Eclogite Engine
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Eclogite Engine
Eclogite Engine
Don L. AndersonCaltech
Don L. AndersonCaltech
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Can we bridge geophysics,geochemistry &
geodynamics?
Can we bridge geophysics,geochemistry &
geodynamics?
Continents; the missing link The lower crust is transient It is recycled 6 times faster than upper crust
Recent arc growth estimates are 5X previous estimates!
Therefore, a huge previously unaccounted for flux
Continents; the missing link The lower crust is transient It is recycled 6 times faster than upper crust
Recent arc growth estimates are 5X previous estimates!
Therefore, a huge previously unaccounted for flux
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THE UPPER MANTLE ECLOGITE CYCLE
All the components of so-called hotspot or plume magmas originate in crust, lithosphere, cumulates or mantle wedge
The Isotope Zoo EM1, EM2, HIMU, DUPAL, LONU, High 3He/4He, C-, FOZO, Os…
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Mantle is a Top-Down System
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Sources of dissipation The top boundary condition is not simple
delamination
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Many ways to get big chunks of mafic matter into upper mantle
Subduction of seamount chains, aseismic ridgesDelamination of island
arcsDelamination of
compressional mountain belts
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Estimating mantle sources & sinks, continental addition & loss, through time, depends critically on when deep
subduction, got underway
David Scholl
1 Gyr of oceanic crust subduction=70 km of eclogiteBut lots of other things get put into the mantle
OIB
~2 Km3/yr
20 km3/yrPiles up @
70 km/Gyr
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MASS BALANCE Recycling rate of oceanic crust (basaltic + gabbroic) ~20 km3/yr Midplate extrusive magmatism 1-2 km3/yr (4 to 8 current Hawaii’s; 10x more average Hawaii’s) (Factor of 10 to 20 mismatch for Hofmann & White recycling mechanism) Underside erosion of continents at marine margins 2.5 km3/yr Erosion plus delamination at continental collisions 2-3 km3/yr
Production rate of magmas in arcs 3-9 km3/yr [Scholl (2006) gives 4-5 km3/yr] Growth rate of arc garnet pyroxenite cumulates 1.5-6 km3/yr
Island arcs and oceanic plateaus (and Hawaii’s) can also delaminate
Midplate volcanisms & arcs can be upper mantle recycling
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RIDGE-TRENCH ANNIHILATIONAbandonment of young oceanic crust and mantle wedge
BAB
Mantle wedge
Trapped crust
Future suture
EM1EM2
HIMU
FOZO
LOMU
HI 3HE/U
All of the isotope and trace element signatures of OIB are manufactured in the subduction factory, wedge & crust
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dense roots fall off warm up in ambient mantle
rise possible mechanism for Atlantic & Indian ocean plateaus & DUPAL anomaly
ROOT FORMATION
1
DELAMINATION ridge
2
SPREADING
3heating
UPWELLING
4
SPREADING
5
Delamination cycle
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ERUPTABLE mafic melt (-0.68)
MELTS ultramafic melt (-0.40)50 km jadeite 3.20 4.82
LMP eclogite 3.24 4.28ERUPTABLE 100 km mafic melt (-0.40)MELTS ultramafic melt (-0.15)
UMR AVERAGE 3.29 4.68dunite 3.30 4.90
sp.perid. 3.35 4.52200 km Gt.Lhz. 4.83
BUOYANT MELT mafic melt (-0.18)PONDED MELT ultramafic melt (+0.00)
PYROLITE 3.38LMP eclogite 3.43 4.58
300 km Hawaii Lherzolite 3.47 4.72
SHEARVELOCITY
ECLOGITE AT DEPTH HAS LOW SHEAR VELOCITY
density
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Non-uniform heat leakage from the top & peeling off of crust
The eclogite engine, as in any engine, involves changes in volume due to compression, heating and phase changes.One cannot consider T but not P.
The cycle is cooling, phase change (eclogite), compression (sinking), heating, phase change (melting), decompression (rising), heat exchange…
[The continent may move, rather than the blob.]
heating
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Dual eruptions
unstable
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Delaminated roots warm quickly
• will start to melt before reaching same T as surrounding mantle
• already in TBL, so starts off warm
• when 30% melt, garnet mostly gone & will start to rise
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Dry peridotite can only melt in very shallow mantle; hence adiabatic ascent at ridgesEclogite can melt much deeper, and much more, even when colder; hence, “midplate magmatism”
Peridotite melts
Eclogitemelts
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Delamination rate of arc cumulates 1.5-6 km3/yr is non-negligible. It is also likely that larger chunks are inv olved than would be the case with subduction of normal oceanic crust. They are also hotter. Thus, this material may be responsible for fertile melting anomalies, in addition to contributing trace element and isotopic signatures to their melts. To the arc lower crustal delamination rates must be added the collisional mountain belt delamination.
The breakup of Gondwana and the uncovering of the Indian and Atlantic oceans provides the best opportunity for seeing the re-emergence of these fertile blobs, after they have been heated by ambient mantle. It has been proposed that the Indian ocean and the south Atlantic plateaus and island chains may be due to these mafic patches that were injected into the mantle from the base of the Gondwana crust (Anderson, 2005).
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LIPs are associated with continental breakup
• reconstruction at ~ 30 Ma
• dual volcanism– on breakup– ~ 30 Myr later
• oceanic plateaus form ~ 1,000 km offshore
• = rising of delaminated root?
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NO PLUME
NECESSARY
COUNTERFLOWCHANNEL
Slow upwellingSlow upwelling
DELAMINATION
MANTLE
WEDGE
EROSION
Input into asthenosphere: delamination, seamount chains,
broad upwelling, abandoned mantle wedges
Broad upwellings
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€
⇒
12
34
1 delaminated crust, 2 wedge, 3 broad upwelling,
4 young oceanic crust
Fertile blob & asthenospheric counterflow model
LVZ
^
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Test of the model; lots of scattering in the upper mantle
There is no mass balance or geochemical reason for anything to come from below 1000 km
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ECLOGITE ENGINE
0 Myr 40-80 Myr
CRUST^
>>>>>>>>>>>> <<<<<< ^1 5 COLD MAGMA-RICH
10 Myr DENSE BLOB ZONE
ρ2 ( )z ρ1
RESIDUE
ρ< ρ1ASTHENOSPHERE 50 Myr
S
L 4 PARTIALLY
A MOLTEN BLOB 40 Myr
B HOTρ<ρ3 ^
13 Myr 2 HOT WARM BLOB HOT
PHASE CHANGE COLD BLOB
, low U Th 3 30 Myrρ3
ρ4 , high U Th
ρ>ρ3
HOT HOT
ρ4<ρ<ρ5 OLD SLABS 100+ Myr
PHASE CHANGE ρ5
LOWER MANTLE
Blobs gain heat from mantle
Blobs deliver heat & magma to surface
NOTICE! Oceanic crust not involved at all !
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TRI-CYCLING THROUGH THE EARTH
RIDGE-TRENCH ‘CYCLE’ (the escalator)
SUPERCONTINENT CYCLE (the trolley)
SLAB-PLUME ‘CYCLE’ (the tube) SUBTERRANEAN CYCLE (delamination, orogenic cycle; the elevator)
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Elevated water contents in
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Garnet and clinopyroxene
Olivine and opx
I ––––––10 cm or 10 km ? –– I
Scale matters>10-km blobs; gravity takes over; heating is slow
piclogite
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Eclogite melts in the mantle react with peridotite to form pyroxenite
The olivine of mantle peridotite is consumed by reaction with melts derived from recycled crust & cumulates, to form a secondary pyroxenitic source
‘Hotspot’ basalts such as Hawaii form from olivine-free mantle
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GALILEO THERMOMETER
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Blobs sink to level of neutral buoyancyBut they don’t stay there
In mantle, they heat up & melt
And bring mantle heat & magma to base of plate
Not core heat
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Rates of generation of the continental crust
The rates at which basaltic magma is added to the continental crust have recently been revised upwards range to 3.7 km3 yr-1
The “plume affinity” of basaltic rocks in juvenile crust has been used to support deep-seated disturbances in the Earth, as opposed to shallow-level processes. But this evidence could also be used in support of the delamination model.
The average residence times of the lower crust may be at least five times less than the upper crust
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THE ECLOGITE CYCLE Mass balance seems o.k. Petrology & major elements seem o.k.
Isotopes seem o.k. including stable isotopes
Dynamics seems o.k. Thermodynamics seem fine Energetics seem o.k.
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What caused these?
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LIPs CFB SDR NAVP CRB OPB BABB OJP
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New parameters Scale (size) Homologous temperature Stress Buoyancy parameter Architecture Fertility Entrainability
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MASS BALANCE km3/yr
TOTAL MIDPLATE MAGMA VOLUMES 3-6 Growth rate of arc garnet pyroxenite cumulates 1.5-6 Underside erosion & delamination of continents 4-6 Production rate of magmas in arcs 4-5
LOWER CRUSTAL LOSS = ‘HOTSPOT’ MAGMATISM CYCLE TIME 40-80 MYR 10-30 KM CHUNKS
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KEY ELEMENTSMantle is source of heatThick basalt piles are the source of materialTrue Top-Down system
Mantle is heterogeneousHeterogenity washed out by Central Limit Theorem (ridges, tomography), not
by mantle convectionMantle is gumbo, not
fruit cake
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Unification of geodynamics & geochemistry of mantle Delamination of lower continental crust & subduction of seamount chains fertilize the mantle
These become low meltng point blobs
It is these, not plumes, that explain ‘anomalies’ such as midplate volcanism, swells and ‘hotspots’