EcoHealth survey tools development and practical application

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Survey tools development and practical application Fred Unger Vet. Epidemiologist ILRI UGM Vet Faculty 06.06.2012 Training module for EHRC UGM exchange students visiting the EHRC CMU, Chiang Mai, Thailand 15 June 2013 Fred Unger (ILRI) Training module for EHRC UGM exchange students visiting the EHRC CMU, Chiang Mai, Thailand 15 June 2013 Fred Unger (ILRI)

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Presented by Fred Unger at a training course for exchange students from Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia. Eco Health/One Health Resource Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 15 June 2013.

Transcript of EcoHealth survey tools development and practical application

Page 1: EcoHealth survey tools development and practical application

Survey tools development and practical application

Fred UngerVet.Epidemiologist ILRI

UGM Vet Faculty06.06.2012

Training module for EHRC UGM exchange students visiting the EHRC CMU, Chiang Mai, Thailand

15 June 2013Fred Unger (ILRI)

Training module for EHRC UGM exchange students visiting the EHRC CMU, Chiang Mai, Thailand

15 June 2013Fred Unger (ILRI)

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Training on qualitative and quantitative survey tools Group work to develop tools Field visit and testing of tools Reflections of tool application and field visits (report)

Outline for UGM student exchange- EH tool development module -

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Quantitative 

Qualitative 

Survey tools

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Quantitative QuestionnairesLikert scaleQualitative In‐depth InterviewsFGD

Survey tools

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Questionnaire – basic guidelines 

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Mail versus face to face

Mail Q: easy, cheap, more non responders, little information about non responders, usually only short Q possible, no information about sequence the Q was answered 

Face to face Qhigh response rate, information about non responders, longer Q possible, time consuming, expensive, interview bias, additional information possible eg through observations

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• Target the vocabulary and grammar to the population be 

surveyed

• Avoid ambiguity, confusion, and vagueness.

• Avoid leading questions

• Avoid double‐barrelled questions

• Avoid asking questions beyond a respondent's capabilities

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Questions should flow from one to the next one (logical), general to specific, impersonal to personal, easy to difficult 

Keep question interesting for the responder

Designed in a way to motivate respondents and to facilitate recall 

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Show understanding of the local conditions (ethnical, socio econ)

Develop methods to guarantee confidentially

Explain the objective and background carefully

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Closed ended question 

More suitable for statistics

Useful for determining frequencies

Limited in response, answered in a specific way

Risk of missing of important dimensions, not captured in response option

Used for qualitative research 

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Partially closed ended question 

Alternative – compromise to closed/open ended

Respondent has chance to create their own responses 

e g other category, howewer it often yields little 

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Open ended question

Indispensible for exploratory studies

Probing is often needed (information bias)

Difficult to use for statistical analysis 

Used for qualitative studies 

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Questionnaire ExampleZoonoses study in Guinea

• Introduction and purpose(1) Do you know any disease which can be transmitted fromanimals to human? ① yes  ② noIf yes, please kindly fill the table below …

(2) Do you have any specific knowledge for Brucellosis?① yes  ② no If yes, please kindly fill the table below …

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Likert scale

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Developing Likert Rating Scales 

• Rating scales yield a single score that references the direction and intensity of a person’s attitude.

• Originally developed by Rensis Likert in 1932, this type of rating scale is the most widely used attitude scaling technique. Likertrating scales are used in various settings, including clinical, educational, administrative, and organizational contexts. 

Reasons for its popularity include: 1) relatively easy to construct,2) yields reliable scores, and 3) flexibility in its ability to measure many types of affective 

characteristics. 

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Likert Rating Scales 

• Respondents are asked the amount they agree or disagree with a number of statements. 

• A ‘true’ Likert scale uses a 5‐point scale. • Increasing the number of points on a Likert scale does not help 

because most respondents are unable to make finer distinctions. • A mid‐point allows respondents to select a neutral option and may 

be important if the respondent is truly ambivalent on a topic. 

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Likert Rating Scale Statements 

• Select statements that are believed to cover the entire range the affective scale of interest. 

• Keep the language of the statements simple, clear, and direct. • Statements should be short, rarely exceeding 20 words. • Each statement should contain only one complete thought. • Whenever possible, statements should be written in simple 

sentences rather than compound or complex sentences. • Avoid the use of the words that may not be understood by 

those who are to be given the completed scale. 

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Type ofscale/pointson continuum

1 2 3 4 5

Effectiveness VeryEffective

Effective Neither Effective nor Ineffective

Ineffective VeryIneffective

Frequency Always Often About Half the Time

Seldom Never

Satisfaction Very Satisfied

Satisfied NeitherSatisfied norDissatisfied

Dissatisfied VeryDissatisfied

Effectiveness Very Effective

Effective NeitherEffective norIneffective

Ineffective Very Ineffective

Quality Very Good Good Average Poor Very Poor

Expectancy Much Better than

Expected

Better than Expected

As Expected Worse than Expected

Much Worsethan

Expected

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Examples• How many friends you will have in the new school?

A lot lesslessabout the samemorea lot more

• What do you think about the price of chicken inThailand very expensive expensiveneither agree or disagreecheapvery cheap

• Do you think the price of chicken is too expensive in Thailand 

Strongly agreeagreeneither agree or disagreedisagreestrongly disagree 

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Quantitative

In‐depth interviews (IDI)

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IDI

• Interviewing is a method of qualitative research in which the researcher asks open‐ended questions orally and records the respondent’s answers

• Are flexible and continuous. They are not locked in stone and are often not prepared in advance. 

• Listening is the most important skill in interviewing.  The hardest work for many interviewers is to keep quiet and to listen actively

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IDI ExampleZoonoses study in Guinea

• Introduction and purpose

• Zoonoses perception & knowledge in general

• General perception/knowledge on Brucellosis

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Quantitative

Focus group discussion  (FGD)

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FGD

• Is a form of qualitive research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes.

• Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group me

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Some guidelines ‐ FGD 

• Stick to the pre‐determined guidelines but keep some flexibility

• Inform the group in advance the approximate duration of the interview, then complete the interview within the time specified  

• Be respectful and courteous to all participants, and offer few questions and advice

• Avoid leading respondents during FGD (e.g. by motivate  a wide range of respondents including woman)

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FGD ExampleZoonoses study in Guinea

• Introduction and purpose• Zoonotic aspects (awareness, perception and behavior)– Do you know any of diseases, which could be transmitted to human beings?

– If yes, which disease, symptoms and do you know how to avoid transmission? 

– Do you know in your family or on your village any case of disease, which could be originated in animals or animal products? 

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Outline for upcoming field visit and application of tools

Date: 17 June 2013

Small scale chicken slaughterhouse (1)– Questionnaire – In depth interview– Checklist

Chicken Farm (1)– Check list

Group report to be prepared 

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Case Study exampleadded value of an integrative (Eco health) approach

Model of Hygienic Small Scale Poultry Slaughter House (SH) Chiang Mai ‐ Thailand

Schedule: 17th June 2013Contact: Suwit Chotinun (CMU)