.
D. Signage
The goal is to begin the lessons by the end of March, with invasive species removal starting at
the beginning of April. The exact timing will be determined in consultation with the teachers and staff of
the elementary school to meet their requirements. Adequate signage can be produced and placed in all
areas undergoing restoration, as well as placing signs indicating areas of interest (such as wildlife trees).
Creating a plan for the incorporation of activities within the forest in future student curriculum can
ensure the continued maintenance and awareness of the issues that affect Hillcrest forest.
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Chart of Activities
Week of /Activity
March
7
March
14
March
21
March
28
April
6
April
13
April
20
April
27
Principal/Teacher
meeting
Develop Site and
Restoration Plan
UVic/Principal/
Teacher Meeting
Grade 5s Remove
some Invasives
Classroom
Workshops
Plantings, Nature
Games
UVic/Principal
Meeting Wrapup
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Figure 1. Some plants and natural features of the forest at Hillcrest
Elementary School.
Image 1a
View: Common polypody in “garden area”.
This is not a native plant but is doing well and
provides good ground cover. Eventually it can
be replaced by sword fern, but we recommend
leaving it in place for now.
Image 1b
View: Non-native garden plant that has
invaded side vegetation area. It is growing
around native dull Oregon grape.
Image 1c
View: Wild life tree near entrance from
Houlihan Crt. Ivy is growing up the trunk and
should be removed. Placing an interpretive
sign about the benefits of wildlife trees will
educate children and the community about
their importance for different species.
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Image 2a
View: Main pathway from Houlihan Crt.
Garden area and side vegetation are to the
left (150m), while the main forested area is
to the right of the path. Invasive species
removal should be done in both areas,
particularly the English ivy.
Image 2b
View: In main forest, a patch of scotch
broom that should be removed. Native
shrubs such as flowering currant or salmon
berry can replace the invasives.
Image 2c
View: In main forest looking towards the
playing field. Juvenile tree species such as
Douglas-fir and arbutus should be planted
near established species to more clearly
define main trail.
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Image 3a
View: The swale is located in the low-lying
area to the left of the play field. Water
typically drains into the area. Large Douglas-
firs are visible along the edges. Planting of
native willow and other water tolerant
species will provide better drainage and
water uptake.
Image 4a
View: Dense vegetation past the swale.
Primarily Nootka rose, with some burdock.
Cutting back some of the thicket and
removing invasives is recommended.
Image 5a
View: Native willow located just outside of
Nootka rose thicket. Evidence of wildlife use
on the trunk. Scrapings most likely from deer
antlers. The native shrub at its base is dull
Oregon grape.
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Image 5b
View: Wildlife tree located in main forest
near the entrance. Fungus growth evident
along trunk. Sign on benefits of wildlife tree
could be placed here.
Image 5c
View: Wildlife use of red alder. Many other
species of birds spotted within Nootka rose
thicket.
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Map 1. Overview of the schoolground at Hillcrest Elemenetary
showing the location and extent of the forest.
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Map 2. The locations of the two major paths through the forest. There
are numerous smaller paths criss-crossing and compacting the site.
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Map 3. Locations of proposed invasive species removal.
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Appendix IV– Hillcrest Elementary School Vegetation/Images (Compiled by MaryAnn Backstrom)
May 25 2011 plantings, by division, zone, grade and teacher:
Plant Common Name Zone Div Teacher Grade
Mahonia acquifolium Oregon grape* 5 5 Macaulay 3
Gaultheria shallon Salal* 4 1 Blackmore 5
Gaultheria shallon Salal* 4 1 Blackmore 5
Spiraea douglasii Hardhack/Steeplebush* 3a 10 West 1
Sambucus canadensis Golden Elderberry* 4 1 Blackmore 5
Pysocarpus opufolious Ninebark* 2 6 Darling 3
Pysocarpus opufolious Ninebark* 3a 11 Jay 1
Pysocarpus opufolious Ninebark* 3a 3 Wardle 4
Red Osier Dogwood Dogwood* 2 9 Crumrine 1
Western Red Cedar (planted May 21) 1 2 Gauvreau 5
Blechnum spicant Tiny Deer fern 3a 13 Ottenbreit K
Blechnum spicant Tiny Deer fern 3a 14 Ottenbreit K
Acer macrophyllum Maple seedlings 5 5 Macaulay 3
Pseudotsuga Douglas fir seedlings 6 4 Kirkpatrick 4
postponed 12 Mowat ** K/1
Holodiscus discolor Ocean spray/Ironwood 2 8 Kristian 2
Acer macrophyllum Maple seedlings 7,7a 7 Sapsford 3
* = donations collected by Faye Hennem ** = postponed
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Hillcrest planting
Comments: Began initial digging of hole for planting on May 18th for the Greenwave Project. Found large amount of earthworms in the process.
Comments: Began planting of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) with the help of grade fives.
Comments: Dirty hands-kids enjoying getting dirty and interacting with nature.
Comments: Western redcedar successfully established, and a new addition to the “Greenwave” website.