Eco Design 2008

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Development of an inventory shared LCA network for environmentalaudits and accreditation of Indonesian Cement sector

Haruhiro Fujita(Toyo University), Koji Okuhara (Osaka University),M.A.M. Oktaufik (BPPT Indonesia) Faizul Ishom (Indonesian State Ministry)Toshihiro Ashino (Toyo University) Aramaki Toshinari (Toyo University)

Abstrac t: It is commonly understood that the use of common inventory data is able to bring the transparency of the assessment, and the uniform load quotation methods arealso able to develop the objective reliability in the environmental audits. A web-based,inventory shared LCA is going to be applied to the environmental load reductionframework of Indonesian cement production, consumption and wasting system, tomobilize the environmental audits as well as accreditation by Indonesian authority. Itis considered that the cement LCAs contribution on the CO 2 reduction could beenhanced by the public awareness, as well as by the governmental and international

accreditation.Keywords: Environmental impact assessment, LCA, Transparency, environmentalaudits, cement sector

1. Introduction

The goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental damages assignable on productsand services, enabling to choose the least burdensome one. The concept also can be used to optimizethe environmental performance of a single product ( ecodesign ) or to optimize the environmental

performance of a company. Common categories of assessed damages are global warming (greenhousegases), acidification, smog, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication, eco-toxicological and human-toxicological pollutants, desertification, land use as well as depletion of minerals and fossil fuels [1].

In this paper, an assumption was made that if the realization of the environmental impact evaluationsystem of cement sector in Indonesia can contribute the environmental load curtailment. Further more,a discussion on provision and wider adaptations of Web-based cement LCA system with highreliability, easy to use and low-cost was made. An architectural proposal of user friendly LCA for sustainable society, which is based on s tandardization by module reuse and embedded structure by accesscontrol is also demonstrated.

2. LCA Framework and Direct Applications

2.1 What is LCA?

A life cycle assessment ('LCA', also known as life cycle analysis, eco-balance, cradle-to-grave

analysis) is the investigation and valuation of the environmental impacts of a given product or servicecaused or necessitated by its existence.

According to the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards 4&5 , a life cycle assessment is carried out in four distinct phases [2, 3]. The direct applications are as follows:

Product development and ImprovementStrategic planningPublic policy makingMarketing

Corresponding information: [email protected], [email protected]
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2.2 The Life Cycle Concept

A LCA of a product includes all the production processes and services associatedwith the product through its life cycle, fromthe extraction of raw materials through

production of the materials which are used inthe manufacture of the product, over the useof the product, to its recycling and/or ultimate disposal of some of its constituents.

These aim to reduce environmental impactsthroughout the life cycle of products, with aspecific focus on the impacts in general,those related to waste, and those related toresource consumption, respectively. Figure 2shows the life cycle concept with thematerial recycle, the feedstock recycle, thethermal recycle and the parts recycle.

Figure 2: Scheme of a product system's life cycle withdata collection of product flow (red lines: Artery

physical distribution) and recycling flows (blue lines:Vein physical distribution).

There are two LCA approach mainly. Oneis input output (IO) model and another isMaterial flow analysis (MFA) model. IO-LCA uses economic input/output modelsdeveloped by Wassily Leontief. The modeldivides an entire economy into distinctsectors. The tables can represent total salesfrom one sector to others, purchases fromone sector, or the amount of purchases fromone sector to produce a fund of output for thesector. MFA is presented that it can enhancethe value of LCA information, it possible todifferentiate between the effects associatedwith a product over the supply chain. Figure3 shows the process model for MFA.

Figure 3: The data of consumption and emission arecompiled and quantified in a LCA inventory datasheet.


A life cycle assessment provides an adequate instrument for environmental decision support. The LCA framework is shown inFigure 1. In the first phase, the LCA-practitioner formulates andspecifies the goal and scope of study in relation to the intendedapplication. The second phase 'Inventory' involves modeling of the product system, data collection, as well as description andverification of data. The third phase 'Life Cycle ImpactAssessment' is aimed at evaluating the contribution to impactcategories such as global warming, acidification etc. The mostimportant one is the phase stage 'interpretation'. An analysis of major contributions, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysisleads to the conclusion whether the ambitions from the goal andscope can be met.

Figure 1: LCA based on ISO14040 series.

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2.3 Environmental Audits and Some LCA Software Tools

There are three types of environmental labels. Type I isa label that is only achieved after the approval of a third

party, Type II is a self-made claim, and Type III labelsgive information to the consumer about all productsrather than selectively pick products that pass astandard. We can list well known type III labels asfollows:

EPD (Sweden)EDP (Korea)GEDnet,

etc.In order to evaluate environmental load, Figure 4

shows the advantages and the disadvantages of both theIO LCA model and the process model. In our project, wefocus on the process model to estimate totalenvironmental impact.

Figure 4: The differences among two LCAapproaches.

Some Life Cycle Assessment Software Tools, whose version upgrade is 3 or more, are shown inTable 1.

Table 1: Major Commercial LCA Software.(Other LCA tools are listed at http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/toolList.vm [4])

3. LCA for cement sector in Indonesia

3.1 Goal of Our Project

For those large cement companies whohave already consulted on environmentalimpact evaluation, it is common to executethe proprietary LCA environmental impactevaluation systems. In such a case, the use of common inventory data and the adoption of same approach for evaluating theenvironmental load can not be performedamong the companies. Therefore, in order toensure the objective reliability, thetransparency by the use of provided commoninventory data and the standardization of Figure 5: The driving force to achieve our purpose.


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estimation procedure are strongly required.

Figure 5 shows the driving force to achieve our purpose under the business environment of Indonesian cement sector which tends to globalization and supply chain.

For those Indonesian companies who have not yet consulted on environmental impact evaluation,the majority of companies, employee and shipment value are accounted by small and medium sizedenterprises. Most of small and medium sized enterprises cannot promote efforts to LCA since it isdifficult to devote their funds and energy.

As the goal of our project, it is considered that the realization of the environmental impactevaluation system with lower burden on introduction and operational management will contributesignificantly to the environmental load curtailment. For the purpose it is important to provide andspread Web-based LCA system (see Figure 6) with high reliability, easy to use and low-cost. Figure 7shows the conceptual figure of collaboration between LCA and financial flow through EDI.

Figure 6: Web-based LCA system.

Figure 7: Collaboration between LCA and financial flowthrough EDI (blue lines: Information flow, yellow lines:

material flow, red lines: financial flow).

4. Architectural proposal of cement LCAs based audit and accreditation systems

The proposed Web-based cement LCA system will have some functions to return helpful data for awareness to improve the running, besides it must pay attention to information protection. As thefeedback information to the participate company, statistical data is considered for comparing withother companies in the same category. Benefit is driving force of environmental load reduction. Figure8 shows the requested specification for the realization of the goal.

Figure 8: How to create mechanism in which corporations can participate willingly.


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Figures 9, 10 and 11 show architectural proposal of the cement LCAs based audit and accreditationsystems for sustainable society, it is based on s tandardization by module reuse and embedded structure byaccess control.

Figure 9: Data sheet modularized for reuse basedon ISO 1404x.

Figure 10: Access control enable embeddedstructure by sharing information.

Figure 11: LCA derived Indonesian cement audit and accreditation systems

5. Conclusion

It is concluded that the realization of the environmental impact evaluation system with lower burden on introduction and operational management will contribute significantly to the environmentalload curtailment. For the purpose it is important to provide and spread Web-based LCA system withhigh reliability, easy to use and low-cost. Then an architecture proposal of LCA derived from Indonesiancement audit and accreditation framework is made, which is based on s tandardization by module reuse andembedded structure by access control.References[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment[2] ISO 14040 (2006): Environmental management - Life cycle assessment -Principles and framework,

International Standard Organization (ISO), Geneve

[3] ISO 14044 (2006): Environmental management - Life cycle assessment -Requirements and guidelines,International Standard Organization (ISO), Geneve


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[4] http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/toolList.vm[5] Fujita, Okuhara, Wu and Ishii (2008) Development of a Low Cost Web-based LCA System for

Environmental Load Reduction, CTI industrial joint seminar, Peking, 21-22 February 2008


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