Ecoinformatics Indicators workgroup

1 - Ecoinformatics International Technical Collaborative Meeting UC Berkeley, California, USA, 23-25 October 2006

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EcoinformaticsIndicators workgroup

Berkeley23-25 October, 2006

David Stanners


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Overview

1. EEA indicators update2. IT systems and indicators – SEIS3. Aggregate & composite indicators4. Defining sustainability – SCP5. Effectiveness Evaluation


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1. EEA Indicators update

• From SOER 2005 to SOER 2010• Belgrade report – June 2007 (see separate presentation)• GEO-4 UNEP – Sept 2007• WHO CEHAPE review – May 2007• Thematic indicators – biodiversity, marine...• Sectoral indicators – construction, food...• Regional – Mediterranean – EEA mandate• Sustainability indicators – SDS review – new EEA

mandate – reform of structural indicators• Environment & health – BoD methodological• ”Late Lessons fron Early Warnings” Vol 2


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Information & assessment tools

• Statistics & monitoring data / geo-referencing as the basis

• “Core set” of indicators to monitor key trends and warning signals

• “Scorecard” to compare and measure progress• Environmental accounting to understand stocks &

flows• Effectiveness evaluation to improve performance• Country “profiling” to understand local conditions• Good practices to share successful experiences (local,

regional, national)• Scenarios to imagine plausible futures and stimulate new

thinking


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Problem statement – indicators as part of an monitoring/information system

• Growth and divergence of indicator & reporting activities (see e.g. List of 2007 reports!)

• Divergence of indicator and data activities• Divergence of assessment and indicator and

data activities• Lack of temporal, spatial, discipline continuity• Lack of overall concept linking, data, indicators

and assessment• Need for linking people (experts, users,

stakeholders) involved – people as part of the information system

Linking the different parts – Towards more Integrated & Effective Activities


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The data line

Data out Data in


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The information cross

Quantitative

Qualitative

Information outData in


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The Knowledge-Innovation sphere

Knowledge of new developments

Intelligence gathering

Anticipate, Integration,

Frame


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The data line

Data out Data in


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The data line

Data out

Data reports

Data in

Data management

Compiling available data

Country reporting Data/Statistical compendia

Reporting the best available


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Quantitative

Qualitative

Information outData in


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Quantitative

Qualitative

Information out

(Integrated) Assessments

Data in

Data management

Core Set of Indictaors

SOERs etc

Sectoral data sets

Thematic data sets

Thematic & sectoral indicator sets


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The information cross - systemisation

Quantitative

Qualitative

Information out

Integrated Assessments

Data in

Data management

SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(Modelling)


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The information cross – the missing half

Quantitative

Qualitative

Information out


Data in

Data management

?? ??

SEIS CS-Indicators & IA(M)


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The information circle

Quantitative

Qualitative

Information out


Data in

Data management

”Late Lessons”

OutlooksParticipatory processes

Practices/experiences Clearing houses, BATs…


Scenarios

Effectiveness evaluation


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The information circle

Quantitative

Qualitative

Information out


Data in

Data management

”Late Lessons”

OutlooksParticipatory processes

Practices/experiences Clearing houses, BATs ...


Scenarios

Effectiveness evaluation


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The information circle – systemisation?

Quantitative

Qualitative

Information out


Data in

Data management An SEIS for qualitative information? (Gathering & organising practice, experiences, lay & local knowledge)


Knowledge based assessments


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The information circle - systemisation

Quantitative

Qualitative

Knowledge for ActionData in

Data management Gathering & organising practice, experiences, lay & local knowledge


Knowledge based assessments


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The Knowledge-Innovation sphere




Frame


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Towards more integrated & effective activities linking the different actors knowledge for action

Target audiences

Regulatory bodies....

Capacity* building

Business, Children / Education.....

*the ability to improve the environment and influence others




Frame


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Reinforcing development of indicators linking to....

• Sectors• Prospective analysis, scenarios & outlooks• Model interfacing• Uncertainty/sensitivity analysis• Participatory methods• Policy effectiveness assessment• Spatial analysis .......


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Monitoring

Data

Information

Assessment

Reporting

Reporting

Assessment

Information

Data

Monitoring

Reversing the thinking


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Air pollution: Reporting

Is progress in the implementation of agreed policies on ammoniaenough to reach targets?


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Air pollution: Assessment

"Changes in agricultural practice and lower animal numbers are expected to reduce ammonia emissions to X mln tonnes above the NECD target in 2010. In Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium it will be necessary either to reduce the amount of cattle with an additional Y% or to support the building of low-emission stablesand to ban the conventional distribution of liquid manure on the fields".


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N-critical load exceedance

Air pollution: InformationAmmonia emissions, EU15

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1980

1983

1986

1989

1992

1995

1998

2010

Th

ou

san

d t

on

nes CLRTAP target

emissions

NECD target


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Air pollution: Data

•Basic statistics•Emission coefficients and emissions•Scenarios for societal developments•Measures and their effects

dataspreadsheetsmodels

bases


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How to codify this?

• Core set of indicators

• Part of indicator definitions (metadata)

• Links to data sources, models,the environmental issue and policy questions

By codifying the meaning of the indicator (how it relates to the phenomena it aims to ”indicate” and the policy questions) we can automate indicator production and shift effort to assessment and interpretation.


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Towards more effective products and services (knowledge for action) – a learning innovation cycle

Target audiences

Regulatory bodies....

Capacity* building

Business, Children / Education.....

*the ability to improve the environment and influence others




Frame


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2. IT systems and indicators - SEIS

• IT systems to support presentation, access and analysis to indicator information and supporting data and metadata

• Role of the European Shared Environment Information System (SEIS)

• Data Centres – administrative arrangement


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Data centres

• EEA Air Climate change Water Biodiversity Land use

• Eurostat Natural resources Waste Integrated product policy

• JRC Forestry Soil


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1985 - 1995 - 2005+: ”stand alone” information system

NodeEEA

Node Node2005 – 2013+:

”shared” environment information system

1995 - 2005+: ”reporting” information system EEA

Evolution of Europe’s Environmental Information System

CORINE


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Common components of a SEEIS node


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Components of EEA SEEIS node


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http://dataservice.eea.eu.int/sdi

Integrating data sets 2005 to 2008…..


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Applied across the collaborating organisations a key component

of SEEIS


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3. Aggregate & composite indicators

• EEA Scientific Committee opinion• Commission now reviewing seriously Ecological

Footprint• Towards a basket of Aggregate indicators

(common metric)• Skepticism on use of Composite indicators (no

common metric)• See Excel dbase of composites


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UP4. Defining sustainability

•EU SDS review and revision of structural indicators

•Sustainable consumption & production (SCP)


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SDS review

• SD now overarching Lisbon agenda• New request to EEA – measuring resource

efficiency• Revision of structural indicators (ESTAT lead)• SCP – a more practical understanding of SDS?


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Sustainable consumption & production (SCP)


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Content

1. How we see sustainable consumption and production

2. A storyline of unsustainable consumption and production in Europe

3. Results from our NAMEA project


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1. Defining SCP

‘SCP is a holistic approach to minimising negative environmental impacts from the production-consumption systems in society.

SCP aims to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of products, services, and investments so that the needs of society are met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.’ (Norwegian Ministry of the Environment, Oslo Symposium, 1994)


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1 (cont.) Material flows in the economy

Waste

MaterialsBiomassEnergy

Consumption

Extra

ction

Emissions

Emissions

Emis

sion

s

Emissions

Em

issi

ons

Emissions

Em

issi

ons

Production


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1 (cont.) What influences consumption and production?

Source: Household consumption and the environment, EEA, 2005


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1 (cont.) Economic actors

Waste

MaterialsBiomassEnergy

ConsumptionPrivate Public

Extra

ction

Emissions

Emissions

Emis

sion

s

Emissions

Em

issi

ons

Emissions

Em

issi

ons

Distribution:o Marketingo Advertising

ProductionPrivate Public

Investments


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1 (cont.) What are the drivers?

Consumption

InvestmentDistribution

Production

S

Goal of GDP growthPublic procurementInfrastructurePrivate financingSubsidies (EU + MS)

Need for profitEnergy marketsInertia of establ. industryCountry specialisation

GlobalisationMarketing

AdvertisingPackaging

Pricing

Increasing incomesAging population

Basic needsStatus goods

Desire to ownIndividualism

Old habitsFitting to norms


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1 (cont.) Tools for change

Consumption

InvestmentDistribution

Production

S

Goal of GDP growthPublic procurementInfrastructurePrivate financingSubsidies (EU + MS)

Need for profitEnergy marketsInertia of establ. industryCountry specialisation

GlobalisationMarketing

AdvertisingPackaging

Pricing

Increasing incomesAging population

Basic needsStatus goods

Desire to ownIndividualism

Old habitsFitting to norms

DRIVERS

Subsidy reformAlternative welfare indicatorsGreen procurementGreen urban planningSocially resp. invest.Tax reform

LCAIPPEmission trading schemesPollution controlEnergy taxesProducer responsibilityProduct innovationEMAS/ISO14001Worst polluters list

Fuel taxes (also airfuel)EcolabelsImport controlsGreen advertisingDifferential V.A.T.

Environmental educationInformation on impactsEconomic instrumentsChanging normsPromoting rent not ownershipChallenging habits


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1 (cont.) SCP policy time-line

WSSD Jo-hannesburg

2011

1992

Global

Europe

National

UNCSD re-view of SCP 2010-2011

Rio Summit

UNCSD work progr. On SCP

Marakech process

SCP Action Plan

2006 2002

Belgrade conference

SCP Action plans in Swe-den, UK, Czech Republic, Hungary

Regional SCP meeting


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2. Some trends and figures from recent EEA work related to SCP


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2. (cont.) Storyline

Consumption growth in Europe outweighs gains in efficiency. As a result many environmental impacts continue to increase (also outside Europe)

Consumption categories causing highest environmental impacts (through the production – consumption chain) are food consumption, housing activities (including heating and construction), and personal travel

Achieving SCP is a common joint challenge of public authorities, business and consumers.


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2 (cont.) European consumption patterns are changing

Changing household consumption patterns in EU-10 and EU-15, 1994 to 2004 (sectors are presented in the order of most rapidly growing in EU-10 - most rapidly at top)Changing household consumption patterns in EU-10 and EU-15, 1994 to 2004 (sectors are

presented in the order of most rapidly growing in EU-10 - most rapidly at top)

0

2000

4000

6000

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12000

14000

1994 1999 2004 1994 1999 2004

EU10 EU15

Ho

us

eh

old

co

ns

um

pti

on

ex

pe

nd

itu

re (

co

ns

tan

t 2

00

0 $

US

)

Transport & communication

Housing, water, el, gas

Furniture and equipment

Recreation, culture, restaurants andhotelsHealth and education

Alcohol, tobac, narcotics

Other goods and services

Clothing and footwear

Food and non-alcoholic beverages

Source: Draft Belgrade ChapterData Source: Eurostat


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2 (cont.) Why are consumption patterns changing?

Economic and technological factors: globalisation and market liberalisation, the internet, mobile phones

Demographic factors: average household size fallen from 2.8 in 1980 to 2.4 today, number of households increase, ageing of populations

Socio-cultural factors: individualisation, social groups, marketing, fashion


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2 (cont.) What are the impacts? One indicator: Ecological footprint

One indicator of many The average footprint of EU25 was 4.7 global hectares in 2002 (EEA data) and on the increase It varied from 3.3 in Poland to 7.7 in Finland By 2002, Europe used two Europes (in biocapacity)The global average footprint was 2.2


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2 (cont.) Are we decoupling resource use from economic growth?

Decoupling resource use from GDP in EU15

GDP

Energy cons.

DMCEMC GHG


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2 (cont.) Housing

Larger homes with fewer people in each New houses more energy efficientIncrease in number and use of electronic appliances outweighs efficiency gains

Environmental pressuresLarge pressures from especially heating (70%)Households contribute same share of emissions of greenhouse gasesWater use is decreasing in all regions of EuropeEEA projects higher waste amounts from households


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2 (cont.) Energy efficiency and ownership of appliances

Trends in specific energy efficiency and ownership of 3 household appliances, and overall electricity consumption for lighting and appliances in EU-15

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

2,2

2,4

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Ind

ex

ed

to

19

90

va

lue

s

Ownership Dishwasher

Ownership TV

Ownership Washing machine

Elec. consumption per dwelling forlights and appliances

Specific energy consumption TV

Specific energy consumptionWashing machine

Specific energy consumptionDishwasher

Source: Draft Belgrade chapter, Enerdata, 2005a


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2 (cont.) Food and drinks consumption

Consumption of major food categories (kg/capita)


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2 (cont.) Personal travel and mobility

Figure 5.3 Fuel efficiency of new vehicles in Europe Source: EEA 2004b.

0 50 100 150 200 250

Sports Utility Vehicle(Toyota Landcruiser)

Large petrol car(Peugeot 406)

Large diesel car(Peugeot 406)

Mid-size petrol car(Renault Megane)

Mid-size diesel car(Renault Megane)

Mid-size hybrid car(Toyota Prius)

Small hybrid car (HondaInsight)

3.0 L cars (VWLupo/Audi A2)

CO2 emissions g/km

EU-15 average for new vehicles in 2002 from ACEA suppliers


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2 (cont.) Bending the trends

Governments, business and consumers alike have interdependent and complementary roles

Technological improvements are necessary but not sufficient

Economic instruments can get the prices right

Labelling can enable consumers to make informed decisions about what to buy

Need to better understand consumer behaviour: Some actions may affect some consumer groups – but not others


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2 (cont.) Environmental taxes in EEA-17

Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Lux'burg NL Norw ay Portugal Spain Sw eden UK

Air/EnergyCO2*SO2NOxFuelsS in fuels

TransportCar sales and useDiff. annual car tax

WaterWater eff luents

WasteWaste-endDangerous w aste

NoiseAviation noise

ProductsTyresBeverage cont.PackagingBagsPesticidesCFCsBatteriesLight bulbsPVC/phtalatesLubrication oilFertilisersPaper, boardSolvents

ResourcesRaw materials

in 1996 new in 2000 new in 2004

Sources, including:EEA (2000) Environmental taxes - Redent developments in tools for integration, CopenhagenOECD/EU database for environmental taxes (http://www1.oecd.org/env/policies/taxes/index.htm)


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(2 cont.) Environmental tax reform in the EU 1995 - 2003

Source: Eurostat

Green tax shift EU-25, 1995-2003

Energy taxes

Labour taxes

Energy consumption/GDP


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2 (cont.) Improving energy and resource productivity

Labour costs constitute about 20% of total costs in manufacturing in EU-25. Material and energy costs can be up to 50%

Labour productivity

Materials productivity

Energy productivity


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productionproduction final

usefinaluse

productionproduction

resource extractionresource extraction emissionsemissions

exportsexports

importsimports

National economyNational economy

final use

final use

resource extractionresource extraction emissionsemissions

3. NAMEA bases on environmental Input-Output Analyses (eIOA)

Rest of the worldRest of the world


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3 (cont.) Data

• monetary Input-Output Tables• Eurostat

• NAMEA-type tables for selected environmental pressures• national authorities

– air emissions => 3 impact categories

» GWP - Global Warming Potential

» ACID – Acidification

» TOFP – Tropospheric Ozone Forming Potential

– Direct Material Input (DMI)

» domestic extraction (used)

» imports of goods

• Country coverage = 8– Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden (1995

+ 2000)

– Spain, United Kingdom (1995)


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3 (cont.) Priority product chains related to domestic final use

Hotel and restaurant services ; 5%

Transport equipment ; 5%

Transport, storage and communication services ;

5%

Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry ; 6%

others; 33%

Construction work ; 14%

Food products, beverages and tobacco ; 13%

Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water ;

11%

Wholesale and retail trade services; 7%


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3 (cont.) SCP = better managing basic needs ! Housing!




5%


others; 33%




11%



TEC

HN

ICA

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ATIV

E IN

DIC

ATO

RS W

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KG

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UP

3 (cont) SCP = better managing basic needs ! Housing; food




5%


others; 33%




11%



TEC

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L C

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3 (cont.) SCP = better managing basic needs ! Housing, food, transport




5%


others; 33%




11%



TEC

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L C

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DIC

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3. (cont.) Consumption-patterns fairly similar across Europe: some countries perform more eco-efficient in providing basic needs

-

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

SE_2000 IT_2000 DE_2000 NL_2000 DK_2000 ES_1995 UK_1995 HU_2000

kg

CO

2-e

qu

iva

len

t p

er

Eu

ro

Food products, beverages and tobacco

Construction works

Electrical energy, gas, steam and hot water

Transport, storage and communication services

Products of agriculture, hunting and forestry

Wholesale and retail trade services; repair services of motor vehicles, motorcy-cles and personaland household goods Transport equipment

Hotel and restaurant services

e.g. GWP


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3 (cont.) Production-patterns and related environmental pressures vary significantly

-

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

DK_2000 NL_2000 UK_1995 DE_2000 HU_2000 IT_2000 SE_2000 ES_1995

ton

ne

s C

O2

-eq

uiv

ale

nt

pe

r ca

pita

exports

infrastructures

consumption


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3 (cont.) Production-patterns and related environmental pressures vary significantly

-

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

DK_2000 NL_2000 UK_1995 DE_2000 HU_2000 IT_2000 SE_2000 ES_1995

ton

ne

s C

O2

-eq

uiv

ale

nt

pe

r ca

pita

infrastructures

consumption


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5. Effectiveness Evaluation

• A model• Reports due out in 2007 – see table• EEA activities• International links


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EEA activities in effectiveness evaluation

Surveys on the effectiveness of EEA products – ongoing

Policy effectiveness evaluations:• Urban waste water treatment• Effectiveness of packaging waste management systems

in selected countries: an EEA pilot study• Paper and cardboard meta study on LCA & CBA• New study - Landfill/incineration project – to what extent

those directives contributed to increased prevention and recycling

• November workshop to develop lessons learnt and guidelines for use in future studies


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International links

• Eurosai (Auditor Generals) meeting 27-28 Nov 2007 on effects of environmental policies. (http://eurosai.nik.gov.pl/en/site)

• UNEP’s best practice network (Paris office) meeting in Spring 2007 (postponed from November 2006 in Ottawa)

Ecoinformatics Indicators workgroup

Documents

Transcript of Ecoinformatics Indicators workgroup