Ecodial 3-3.pdf

SIS - ECODIAL 3.3- 2004 - English 1


1. INTRODUCTION

Ecodial 3.3x :

z 98 SE, Win 2000, XP

z Included :z Contactors , Circuit breakers (Telemecanique),z Thermal relays, Soft starters, Variable speed drives,

Capacitors

Calculation method : CENELEC (R0064-003) Installation rules : IEC364, C15-100 (new version), BS7671


Installation rules address all the issues relative to safety : overload protection minimum cable sizes protection against direct and indirect contact short circuit protection

These rules are usually all based on the same inital document (IEC60364), onto which each country usually includes local requirements (temperature, safety, cable derating).

What are installation rules ?IEC60364, NFC 15-100, BS7671, CP5, AS3008, ...


Ecodial is a low voltage network calculation tool.

It can calculate simple arborescent type networks no loops/ring feed systems

Ecodial calculates cable cross section based on

upstream protection setting, maximum allowable voltage drop, protection against indirect contact,

short circuit currents according to : type of short circuit, polarity of circuit and earthing method

sets protection devices based on short circuit currents, expected loads, ...

What is Ecodial ?


Ecodial is not : A medium voltage design tool A tool that can be used lightly : professional engineers must check verify and

certify these results The solution to all the possible design problems that one may encounter.

Ecodial cannot solve all the layouts Several studies could be made... Simplified network should be drawn...

What Ecodial is not :


General characteristics- definition of the global parameters (voltage, earthing, )

Drawing- definition of the network layout

Definition of circuit characteristics- definition of the terminal load, and all the cable lengths

Power sumcalculation of the required power, and current in the distribution circuits

Calculation- sizing of cable, calculation of short circuit currents, choice of equipment,

Results- printout of the input / output used for the calculations

The main steps of an Ecodial study


Un Ph-Ph (400V) : sets the LV network voltage. This value corresponds to a phase-phase voltage

Earthing arrangement (TNS) : sets the earthing arrangement at the transformer. This value can only be changed in a network after an LV/LV transformer, or from TNC to TNS.

Cascading (YES) : authorises Ecodial to use reinforced breaking capacity to choose downstream breakers. This can help reduce the cost of an installation.

Discrimination (standard) : displays the discrimination results and chooses breakers giving better discrimination results.

Smax (240mm) : sets the maximum cable CSA that Ecodial can use when sizing cables (multiple cables in parallel can always be used though)

General characteristicsCalculation / General characteristics


CSA N / CSA Ph (1) : sets the minimum ratio between phase and neutral conductors. This is used to allow half neutrals (1/2) or require full neutrals (1).

Tolerance (5%) : Ecodial calculates the theoretical Phase CSA. Tolerance can be included to allow the choice of cable slightly smaller than the theoretical value.

Target power factor (0.96) : this is the value Ecodial will use to size the required capacitor bank. It corresponds to the power factor downstream of the transformer.

System frequency (50Hz) : enables users to choose products that are suitable for 60hz applications (capacitors, ).

Thermal stress compliance (No) : enables Ecodial to check out that cables chosen are in compliance with thermal stress under short circuit.



New with 3.35 ! One will be able to modify some of these characteristics afterwards. Ecodial

will then ask whether the modified characteristic should be spread abroad down the electrical network or not. This function can be quite useful in case the user is looking quickly for the results of a variant of its own design



Sources : Transformer, Generator, Undefined, (Bus coupler) Busbar : Busbar, Truncking

Feeders circuits

Loads : receiver, motor, lighting, variable speed drive

LV / LV transformers (isolating, step-up, step-down)

Miscellaneous : graphic links - project links

Drawings: Interlock

Standard diagrams

Drawing the network - the symbol toolboxDisplay / Symbol Toolbox


Drawing the network

Click on the symbol you wish to use: the mouse pointer becomes this symbol

Click on the diagram where you wish to place the circuit Ecodial verifies if this circuit can be placed there (if there is room, etc)

Double- click on the circuit, and define : Name Characteristics (cable length, polarity, etc) Customise (cable busbar trunking, circuit breaker fuse, )

Validate


B2

Switchboard

Q1

Source

C1

T1

Q5

Main lighting

C5

D5 Main lighting

E5

Q4

K4

Main motor

C4

M4

Q3

Main Load

C3

L3

The first study


select circuit and (F4), or double-click on circuit Name all the circuits :

Supply, Switchboard, Main Load, Main Motor, Main Lighting Enter circuit parameters:

Main Load : 35m, 238A Main motor : 39m, 110kW (mechanical), Main Lighting :15m cable, 30m busbar, 20x150W Incandescent

lights, 10 identical circuits

Useful tools Network / Item lists

faster input of circuit characteristics once the circuits are named. Network / Logical check (F3)

Definition of circuit characteristicsNetwork / Circuit description


Automatically calculates the theoretical power of transformer and generator. (400kVA)

Automatically calculates the currents in the different branches of the circuits. (ex Total Switchboard feeders = 436.36A)

Ku and Ks coefficients can be used to optimise design.

Ecodial will recommend a transformer size.

Power sum should be run after every modification !

The Power SumCalculation / Power Sum


Ku : usage coefficient applicable to a CIRCUIT % full load current when load is running example :

motor +/- 80% Light 100%

Ks : diversity coefficient applicable to a DISTRIBUTION BOARD chance of all feeders drawing maximum load at any given time relative to the number of feeders on DB. See Electrical Installation Guide (B-16)

Power sum, Ks and Ku


Apartment blocks :Consumers 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 49Ku 1 .78 .63 .53 .49 .46 .44 .42 .41

Distribution Boards (IEC439) :Circuits 3 5 9 10+Ks .9 .8 .7 .6

Circuits (Ks or Ku ?): Lighting 1 Heating, air conditioning 1 Socket outlet circuit .1 to .2 (higher in industry) Lifts/hoists 1 / .75 / .6

Calculation parametersDiversity and usage coefficients - example


Problem with Ku and Ks Responsibility of the user Personal experience Knowledge of installation Database of existing installations

Advantage of Ku and Ks more cost effective installation not oversized Example

total installed power : 144kVA maximum expected demand : 80 kVA

Calculation parametersDiversity and usage coefficients - example


Ib is the maximum current potentially consumed by the load.

Therefore, Ecodial makes sure to take the worst case if considering the maximum Ib.

Ib will size the frame and the overload protection of the protective device.

Consequently Ecodial does not consider the Ku input for the load.

In three phases system :

In single or bi phase system cosNPhkW

b UPI

=

cos3 PhPhkW

b UPI

=


Ku is a user coefficient. If the user knows is equipment load will be only 80% of the nominal current, he should input 0.8. These kind of assumptions are quite common for motors.

Ku is not used to size the macro component. He is taken into account to size the upstream circuits


154.64 36.24>


154.64


154.64240.86110.94


The power required is equal

In three phases system

In single phase system

In Bi phases system

m is the Voltage coefficient that is requested to alleviate Voltage fluctuation. Standards has fixed it to m = 1.05

3bPhPhkVA ImUP =

bNPhkVA ImUP =

bPhPhkVA ImUP =


The Power Sum is not compulsory.

But then the user must manually define the currents in every circuits. Advantage : quicker calculations :

Do not have to draw/enter all the circuits. Enter only the circuits one wants to calculate, and expected current.

Disadvantage : results can be sometimes surprising !

POWER SUM IS RECOMMENDED IN BIG PROJECTS !

The Power SumCalculation / Power Sum


One may want to undersize a distribution board fed with several sources in parallel, with regards to the required current by thedownstream loads.

This may result from the willingness to take into account an average diversity coefficient at the level of the distribution board, coefficient based on overall statistics or on standards.

The user has to choose to proceed by using the Ks coefficient

Switchboard undersizing


Ks of the distribution board : It is entered during the power sum and it bases the transformers power capacity

calculation. In the following screens shots swapping Ks from 1 to 0.1 is inducing requested

transformers power from 205kVA each to 21kVA. The user is not compelled to stick to the proposed value. He may put whatever he wants,

as long as the input value is bigger than proposed.

DB undersizing with Ks


The busbars cross section area of the distribution board is calculated with selected transformers power, which gives the nominal current capacity. This cross section area is constant whatever may be the input Ks.

Ks=1 or Ks=0.1 => same In (maximal nominal current)

DB undersizing with Ks#2


When single phases are connected to a three phase board, Ecodial can automatically suggest a phase distribution solution

The automatic distribution can be modified.

The logic applied is the following Ecodial sorts the loads by decreasing intensity. Starting from the highest load, Ecodial will place the loads onto the first phase

until the sum of these loads is equal to 33% of the total load Ecodial then tries to load the second phase until the sum of these loads

reaches 50% of the remaining loads. All the loads that remain are then allocated to the third phase.

This systems gives the best possible distribution in most cases. It is always possible to manually modify the result.

The upstream circuit is sized on the highest phase loading.

The Power SumLoad distribution


Automatic mode equipment is selected automatically. No additional entry is required, Ecodial uses default values (installation

method, cable type, )

Manual mode parameters can be defined by user, and then they are checked to see if

they verify all the safety criteria. An unsafe choice will not be allowed to be validated.

Equipment calculated Circuit breakers (and fuses) and isolators Contactors and relays Cable, BTS, and busbar

The CalculationCalculation / Calculate


Load current and breaking capacity identifies circuit breaker

Choice of circuit breaker sets thermal setting

Thermal setting defines minimum theoretical cable CSA

Verification of cable (Sp, Sn, Spe theoretic) voltage drop protection against indirect contact short circuit currents

Sizing constraint (overload, voltage drop, user, )



Busbar sizing : For main busbar, size is defined by the circuit breaker protection which is

defined by the nominal current of transformer (and not the sum of the load currents !)

For other busbar (sub DB) : sizing according to circuit breaker protection, which is defined by the load current.

Short circuit currents Ik max : cold short circuit (copper is cold-low resistivity) Ik min : warm short circuit (copper is warm - high resistivity) Ik3 : three phase bolted fault Ik2 : phase - phase fault Ik1 : phase - neutral fault Earth fault : phase-earth fault



The Calculation: Cables ParametersResistivity values

o : resitivity at 20 degrees Celcius (IEC909) copper : 18,51 aluminium : 29,41

At different temperatures : PVC

1= 1,2x o at 70 degrees 2= 1,38x o at 115 degrees (if S 300 mm 3= 1,30x o at 95 degrees (if S 300 mm)

PR 1= 1,28x o at 90 degrees 2= 1,60x o at 170 degrees 3= 1,48x o at 140 degrees

Linear reactance (non armoured cables) multi core or single core in trefoil : = 0,08 single core, flat touching : = 0,09 single core, spaced : = 0,13


The CalculationShort circuit currents (values of resistivity to be used)

Ik3max, Ik2max and Ik1max : o

Ik2min and Ik1min for circuit protected by fuses : 2 for circuits protected by circuit breakers : 1

If (earth fault current) TNC :

for circuit protected by fuses : 2 for circuits protected by circuit breakers : 1

Multicore, PE included for circuit protected by fuses : 2 for circuits protected by circuit breakers : 1

PE separate for circuit protected by fuses : 2 for circuits protected by circuit breakers : 1

Voltage drop : 1


B7

Emergency DB

B2

Switchboard

C6

Emergency DB feeder

Q6

Q8

C8

Emergency supply

G8

L9

C9

Vital Load

Q9

M10

C10

Vital Motor

K10

Q10

Q5

Main lighting

C5

D5 Main lighting

E5

Q4

K4

Main motor

C4

M4

Q3

Main Load

C3

L3

Q1

Source

C1

T1

The second study


Define new circuits : Emergency DB feeder : 45 m , (I = ???) Emergency DB Emergency supply: 5m Vital Load (36m, 135A) Vital Motor (75m, 18,5 kW mechanical)

Run Power Sum Transformer : 400 to 630 kVA Generator : 160 kVA (only supplies Emergency board !)

Run Calculation

Modify the circuit


Under Emergency supply, only the board under the Emergency feeder is considered fed. All the other loads (those connected to the main DB) are considered disconnected.

The Normal source is sized on the sum of all the loads The Emergency source is sized ONLY on the loads on the Emergency

board.

For those feeders that can be fed by either the Normal or the Emergency supply, the worst case parameters are used to verify the selection and sizing of the equipment :

max 3 phase short circuit current min earth fault current

Normal / Emergency supply


Zoom : drag a box around the area to zoom into

Grid

Circuit selection (multiple) : keep SHIFT button pressed while selecting multiple circuits, or draw a box around the circuits to select.

Moving circuits : drag and drop the selection

Copying circuits (including the characteristics) select circuit to be copied CTRL+C and then CTRL+V Edit / Copy and then Edit / Paste

Enlarge busbars : select busbar, click on , enlarge bars.

Advanced editing


Power (kVA) : the nominal rating of the transformer. It is usually calculated and set in the power sum, nonetheless it can be manually set by the user here.

Type: Dry or Immersed

Earthing arrangement : a reminder of the earthing arrangement set in the general characteristics. Modifying the earthing arrangement here does not modify the earthing arrangement of all the downstream circuits.

Distributed neutral : identifies networks that have or have no neutral conductor.

Un Ph-Ph : a reminder of the system voltage. As for the earthing system, changing the voltage here does not automatically change the voltage of all the other circuits.

Short circuit voltage : parameter which is used to calculate the impedance of the transformer (Z). The resistance and reactance are estimated using the CENELEC guide lines.

Circuit descriptionTransformer


Circuit descriptionTransformer (2)

HV Psc : short circuit level on the medium voltage side of the transformer. Enables Ecodial to calculate the impedance (Z) of the medium voltage network

Connection : the different windings of the MV/LV transformer (Delta-star; star-star; zig-zag)

Power factor : a result of the Power Sum. The power factor at the downstreamterminals of the transformer.

System frequency

HV operating time : time used to size the transformer to circuit breaker connection


Circuit descriptionTransformer (3)

Results :

R and X of MV network (using CENELEC R064-003 formulas) XQ= 0,995 x ZQ RQ=0,1 x XQ

R and X of transformer (using CENELEC R064-003 formulas) RT=0,31 x ZT XT = 0,95 x ZT

Ib : rated current of the transformer (In)

Isc max (maximum short circuit current at the terminals of the transformer)

Copper losses (heat loss)

kQQ S

UnZ2)05,1( =

100)05,1( 2 kr

rTT

uSUnZ =

TRInPcu = 23

UnSIn rT= 3

upstreamk Z

UncIIsc ==

305,1max

max3


Circuit descriptionGenerators

Power (kVA) : see previous

Earthing arrangement : see previous

Distributed neutral : see previous

Un Ph-Ph : see previous

Power factor : see previous.

System frequency : see previous

Xo : Zero phase impedance

X : Transient impedance, used to calculate the short circuit current


Circuit descriptionSource

Un Ph-Ph : see previous

I service connection (A) : Intensity of the connection, in other words the current rating of the upstream protection device (not drawn on the diagram).

Earthing arrangement : see previous.

Distributed neutral : see previous

Additional equipotential connection on the incoming power : requested input depends on the earthing of the upstream incomer :

The neutral earthing electrode resistance Rs (TT) The exposed conductive parts earthing electrode resistance Rm (TT) The impedance of the interconnected exposed conductive parts ZPE (IT)


Circuit descriptionSource (2)

Isc max (kA) : maximum short circuit current (Ik3max) at the point of the LVconnection from which the study will start.

Isc min upstream (kA) : value of the Ik1min short circuit at the point of connection. This value is used to calculate the warm impedance of the Phase/Neutral loop.

Power factor : see previous.

Short circuit power factor see next slides

System frequency : see previous

dU initial (%) : The voltage drop from the transformer to the LV connection from which the study starts. This used to calculate the cumulative voltage drop downstream of the LV connection.

Energy supplier : Private substation is the only value.



V3.2 limitations The calculations made by Version 3.2 were based on a number of simplifying

assumptions that neglected the following problems:

The real constitution of a power supply network that can be a mixture of generators, transformers and cables of varying lengths.

The distance to the point where the neutral is created. For example, if a delta-star transformer is located just upstream, the neutral impedance is zero. On the other hand, if the cable impedance is high with respect to that of the transformer and the HV system, the neutral impedance will be close to that of the phases.

Upstream earthing location and method. This is particularly a problem TN systems, where the fault current could be confused with a single-phase short-circuit, while there is a very high probability of an equipotential link at the connection point.



Factors Cmin and Cmax, along with the resistivities 0, 1 and 2 of the circuits, are used to distinguish between the maximum and minimum short-circuit current values. However, what types of circuits are concerned, what are their lengths and what resisitivity values should be applied?

In this concern, UTE C 15 500 considers RQ and XQ, with RQ invariable with respect to temperature.

The ratio R/X of the different impedances. Ecodial 3.3 offers the possibility of entering an additional value, the

power factor under short-circuit conditions, that is applied for Ik3max and Ik1min. Of course, taking the same short-circuit power factor for Ik3 and Ik1 leads to an approximation in the calculation of the neutral and PE impedances.

A test is required to check for consistency between the values entered for Ik3max and Ik1min.

Ecodial 3.3 offers the possibility of checking Ik1min with respect to Ik3max. According to the characteristics (system earthing arrangement, distributed neutral, reduced neutral, etc.), incompatibilities will be corrected and the user will be asked to confirm certain assumptions.



Connection system drawing

Characteristics fields


Circuit descriptionCapacitor

Power factor before compensation : value of the power factor calculated in the Power Sum (the Power Sum must be run to calculate a Capacitor bank)

Power of the Harmonic sources : In order to take into account the effect of harmonics on the capacitors, Ecodial needs the power of all the harmonic generating (non-linear) loads on the network. This value is used in conjunction with the transformer size to identify the type (Standard, H or SAH) of capacitor used by Ecodial.

Power (kvar) : Total power of the capacitor bank needed to attain the target power factor.

Type of compensation

Step : resolution of the automatic capacitor bank : ex 5x50kvar means the capacitor bank can go from 0 to 250kvar in steps of 50 kvar (controlled by the regulator)

Ib : current drawn by the capacitor bank (inclusive of possible harmonic currents and manufacturing tolerances)


Circuit descriptionCapacitor

Ih L, C,

Transformer(PT)

Capacitor(Q)

Harmonic current injection

Equivalent impedance of L-C circuit (resistances ignored) Z= j.L. / (1-L.C.)

Resonance when =(2..f)=1/LC (Zmax induces to Voltage max) order of resonance :

if order of resonance is close to harmonic current injection, filtering devices could be required.

Harmonic voltage created across the equivalent impedance of the transformer and capacitor, which causes circulating currents in the L-C loop, which can be a cause of nuisance tripping in transformer or capacitor protection devices.

c

T

QuccPn = (%)

Circuit descriptionCapacitorCircuit descriptionCapacitor

Vh


Circuit descriptionCircuit breaker (distribution)

Range : Product range from which the circuit breaker is to be chosen. If Ecodialcannot find a breaker in that range it will look for a breaker in a predefined range (function of the demand current)

Designation : name of circuit breaker Trip unit / curve : name of the trip unit or curve of the circuit breaker Nb of poles protected : polarity of the circuit breaker that is required. Fire protection : this is a characteristic that will force an earth leakage device, and

set it to ensure that a leakage current will not be able to cause a fire (threshold < 300mA)

Integrated with the protection device : certain RCDs are integrated (NS Vigi, ) and certain are separated (RH***). The user can choose the type of RCD required. By default, Ecodial looks for integrated RCDs, and then separatedRCDs if unsuccessful.

Class : (A / AC ) defines the sensitivity of the RCD to continuous and pulsed DC signals.

Earth leakage protection device : name of the device ensuring the function of RCD.

Earth leakage protection : if earth leakage protection (RCD) is required (by user, or for a particular application, switch this characteristic to YES).


Sensitivity (mA) : pickup current of the RCD device Delay (ms) : time delay before disconnection under earth fault conditions

I thermal setting (A) : Thermal setting of the circuit breaker. This value is set to be greater or equal to the demand current, and is used to size the cable.

I magnetic setting (A) : magnetic setting of the circuit breaker. This setting s made to ensure protection against indirect contact in TN, and to ensure correct motor starting based on start-up currents.

Frame rating (A) : maximum rating of the circuit breaker frame Trip unit rating (A) : maximum setting of the trip unit. Im/Isd : position of the magnetic adjustment on the trip unit Ir : position of the thermal adjustment on the trip unit Io : position of the thermal adjustment on the trip unit Motor mechanism : breakers must be able to be fixed with a motor mechanism

Circuit descriptionCircuit breaker (distribution) (2)


Cascading requested : YES : circuit breaker is chosen using cascading with the upstream device (only

the device directly upstream) NO : circuit breaker is chosen based on its stand-alone breaking capacity.

Discrimination requested : YES : circuit breakers that have better discrimination potential are selected

instead of normal circuit breakers Installation : Fixed breakers or withdrawable breakers

Circuit descriptionCircuit breaker (distribution) (3)


Circuit descriptionCircuit breaker (motor)

Range : see previous Designation : see previous Trip unit / curve : see previous Contactor : name of contactor to be used according to the co-ordination tables Thermal protection : name of thermal overload (if needed) according to co-

ordination tables. Fire protection :see previous with the added safety that the tripping time is

delayed by at least 60ms to ensure there is no nuisance tripping on start-up. Soft starter : name of soft starter (if needed) according to co-ordination tables. Earth leakage protection : see previous. Number of poles protected : always 3P3T, as Ecodial does not cover single

phase motors I thermal setting (A) : Thermal setting of the circuit breaker. This value is set to be

greater or equal to the demand current, and is used to size the cable. I magnetic setting (A) : magnetic setting of the circuit breaker. This setting is

made to ensure protection against indirect contact in TN, and to ensure correct motor starting based on start-up currents.


Frame rating (A) : maximum rating of the circuit breaker frame Trip unit rating (A) : maximum setting of the trip unit. Im/Isd : position of the magnetic adjustment on the trip unit Ir : position of the thermal adjustment on the trip unit Io : position of the thermal adjustment on the trip unit Motor mechanism : breakers must be able to be fixed with a motor mechanism Cascading requested :

YES : circuit breaker is chosen using cascading with the upstream device (only the device directly upstream)

NO : circuit breaker is chosen based on its stand-alone breaking capacity. Discrimination requested :

YES : circuit breakers that have better discrimination potential are selected instead of normal circuit breakers

Installation : Fixed breakers or withdrawable breakers

Circuit descriptionCircuit breaker (motor) (2)


Circuit descriptionLoad (1)

Number of identical circuits : instead of drawing multiple feeders having EXACTLY the same characteristic, just draw one !

Ib : demand current of the load (calculated from the power and polarity)

Circuit polarity : polarity of the load

Earthing arrangement : see previous

Power (kVA) : demand power (calculated from the current and the polarity)

Power factor : power factor of the load (.8 is default value)

Ph/earth fault max turn off time : User may have the ability to force to 5s the tripping time of the breaker, but in

TNC/TNS.


Circuit descriptionLoad (2)

Load type & environment: Load type : Ecodial offers you a variety of choices: standard, corresponding to

the general case, or certain special cases: heating floor Instrumentation/measurement Public lighting luminous signs computers

Environment : various choices are pre-selected: standard, corresponding to the general case, or certain special cases.

Depending of both characteristics Ecodial will force RCD protection and in some cases will propose a SI type from the Multi 9 range.

Thats specially the case when the load is considered as mobile : terminal load is fed through a power socket (special earth leakage conditions are then applicable : 30mA and Instantaneous protection is required)


Circuit descriptionMotor

Type of starting : for Direct on Line or Soft Starting applications Mechanical power (kW) : rated mechanical power of motor Motor efficiency : ratio between mechanical and electrical power (in kW) Ib (A) : full load current of motor Circuit polarity (always 3P) Power factor : full load power factor of the motor Earthing arrangement : see previous Power (kW) : demand power (calculated from the efficiency) Type of co-ordination : Type 1 or Type 2 Number of identical circuits : see previous Starting class : Standard / Long Id/In : ratio between inrush and nominal current .Start-up current sets the magnetic

setting of the breaker Ph/earth fault max turn off time : see previous


Type1 and Type2 co-ordinationIEC60947-4

Association between the protection (thermal and magnetic) and control devices. Defines safety and maintenance levels of the association (IEC60947-4). These associations are verified/proven through testing at levels defined in the

standards (corresponding to extreme conditions on the equipment)

Type 1 : damage is accepted on the contactor and the thermal relay under the two following conditions :

there is no risk for the operator other elements must not be damagedmore maintenance required, poor continuity of service, cheaper equipment

Type 2 : it is acceptable for the main contacts to solder lightly : they can be easily separated...little maintenance required, continuity of service improved, more expensive equipment


Circuit descriptionLighting

Number of identical circuits Lighting Source : type of lamp Individual lamp power : Number of lamps per light : for each lighting point there can be several lamps Nb of lights (A) : total number of lamps on the Canalis lighting line Ib : full load current at the origin of the Canalis lighting distribution Ballast power : for lamps using ballasts (fluo tubes, ) Circuit polarity : Number of poles Earthing arrangement Power (kW) : total demand power (calculated) Power factor : individual lamp s power factor Ph/earth fault max turn off time : see previous Environment : see previous


Circuit descriptionSocket

Number of identical circuits Ib : load current of the total distributed sockets Circuit polarity Earthing arrangement Power (kW) : total demand power (calculated) Power factor : total expected power factor Ph/earth fault max turn off time : see previous Load type & environment : see previous


Circuit descriptionVariable Speed Drive

Reference : name of VSD VSD IP : level of dust & water protection level (will define VSD type range) Permitted transient torque (A) : starting torque (High or standard)

This information is directly linked to the type of application (lift, roof top fan, liquid pump, etc)

Note : a VSD can work either with a standard or high transient torque (especially for motors over 15kW). Electrical characteristics fluctuates

Transient overtorque value (%) : value of permitted transient overtorque Heat power consumed : VSD heat loss (value from VSD data base) Nominal power of the VSD (kW) : characteristic of VSD Form factor (K): ratio between total RMS and 50Hz signal (characteristic of VSD)

This factor allows for the level of harmonics generated by the variable speed drive when calculating RMS current

Ib consumed by the VSD : current drawn by VSD (including losses) Called current : inrush current Maximum deliverable nominal current : permanent Is output current Maximum transient current for 60s/10min : output current Is maximum 60s

(characteristic of VSD) Earthing arrangement Circuit polarity


Circuit descriptionVariable Speed Drive (2)

VSD selected based on full load current of the motor permitted transient torque (A) = type of starting : standard or high torque VSD Ip ratings ( if low IP, ATV38 is selected) Voltage range : ATV 68/38 have various characteristics depending of voltage

Active power supplied by VSD: kWe= kWm / ( motor efficiency)

Heat dissipation power by VSD Pl (function of the VSD selected)

Power drawn by VSD power factor = 1 kVA = kW = kWe + Pl

Ib consumed by the VSD k = form factor linked to presence of harmonics (function of VSD) Ib = kVA / (1,732 x V) x k


Circuit descriptionCable

Length : length of the cable (Short circuit and voltage drop calculations) Installation method : code for the type of installation. Defines the standard

derating factors and the type of conductors used. Insulation : sets the insulation material of the cable (impedance calculation) Type of conductor : output from the Installation method, not an input ! Neutral loaded : source of derating on 3P+N networks Conductor arrangement : calculation of the linear reactance of the cable Type of PE : influences the type of cables selected by Ecodial Number of additional circuits : cable derating Number of layers : cable derating K user : additional cable derating (over and above the standards) Ambient temperature : cable derating Delta U max on circuit (%) : maximum voltage drop allowed on the cable Reference : name of cable


Circuit descriptionCable (2)

Nb Ph conductor : calculation result CSA Ph conductor : calculation result Nb N conductor : calculation result CSA N conductor : calculation result Nb PE conductor : calculation result CSA PE conductor : calculation result Phase metal : cable characteristic (input) ex: Copper Neutral metal : cable characteristic (input) PE metal : cable characteristic (input) Safety voltage : 50V or 25V


Ecodial and the earthing schemesImplementing protection against indirect contact

TT Earth fault current (leakage) calculated using the impedance of the source and

earth electrodes, and the Phase-Earth conductor impedance Standards require an RCD device on the main incomer the earth and source electrodes must not be interconnected !

TN Earth fault current calculated using the Phase-Earth conductor impedance Protection against indirect contact ensured by setting the magnetic under the

Earth fault current Trip units can be changed to ensure accurate magnetic threshold is used RCDs can be implemented

IT (2nd fault) identical calculations as for the TN system Earth fault current is calculated assuming both fault occur at the same point.

This ensures worse case scenario as if the second fault appears further away, the real fault current on the 2nd fault would be greater than the calculated fault current corresponding to the 2nd fault location, and ensuring tripping by the 2nd fault location protection device.


Calculation rulesPhase CSA

a

mIrth

KSth

11

=

Theoretical Phase CSA : calculated by a formula, where (IEC 60364-5-523-B): K is the total derating (temperature laying method, cables in parallel, ) Irth : is the thermal setting of the upstream breaker m and a : parameters defined by the laying method and the type of cable

(metal, insulator) andthe number of loaded conductors in the circuit)

Choice of Phase conductor based on cable database supplied based on theoretical phase CSA and tolerance based on installation rules (ex TNC Smini = 10mm) based on limits implied in the standards (ex Smini for multicore conductors on

perforated tray = 25mm) based on maximum phase CSA allowed

Voltage drop is calculated on this cable using demand current CSA could be increased


Calculation rulesNeutral CSA

Theoretical calculation made by Ecodial minimum theoretical CSA equal Ph or Ph/2

Warning : the Neutral, as any cable, should be sized according to the upstream protection setting (this is to ensure safety)

With 4p4t CB, the neutral can be of the same CSA of the Phase With 4p3t 1/2N, the neutral can be half With 3p devices (Neutral not protected), there is an unknown, as there is no

direct protection on the neutral

Phase unbalance can lead (worse case scenario) to a phase current equal to neutral current, so Neutral should be at least equal to Phase

Triplen Harmonics (3rd, 9th, ) add up on the neutral. Therefore, if the phase is ONLY 3rd harmonics, neutral current = 3x phase current. In reality, the neutral current will usually be less than 1.7-1.8 times the phase current, example ;

Irms (phase) = (I1, I3 (80%), I5(45%), I7(12%)) = 1.36x I1 Irms (neutral) = 3x I3 = 2.4x I1 = 1.76 Irms (phase)


Calculation rulesNeutral CSA

Recommended actions : use half neutrals

when there is a 4p3t N/2 circuit breaker protecting the circuit, and if there is no possibility of excessive phase unbalance and/or triplen

harmonic loading on the circuit. Note : 3p3t are acceptable solutions, but 4p3t N/2 offer more safety

under unexpected conditions

use full neutrals when there is a 4p4t circuit breaker protecting the circuit and if there is a possibility of excessive phase unbalance, or limited

triplen harmonic (max allowed = 33% triplen in the RMS) Note : 3p3t are acceptable solutions, but 4p4t offer more safety under

unexpected conditions

use double neutrals with 3p3t circuit breakers when there is a high risk of excessive triplen harmonic


Calculation rulesPE CSA

Automatic minimum PE : if Ph 16mm, PE = Ph x kph/kpe if Ph 35 mm, PE = 16mm x kph/kpe if Ph > 35 mm, PE = Ph/2 x kph/kpe where kph and kpe function of the type of phase and earth conductor (metal,

insulation, single/multi core, ) in TT, max PE = 35mm

Theoretical minimum PE : the theoretical minimum PE cross section should only verify the It < kS condition, as very little current is ever expected to flow on the PE (as it is an equipotential link). This condition usually implies small PE cross sections (+/- 4mm in TN and 1mm in TT). Using such small cables has two bad consequences :

reducing Earth fault current (due to higher loop impedance), which could require the use of earth fault protection devices or lowering the magnetic thresholds to non efficient levels (motor starting and discrimination problems)

creating a higher voltage differential on the PE due to natural leakage currents Ecodial chooses automatically the CSA given above, but allows smaller

cables to be selected by the user.


Circuit breaker and busbar selection Discrimation and cascading tables Tripping curves

Guides and tools


Maximum number of circuits in a project : 200 Maximum number of copied circuits : 50 Maximum number of transformers : 4

Limitations

Ecodial 3-3.pdf

Documents

Transcript of Ecodial 3-3.pdf