Eclipse 100 User Coursefanarco.net/books/Eclipse100.pdfTuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User...
Transcript of Eclipse 100 User Coursefanarco.net/books/Eclipse100.pdfTuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User...
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
Introduction
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 3
Purpose
Build and execute simulationmodels using basic Eclipse
facilities
Introduction to simulation andthe Eclipse software family
File naming conventions andstructure
Data file syntaxPrincipal Eclipse keywords
History matchingPrediction
Discuss one section of thedata file at a time
Build a model from scratch
Eclipse 100 User Course
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 4
Mass in - Mass out = Accumulationor
Flow in - Flow out = Rate of accumulation
MaterialBalanceModel
ReservoirSimulation
Model
What is Reservoir Simulation?
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 5
Model and Reservoir Relationship
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 6
ReservoirSimulation
Quick and cheap assessment ofproduction scenarios
Wide range of recovery techniques
Required by law in many countries
Recognised by banks and fundingbodies
Accurate geology and petrophysics
Why Reservoir Simulation?
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 7
Why Eclipse?
Eclipse
The"standard"black oilsimulator
Can modelalmost anyreservoirsituation
Reliable,accurate,
easy to use
Integratedwith
geologicaland mapping
packages
Extensivesupportservices
Strongproduct
development
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 8
Eclipse Features
Basic Features ("Eclipse 100")Free format input1, 2 or 3-phase simulationDirectional KrEndpoint ScalingCP / BC GeometryNon-Neighbour ConnectionsAnalytical and Numeric AquifersDual Porosity, Dual PermeabilityPc & Kr HysteresisVertical EquilibriumMobile Fluid CorrectionFine Grid EquilibrationMolecular DiffusionAPI & Tracer TrackingVertical, Horizontal & DeviatedWellsCrossflow & Commingling in WellsExtensive Surface Facility ModellingAutomatic Drill Queue & WorkoverIMPES & Implicit Formulations
Extensions ("Eclipse 200")Local Grid Refinement & CoarseningWellbore FrictionMulti-Segment WellsFlux Boundary OptionSurface NetworksGas Lift OptimisationGas Field OperationsPolymer FloodEnvironmental TracersSolvent ModelPolymer InjectionFoam InjectionReservoir CouplingCoal Bed Methane OptionParallel LGRsShared Memory Parallel OptionGI Pseudo-Compositional Model
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 9
How Eclipse Works
GRID, EDITSections
Calculate PoreVolumes,Transmissibilities,Depths and NNCs.
PROPS, REGIONS,SOLUTION Sections
Initialise, calculateinitial saturations,pressures and fluidsin place
Kr
SwF
VF
, µP
SCHEDULE Section
Define wells andsurface facilities.Advance throughtime by materialbalance for eachcell with wells assinks or sources
Flo
w R
ate
Time
OWC
GOC
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 10
Static Reservoir Description
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 11
PVT and Rock Data
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 12
Initialization Data
Pressure
Depth
GOC
OWCFree Water Level
Datum
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 13
Well Data
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 14
Reservoir Simulation with Eclipse
Practical Steps Caution!Decide a clear objective Keep the model simpleSelect the area of interest Keep the model simpleCollect and review data Keep the model simpleBuild the model Assumptions must be
defendable and physicallyvalidConstruct small-scale models(e.g. 2D, single well) to understand reservoirprocesses
Match fluid in placeConduct SensitivityValidate modelMake prediction runs
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 15
How to Use the Manuals
Eclipse 100
TechnicalAppendices
Eclipse 100
Reference Manual
New Developments
Introduction
Data File Overview
Alphabetical keyword list
Index
Technical descriptions by topic
Example data sets
Development history
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
File Structure and Organisation
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 17
Input / Output Structure
PVTi
PSEUDO
SCAL
Text Editor
FloViz
GRID
GRAF
FloGrid
SCHEDULE
VFPi
Eclipse
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 18
Output Files
Eclipse
SAVE FileFLUX FileRFT File
Short Output
Main Output
DebugOutput
Grid File
Init File
Spec File
SummaryFile
Restart File
RSM File
Printer OtherPrograms
At each report step
GRAF
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 19
Output Styles
Formatted
Unformatted
Unwanted files may bedeletedFiles are relatively smallfiles are not portableLast file lost on crashLimited to 9999 reports
One fileUnlimited number ofreportsLast report lost on crash
One fileUnlimited number ofreportsReadableEasily transferred betweenplatformsRelatively large in sizeLast report lost on crash
ReadableEasily transferred betweenplatformsRelatively large in sizeLast file lost on crashLimited to 9999 reports
Unified Multiple
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 20
Output Filenames
EXAMPLE.DBG
EXAMPLE.LOG
EXAMPLE.PRT
EXAMPLE.GRDEXAMPLE.FGR
EXAMPLE.INIEXAMPLE.FIN
EXAMPLE.SMSEXAMPLE.FSM
EXAMPLE.SAVEXAMPLE.FSV
EXAMPLE.RSM
EXAMPLE.RFTEXAMPLE.FRF
EXAMPLE.FLXEXAMPLE.FFX
Short Output
Debug Output
Print File
Grid GeometryFile
Initial File
SummarySpecification file
Save File
Run SummaryFile
RFT Output
Flux file
EX
AM
PLE
.DA
TA
ANSI
EXAMPLE.DBG
EXAMPLE.LOG
EXAMPLE.PRT
EXAMPLE.GRIDEXAMPLE.FGRID
EXAMPLE.INITEXAMPLE.FINIT
EXAMPLE.SMSPECEXAMPLE.FSMSPEC
EXAMPLE.SAVEEXAMPLE.FSAVE
EXAMPLE.RSM
EXAMPLE.RFTEXAMPLE.FRFT
EXAMPLE.FLUXEXAMPLE.FFLUX
UNIX
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 21
Output Filenames Continued
EXAMPLE.USYEXAMPLE.FUS
EXAMPLE.Snn, Tnn,Unn
EXAMPLE.Ann, Bnn,Cnn
EXAMPLE.Xnn,Ynn, Znn
EXAMPLE.Fnn, Gnn,Hnn
EXAMPLE.URSEXAMPLE.FUR
MultipleSummary Output
Unified SummaryOUtput
Multiple RestartOutput
Unified RestartOutput
EX
AM
PLE
.DA
TA
ANSI
EXAMPLE.UNSMRYEXAMPLE.FUNSMRY
EXAMPLE.SnnnnEXAMPLE.Annnn
EXAMPLE.XnnnnEXAMPLE.Fnnnn
EXAMPLE.UNRSTEXAMPLE.FUNRST
UNIX
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 22
Personal File Suffix and Case
é Go to your working directoryé Type @copyconfig (Unix) or $copycfg (PC) to copy CONFIG.ECL to
ECL.CFG in the current directory. Alternatively, copy it directlyfrom its location in the directory structure.
é Rename ECL.CFG to ECL.CFAé Open ECL.CFA in the text editor of your choiceé Remove any lines not relevant to the changes you need to makeé Comment out settings you wish to deactivate using a double dashé Activate new settings by either removing double dashes from lines
already in the file or by inserting your own.é Save and exit.é For example:
SECTION SYSTEMCASE UPPER--CASE LOWER--CASE BOTHSUFFIX UNIX--SUFFIX ANSI
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 23
Directory Structure
/ecl
/96a /97a /98a /macros
/data/source
/pseudo /eclipse/grid/e300/rtview/pvti /vfpi/weltest/graf
/tools
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 24
Utility Macros
/ecl /macros
@change_prefix @change_suffix @check_args@check_chip @check_motif @check_version@check_xserver @clan @clan100@colormap @convert @copyconfig@datacheck @datestamp @e300@e300_q @e500 @ecl2avs@eclipse @eclipse_batch @eclipse_rc@ecljobs @eclproject @[email protected] @edit @expand@extract @fill @flexstart@flogrid @floviz @frame@frame2 @geonet_setup @get_lsf_queues@gradient @graf @grid@grid_receive @gs @ipcfree@lmdiag @lmdown @lmhostid@lmreread @lmstat @lower@merge @office @pldebug@plot_zeh @plot_zeh_save @plot_zeh_small@postp @preview
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 25
Data File Structure
RU N SPEC CO M PU L SO RY--GEN ERA L MODEL CH A RA CT ER IST ICSGRID CO M PU L SO RY--GRID GEOMET RY A N D BA SIC ROCK PROPERT IESEDIT O PT IO N A L--M ODIFICA T ION OF T H E PROCESSED GRID SECT IONPRO PS CO M PU L SO RY--DA T A FOR PH A SE PV T PROPERT IES IN T A BU L A R FORM A N D OT H ER PV T DA T A--ROCK COMPRESSIBI L I T Y , REL A T IV E PERMEA BIL I T Y & CA PIL L A RY PRESSU RE T A BL ES.REGIO N S O PT IO N A L--SBDIV ISION OF T H E RESERV OIR A CCORDIN G T O COMMON PROPERT IES--A N D REPORT IN G REGION SSO L U T ION CO M PU L SO RY--I N I T IA L CON DIT ION S A RE SPECFIED H ERESU M M A RY O PT IO N A L--OU T PU T FOR L IN E PL OT S I S REQU EST ED H ERESCH EDU L E CO M PU L SO RY--WEL L S, COMPL ET ION S, RA T E DA T A , FL OW CORREL A T ION S, SU RFA CE FA CIL I T I ES--A N D SIMU L A T OR A DV A N CE, CON T ROL A N D T ERMIN A T ION A RE SET H ERE
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 26
Data File Format123456789012345678901234567890 132--This comment denotes the beginning of the data file proper |--Keywords must start in the first column read, which is 1 by default |RUNSPEC Can place comments in the 8th column following the keyword |--This is a comment |--followed by another comment |EDIT This section is optional |
|PROPS This section is compulsory |DENSITY |--Oil Water Gas | 45 63 0.07 / Comments can be placed after |-- the terminating slash |REGIONS This section is optional |--This is another comment |SOLUTION |columns Eclipse keywords are not case sensitive |--First Last 1 33 / | Anything beyond the final column is a commentSUMMARY |
|SCHEDULE |
|END |
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 27
Keyword SyntaxRUNSPEC Put Only RUNSPEC section keywords hereTABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 3 3 1* 1* 1* 20 1* 1* /
TABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 3 3 3* 20 2* /
TABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 2*3 3* 20 2* /
TABDIMS--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8--ntsfun ntpvt nssfun nppvt ntfip nrpvt N/A ntendp 2*3 3* 20 /
GRID Put only GRID section keywords here
PROPS Put only PROPS section keywords hereSOLUTION Put only SOLUTION keywords hereSCHEDULE Put only SCHEDULE section keywords hereWELSPECS--Well Group I J BHP RefPhasePROD1 Group1 5 5 1* OIL / Quotes are generally not required around stringsPROD2 Group1 9 9 1* GAS /’INJ*’ Group1 1 1 1* WAT / Quotes are needed when wildcards are used/
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 28
Any Section Keywords
INCLUDE Incorporate data from other files into the Eclipse data file
COLUMNS Set the position of the first and last columns of the data file
DEBUG Request debugging information
NOECHO Suppress output of keyword contents to the PRT file
ECHO Enable output of keyword contents to the PRT file
EXTRAPMS Display the last VFP and / or PVT table extrapolation
OPTIONS Activate various special program options
MESSAGES Set print and stop limits for events of various severities
NOWARN Suppress all supplementary PRT file output
FORMFEED Set the formfeed character
LOAD Access a SAVE file for fast restarts.
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
RUNSPEC Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 30
Minimum RUNSPEC Section
--BEGINNING OF MINIMUM RUNSPEC SECTIONRUNSPEC
TITLETHIS IS THE MODEL NAME/
DIMENS--NX NYNZ--THIS IS THE NUMBER OF CELLS IN I, J AND K, IN THAT ORDER E.G. 20 5 10 /
FIELD UNITS MAY BE FIELD, METRIC OR LABOIL PHASES PRESENT MAY BE OILWATER WATER, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL
START START DATE OF THE SIMULATION, FOR INSTANCE1 JAN 1990 /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 31
RUNSPEC Keywords
ACTDIMS LAB STARTAPI MEMORY TABDIMSAQUDIMS METRIC TEMPBRINE MISCIBLE TITLECART NINEPOIN TRACERSDIFFUSE NONNC UNIFINDIMENS NOPC9 UNIFOUTDISGAS NOSIM VAPOILDISKING NSTACK VEDUALPERM NUMRES VISCDDUALPORO NUPCOL VFPIDIMSENDSCALE OIL VFPPDIMSEQLDIMS PIMTDIMS WATEREQLOPTS RADIAL WELLDIMSFAULTDIM REGDIMS INSPECFIELD ROCKCOMP NMATRIXFMTIN RPTRUNSP PATHSFMTOUT RSSPEC GRAVDRMGAS SATOPTS LICENSESGRAVDR SAVE SCDPDIMSGRIDOPTS SMRYDIMS
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 32
Fast Restarts
LOAD--SAVE FILE SIMULATE FORMATTED/ OUTPUT--NAME OR CHECK UNFORMATTED SAVE FILE?-- DATA SAVE FILE?BASE T /
RESTART--FILE REPORT--NAME STEPBASE 11 /
SUMMARY--THE SUMMARY SECTION IS OPTIONALSCHEDULE…..…..…..--INCLUDE files containing additional wells, surface facilities--and simulation advance are often entered here
END
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
System Usage
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 34
The Unix Console
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 35
The vi Editor
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
GRID Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 37
Minimum GRID Section
Grid dimensions & cell depths DX or DXV, DY or DYV, DZ, TOPS
or COORD, ZCORN
Porosity PORO
Permeability PERMX, PERMY, PERMZ
or PERMR, PERMTHT, PERMZ
Net-to gross or net thickness NTG or DZNET (defaults to 1)
For each grid cell in the model
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 38
Data Reading Convention
Cell data isread I cyclingfastest, followed byJ then K
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 39
Radial Data Reading Convention
1, 1, 12, 1, 1
3, 1, 1
1, 2, 12, 2, 1
3, 2, 1
Z
1, 3, 11, 4, 1
2, 4, 1
2, 3, 1
3, 4, 1
3, 3, 1
θ
R
Cell data isread Rcyclingfastestfollowed by θthen Z.
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 40
DX
DZ
DY
TOPS is the upper face depth
Corner depthsspecified in
ZCORN
X, Y, Zspecified by
COORD
BC & CP Cell Definition
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 41
Sloping Model in BC Geometry
I or J
K
Directconnectiongenerated bydefault byEclipse
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 42
Sloping Model in CP Geometry
I or J
K
No interblock flow
No interblock flow
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 43
BC Geometry Example
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 44
CP Geometry Example
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 45
Grid Cell Property Definition
Cell propertiessuch as PORO,PERMX,PERMY,PERMZ, NTGare averagesdefined at thecentre
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 46
Grid Data Input
I or X
K or ZHorizontal permeability is 10, 5,100, 2000, 200, 2000, 100, 50,2000, 50 from top to bottom.The model is 20*1*10 in I, J, K,respectively.
EQUALS--Array Val I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2’PERMX’ 2000 /’PERMX’ 10 1 20 1 1 1 1 /’PERMX’ 5 1 20 1 1 2 2 /’PERMX’ 100 1 20 1 1 3 3 /’PERMX’ 200 1 20 1 1 5 5 /’PERMX’ 100 1 20 1 1 7 7 /’PERMX’ 50 1 20 1 1 8 8 /’PERMX’ 50 1 20 1 1 10 10 //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 47
Copying, Adding & Multiplying
COPY--Source Destination’PERMX’ ’PERMY’ /’PERMX’ ’PERMZ’ //MULTIPLY--Array Value I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2’PERMZ’ 0.1 / No box limits set; defaults to previous open box/ This forward slash ends the MULTIPLY keyword--To divide, multiple by the reciprocalADD--Array Value I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2’PORO’ 0.1 // This forward slash ends the ADD keyword--To subtract, add the negative
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 48
Transmissibility Conventions
Ty311
Tx111 Tx
211
Tx121 Tx
221
Tx131 Tx
231
Ty111
Ty121
Ty211
Ty121
Ty311
Ty321
I
J
K=1
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 49
Cartesian Transmissibility in GRAF
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 50
OLDTRAN Definition
DX1 DX2
DZ1
DZ2
Kx1 and NTG1
KX2 and NTG2
A2=DY2.DZ2
(DX1+DX2)/2
T12
Depth D2
Depth D1
A1=DY1.DZ1
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 51
Uneven Cell sizes in BC Geometry
J
I
(1, 1, 1) (2, 1, 1) (3, 1, 1)
(1, 2, 1)
(2, 2, 1)
(3, 2, 1)
(1, 3, 1) (2, 3, 1) (3, 3, 1)
VOID
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 52
OLDTRANR Definition
DX1 DX2
DZ1
DZ2
Kx1 and NTG1
KX2 and NTG2
A2=DY2.DZ2
(DX1+DX2)/2
T12
Depth D2
Depth D1
A1=DY1.DZ1
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 53
NEWTRAN Definition
DX1
DX2
Ax12
θx1θx2
DZ1
DZ2
Kx2, NTG2
Kx1,NTG1
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 54
Radial Transmissibility Definition
R2
R1
P1
P2
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 55
Shale Modelling
Sand
Shale
Shale
Shale
Sand
Sand
Sand
SandK=1
SandK=3
SandK=5
SandK=7
SandK=1
SandK=2
SandK=3
SandK=4
GAP
GAP
GAP
K
Sand /Shale K=1
Sand /Shale K=2
Sand /Shale K=3
Sand K=4
Shale K=2
Shale K=4
Shale K=6
LithologyExplicitshales
Shalesdescribed
with NTG orDZNET
Shales asgaps
betweensand layers
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 56
Transmissibility Modification
FAULTS
--Name IX1 IX2 IY1 IY2 IZ1 IZ2 FACE
--Layers are from 1 to 10
FLT-1 2 4 1 1 1 10 Y /
FLT-1 4 4 2 3 1 10 X /
FLT-1 5 8 3 3 1 10 Y /
FLT-1 8 8 4 4 1 10 X /
FLT-2 10 10 1 5 1 10 X /
/
MULTFLT
--Name TMULT
’FLT-1’ 0.0 /
/
EQUALS
--Array Val. I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2
’MULTX’ 0.0 10 10 1 5 1 10 /
/Zig-zag fault FLT-1
Straight fault FLT-2
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 57
Source of NNCs
Faults
RadialModels
AnalyticalAquifers
LGRs &LGCs
ExplicitNNCs
NNCs
Dual Poro &Perm
Models
Pinchouts& erosionsurfaces
NumericalAquifers
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 58
Fault NNCs
I or J
K
Graf display of fault NNCs.Eclipse generates these by default.Direct connections not shown
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 59
Pinchout NNCs
MINPV5000 / Cell with PV<5000 are deactivatedPINCH--Threshold Gap-- Treatment0.1 ’GAP’ /NNCs generated by PINCH acrosssufficiently thin layers.DZ may be > 0.1
I or J
Direct connections (not shown) are created across this gap between layers
K
post-98a:Pinchout data can be specified on ar e g i o n a l b a s i s : P I N C H R E G ,PINCHNUM
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 60
LGR NNCs
Local GridRefinement
(LGR)
Global gridcells
Global/LGR cell"NNCs" as displayed
by Graf
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 61
Dual Porosity NNCs
User defines theupper NZ layers.These are treatedas matrix cells
Eclipse copies NZupper layers toanother NZ layersbelow. These aretreated as fracturecells
Matrix/FractureNNCsgeneratedbyEclipse
K
I or J
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 62
Aquifer NNCs
Aquifercells
Oil zone
Inactive cells
NNCs
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 63
NNCs in Radial Models
1, 4, 1 1, 1, 1
1,2,11, 3, 1
2, 2, 12, 3, 1
2, 1, 12, 4, 1
3, 2, 13, 3, 1
3, 1, 13, 4, 1
NNCs generated
between θ=0 and 360using
COORDSYS--K1K2 Complete? 1 1 COMP //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 64
Radial Model Geometry
1, 4, 1 1, 1, 1
1,2,11, 3, 1
2, 2, 12, 3, 1
2, 1, 12, 4, 1
3, 2, 13, 3, 1
3, 1, 13, 4, 12*INRAD
2*OUTRAD
NR Cells inthe radialdirection
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 65
Output Controls
.GRID or .FGRID fileSimulation grid geometryoutput using GRIDFILESuppress using NOGGF
.INIT or .FINIT fileStatic reservoir properties
& characterisitics usingINIT
.PRT and .LOG file
Printed output usingRPTGRID
Confine to box usingBOUNDARY
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 66
Keyword Summary
Cartesian Geometry KeywordsRadial Geometry KeywordsGrid Cell Property Keywords for all GeometriesPinchout Control and Automatic Cell Deactivation KeywordsTransmissibility KeywordsTransmissibility assignment and modification keywordsFault KeywordsNumerical Aquifer KeywordsOperatorsDual Porosity / Permeability KeywordsFlux Boundary Option KeywordsThermal Option KeywordsVertical Equilibrium Option KeywordsMiscellaneous and Output Control Keywords
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
EDIT Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 68
Purpose of the EDIT Section
GR
ID S
ectio
n
ED
IT S
ectio
n
Pore Volumes
Transmissibilities
Cell Depths
Pore Volumes
Transmissibilities
Cell Depths
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 69
Keyword Summary
Cell centre depth assignment keywords
Cell transmissibility assignment and modification keywords
Diffusivity assignment keywords
Cell pore volume assignment and modification keywords
Operators
Miscellaneous keywords
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
PROPS Section - Fluid Properties
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 71
Purpose of Fluid Properties
1st stageseparator
2nd stageseparator
Stock tank gasStock tank oil
Vapour
Liquid
Reservoirconditions
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 72
Black Oil Overview
P
T
Bubble point curve: 1
00% liquid
Pc , Tc
25%
liqu
id
50% liquid
Dew
poi
nt c
urve
: 100
% v
apou
r
A - liquid
B - vapour
75% liq
uid
DD
BB
AA
EE
FFH
H
CC
GG
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 73
Black Oil vs CompositionalSimulation
Flow equation solution for eachcell subject to material balance
Black Oil
PVT data lookup fromsupplied tables
Compositional
Flow equation solution for eachcell subject to material balance
Iterative solution of cubicequation
of state for each componentin each cell
Iterative flash of componentmixture
to equilibrium conditions for eachcell
For every timestep
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 74
Oil EOS for the Black Oil Model
)(
)(
)(
)()(
)()(
)(
and
where
s
s
s
rr
ss
r
o
gs
o
goo
o
gsoo
V
VR
V
VVB
B
R
=
+=
+= ρρρ
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 75
Dead Oil Data Entry Using PVDO
PPb
Bo
µo
Rs
PVDO--Undersaturated oil--Pressure Bo µo2500 1.260 0.503000 1.257 0.553500 1.254 0.604000 1.251 0.654500 1.248 0.70/RSCONST--GOR Pb0.656 2500 /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 76
Dead Oil Data Entry Using PVCDO
PVCDO--Undersaturated oil--P Bo Co µo Coµ2500 1.260 6E-6 0.5 1E-6/
RSCONST--GOR Pb 0.656 2500 /
PMAX4500 /
PPb
Rs
DP
DBo
DP
Dµo
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 77
Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO
Pb atRs=0.77
Pb atRs=0.241
Bo
µo
PVTO--Rs Pb Bo µo0.13700 1214.70 1.17200 1.97000 /0.19500 1414.70 1.20000 1.55600 /0.24100 1614.70 1.22100 1.39700 /0.28800 1814.70 1.24200 1.28000 /0.37500 2214.70 1.27800 1.09500 /0.46500 2614.70 1.32000 0.96700 /0.55800 3014.70 1.36000 0.84800 /0.66100 3414.70 1.40200 0.76200 /0.77000 3814.70 1.44700 0.69100
4214.70 1.44050 0.69400 4614.70 1.43400 0.69700 /
/
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 78
Live Oil Data Entry Using PVCO
Pb @ Rs=0.375 Pb @ Rs=0.375
Bo
µo
PMAX6000/
PVCO--Pb Rs Bo Vo Co Coµ1214.70 0.13700 1.17200 1.97000 1E-5 01414.70 0.19500 1.20000 1.55600 1* 01614.70 0.24100 1.22100 1.39700 1* 01814.70 0.28800 1.24200 1.28000 1* 02214.70 0.37500 1.27800 1.09500 1* 02614.70 0.46500 1.32000 0.96700 1* 03014.70 0.55800 1.36000 0.84800 1* 03414.70 0.66100 1.40200 0.76200 1* 03814.70 0.77000 1.44700 0.69100 1* 0/
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 79
Gas EOS in the Black Oil Model
)(
)(
)(
)()(
)()(
)(
and
where
s
s
s
rr
ss
r
g
ov
g
ogg
g
ovgg
V
VR
V
VVB
B
R
=
+=
+= ρρρ
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 80
Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVZG
PVZG--Reference temperature150 /--Pressure Z Viscosity
Factor400 1.22 0.013001200 1.30 0.014002000 1.34 0.015002800 1.50 0.016003600 1.55 0.017004000 1.70 0.017504800 1.82 0.018505200 1.82 0.01900/
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 81
Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG
PVDG--P Bg µg
1214.70 13.9470 0.012401414.70 7.02800 0.012501614.70 4.65700 0.012801814.70 3.45300 0.013002214.70 2.24000 0.013902614.70 1.63800 0.014803014.70 1.28200 0.016103414.70 1.05200 0.017303814.70 0.89000 0.01870/RVCONST--Rv Pd0.0047 1100 /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 82
Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTG
PVTG--Pg Rv Bg µg30 0.000132 0.04234 0.01344
0 0.04231 0.01389 /undersaturated60 0.000124 0.02046 0.01420
0 0.02043 0.01450 /undersaturated90 0.000126 0.01328 0.01526
0 0.01325 0.01532 /undersaturated120 0.000135 0.00977 0.01660
0 0.00973 0.01634 /undersaturated150 0.000149 0.00773 0.01818
0 0.00769 0.01752 /undersaturated180 0.000163 0.006426 0.01994
0 0.006405 0.01883 /undersaturated210 0.000191 0.005541 0.02181
0 0.005553 0.02021 /undersaturated240 0.000225 0.004919 0.02370
0 0.004952 0.02163 /undersaturated270 0.000272 0.004471 0.02559
0 0.004511 0.02305 /undersaturated295 0.000354 0.004194 0.02714
0 0.004225 0.02423 /undersaturated310 0.000403 0.004031 0.02806
0 0.004081 0.02492 /undersaturated330 0.000469 0.003878 0.02925
0 0.003913 0.02583 /undersaturated530 0.000479 0.003868 0.02935
0 0.003903 0.02593 /undersaturated/
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 83
Water EOS in the Black Oil Model
)(
)(
)(
)(
where
s
r
s
r
w
ww
w
ww
V
VB
B
=
= ρρ
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 84
Reference Densities
w
ww
g
ovg
o
gsoo
B
B
R
B
R
s
r
ssgr
ss
r
)(
)(
)()
)(
)()(
)(
ρρ
ρρρ
ρρρ
=
+=
+=
Surface densities are specifiedusing either
DENSITY--Oil Water Gas--Dens Dens DensorGRAVITY--Oil Water Gas--API Specific Specific--Gravity Gravity Gravity
Vapour
Liquid
Reservoirconditions
1st stageseparator
2ndstage
separator
Stocktank gas
Stocktank oil
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 85
Black Oil model Phase Options
RUNSPEC Keywords
3Live oil with dissolved gas
Water OIL, GAS, DISGAS, WATER
3 WaterWet gas with vaporised oil
GAS, OIL, VAPOIL, WATER
3Live oil with dissolved gas
WaterWet gas with vaporised oil
OIL, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL, WATER
2 Dead oil Water OIL, WATER2 Water Dry gas GAS,WATER2 Dead oil Dry gas OIL, GAS1 Dead oil OIL 1 Water WATER1 Dry gas GAS
Phase Combination
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 86
Using Multiple PVT RegionsRUNSPEC--Specify table numbers and--dimensions in TABDIMSPROPSPVTW--2 water tablesPVDO--2 dead oil tablesGRAVITY--surface gravities for 1st--& second set of fluidsRSCONSTT--GOR for 1st & 2nd oilREGIONSEQUALS--Array Value I1 I2PVTNUM 2 /PVTNUM 1 1 10 //COPY’PVTNUM’ ’EQLNUM’ //
Oil described bythe first set ofPVT tables is
associated withcells havingPVTNUM=1
Oil described by thesecond set of PVTtables is associated
with cells havingPVTNUM=2
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 87
Using API TrackingRUNPSEC--Activate API trackingAPI----PROPS--As a minimum:---A full set of fluid PVT--tables is--required for the lowest andhighest--API gravities--Other PVT data as normal--SOLUTION--Specify initial oil API using--either--OILAPI (one value per--cell) or--APIVD (as a function of--depth)--Other SOLUTION data--as normal
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 88
Rock Compressibility
PP
V
V
whereP
V
VC
ilityCompressib
∂∂=
∂∂
∂∂−=
φφ11
1
Depth
Pressure(psia)
Fluid(hydrostatic)
pressure
Overburden(hydrostatic +rock) pressure
14.7
φ
Overburden pressure P
For reversible, non-hystereticcompressibility useROCK--Reference Compressibility--Pressure-- for multiple rock compressibilities:--1. Default:Use PVTNUM array;--2. use SATNUM array:-- pre-99a: set switch 43 of OPTIONS>0-- 99a: item 3 =’SATNUM’ in ROCKOPTS
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
PROPS Section - Saturation Functions andEndpoint Scaling
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 90
Purpose of Saturation Functions
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 91
Saturation Function Keyword Families
Family 1SWOF Krw, Krow, Pcow vs. Sw @ connate gasSGOF Krg, Kgog, Pcog vs. Sg @ connate waterSLGOF Krg, Kgog, Pcog vs. Sl @ connate water
Family 2SWFN Krw, Pcw vs Sw
In 3-phase or oil-water systems this is at connate gasSGFN Krg, Pcg vs. Sg
In 3-phase or oil-gas systems this is at connate waterSGWFN Krg, Krw and Pcwg vs Sg (99a)
SOF3 Kro, Krg vs SoSOF2 Kro vs SoSOF32D Kro vs Sw and Sg
Keywords from different families cannot be mixed in the same runFamily 1 cannot be used in miscible flood
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 92
3-Phase Relative Permeability
wrowgrogro HkHkk +=
wcowg
wcoww
SSS
SSH
−+−=
wcowg
gg
SSS
SH
−+=
STONE1 and STONE2 are alsoavailable. Use keywords STONE1 andSTONE2 respectively. WATER
OIL
GAS
Swco 1-So-Swco So
1-So
In the Eclipse default model, fractionsof mobile gas and water are:
For the three-phase oil rel. perm. use asimple mixing rule:
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 93
Significant Saturation Endpoints
SWLSWCR
SWU
krwkrow
Pcow
SOWCR
SGL
SGCR
krg
krog
Pcog
SOGCR
SGU
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 94
Effect of Endpoint Scaling
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 95
2pt & 3pt Endpoint Scaling
2 pt
3 pt
Unscaled Scaled
Krw at (1-SOWCR-SGL) changes
Krw at (1-SOWCR-SGL) fixed
Krow at (1-SWCR-SGL) changes
Krow at (1-SWCR-SGL) fixed
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 96
Effect of SCALELIM
SCALELIM =SWU-(1-SOWCR)
krw
Sw
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 97
Vertical Saturation Function Scaling
RUNSPECENDSCALE’NODIR’ ’REVERS’ /PROPSEQUALS--Array Value KRW 0.95 / KRWR 0.95 / KRG 0.95 / KRGR 0.95 / KRORW 0.95 / KRORG 0.95 //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 98
Capillary Pressure Scaling
éVertical Pc scaling by a designated factor
Use the PCW, PCG keywords
éHorizontal Pc scaling
Use SWLPC, SGLPC
post-98a: PCW(G), SW(G)LPC ~Depth:
ENPCVD,ENSPCVD
éThe Leverett J Function Pc=UPctσ(φ/Κ)0.5
Use the JFUNC keyword in the GRID sectionto activate oil / water / gas J function scaling
éPressure dependence Pc α σ and σ=σ(P)
Use STOW, STOG for IFT vs. pressure
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 99
PROPS Section Output Control
RPTPROPS
--Controls output from PROPS section->PRT file
--Available mnemonics see E100 RM
--Pre-96a format with integer controls is still usable
INIT
--Saturation functions and PVT data is contained
--in the INIT file and can be loaded and displayed
--in Graf
FILLEPS
-- 99a: all saturation endpoints -> INIT file
-- By default, the values for the grid cells
-- using unscaled tabular values are undefined
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
REGIONS Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 101
Purpose of the REGIONS Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 102
REGIONS Section Keyword Types
Region definition keywords: XXXNUM e.g. PVTNUM
Reporting FIP regions FIPNUM
Additional reporting regions FIPXXXXX
Directional keywords: KRNUMX/X-/Y/Y-Z/Z-
Operators EQUALS, ADD, COPY, BOX
ENDBOX
Output Control RPTREGS, BOUNDARY
INIT, RPTSCHED
Exceptions FLUXNUM, RESVNUM,
NINENUM, PINCHNUM
in GRID Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
SOLUTION Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 104
Purpose of the SOLUTION Section
Water
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 105
Block Centre Equilibration
Pressure
Depth
GOC
OWC
FWL (Pcow=0)
TZ
TZDatum GAS ZONE:
Sg=SGMAX, i.e max. gas from saturation functionsSw=SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco from saturation functionsSo=1-SWMIN-SGMAX
OIL ZONE:Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturation functionsSw=SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco, from saturation functionsSo=1-SWMIN-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swco
WATER ZONE:Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturation functionsSw=SWMAX, i.e. max water, from saturation functionsSo=1-SWMAX-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swmax.
Reverse lookup ofPcow curves to find Sw
in TZ
Pcow=Po-Pw
Pcog=Pg-Po
Pcow
SwSwiSwi applied to cell centre
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 106
EQUIL Keyword Usageé In 3-phase and oil/water runs, EQUIL parameters are:
EQUIL--1 2 3 4 5 6--Datum Pressure OWC Pcow GOC Pcog--Depth @ Datum depth @ OWC Depth @ GOC
--7 8 9--Rs vs Depth Rv vs depth Accuracy--or Pb vs depth or Pd vs depth option--table index table index -10<=N<=10
é In gas-water runs, EQUIL parameters are:
EQUIL--1 2 3 4 5 6--Datum Pressure GOC Pcog Not Not--Depth @ Datum depth @ GOC Used Used
--7 8 9--Rs vs Depth Rv vs depth Accuracy--or Pb vs depth or Pd vs depth option--table index table index -10<=N<=10--doesn’t apply
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 107
OWC in Block Centre Equilibration
OIL ZONE:
Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturationfunctions
Sw=SWMIN, i.e. connate water, Swco, fromsaturation functions
So=1-SWMIN-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swco
WATER ZONE:
Sg=SGMIN, usually zero, from saturationfunctions
Sw=SWMAX, i.e. max water, fromsaturation functions
So=1-SWMAX-SGMIN, usually So=1-Swmax.
OWC from block centre equilibration.Saturations for entire cells are assigned to
cell centres.
OWC
TZ
Cell centre
In centre blockequilibration the 9thItem of EQUIL = 0The default value is -5.
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 108
Level & Tilted Block Equilibration
i=1
i=2
i=3
i=2N-1
i=2N
OWC
TZ
NEQUIL(9)
0N
2
1
:
0
2
1
:
2
1
2
1
2
1
=>
=
<
=
∑
∑
∑
=
=
=
N
i
i
N
i
wi
N
i
ww
PV
SPV
NSw
Tilted
N
SN
S
Level
i
i
Block centre equilibration OWC
Water saturation is calculated in 2Nsub-cells during equilibration.In level block integration the averageis usedIn tilted block integration sub-cellsaturations are pore volume weighted.
Tilted or levelblock
integrationOWC
Level or tilted blockequilibration requirequiescenceRUNSPECEQLOPTS’QUIESC’ /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 109
Mobile Fluid Correction
Sw=(1-SOWCR)
OWC
Sw
Depth
C
BA
DWater zone
Transition zone
Mobile fluid correction requiresRUNSPECEQLOPTS’MOBILE’ /
Sw=SWL
E
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 110
Effect of TZONE
Sw
SwcrSwco
Default behavour
Behavour with TZONE
To activate water "freezing"useTZONE--Oil Water Gas F T F /in the PROPS section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 111
Matching Initial Water Saturation
Depth
Eclipse Initial Sw Observed Initial Sw
GOC
Free Water Level
AboveOWCSw=SWLfrom satfns
Depth
BelowOWCSw=SWUfrom satfns
Above OWC Swvaries smoothlyDefine Sw usingSWATINIT array inPROPS section
Below OWCSw=SWU fromsat fns
TZ Top
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 112
Enumeration
Phase Combination Enumeration Keywords
OIL, GAS, DISGAS, WATER PRESSURE, SWAT, SGAS, RS
OIL, GAS, DISGAS PRESSURE, SGAS, RS
OIL, WATER PRESSURE, SWAT
OIL, GAS PRESSURE, SGAS
GAS, OIL, VAPOIL PRESSURE, SGAS, RV
GAS, OIL, VAPOIL, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT, RV
GAS, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT
OIL, GAS, VAPOIL, WATER PRESSURE, SGAS, SWAT, RV
OIL PRESSURE
GAS PRESSURE, SGAS
WATER PRESSURE, SWAT
99a: BOX and ENDBOX can be used
Equilibration can NOT be mixed with Enumeration !!!
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 113
Initial Solution Ratios
Pb at Rs=0.77Pb atRs=0.241
Bo
µo
PVTO--Rs Pb Bo µo0.13700 1214.70 1.17200 1.97000 /0.19500 1414.70 1.20000 1.55600 /0.24100 1614.70 1.22100 1.39700 /0.28800 1814.70 1.24200 1.28000 /0.37500 2214.70 1.27800 1.09500 /0.46500 2614.70 1.32000 0.96700 /0.55800 3014.70 1.36000 0.84800 /0.66100 3414.70 1.40200 0.76200 /0.77000 3814.70 1.44700 0.69100 /
4214.70 1.44050 1* /4614.70 1.43400 0.69700 /
/
Depth
Pressure
GOC
Pg
PoPb
Pd
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 114
History Matching Restart Runs
Prediction PeriodHistory Period
Restart RunBase Run
Present day Time
Fieldproduction
rate
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 115
Multiple Restarts During Prediction
Time
Fieldproduction
rate
Prediction
Rest 1 Rest 2 Rest 3Base
Rejectedpredictionscenarios
History
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 116
How to Create a Full Restart
é Ensure a restart is written by Eclipse at thechosen date. Use RPTSCHED and/or RPTRST
é Check output dates in the PRT file
é Copy the base case to the restart data file
é In the restart replace equilibration and aquiferswith RESTART
é Insert SKIPREST in the SCHEDULe section.Alternatively, delete timestepping keywod up tothe restart date.
é Keep VFP tables
é Add more timestepping keywords
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 117
How to Create a Fast Restart
é Ensure a restart is written by Eclipse at thechosen date. Use RPTSCHED and/or RPTRST
é Check output dates in the PRT fileé Copy the base case to the restart data fileé In the restart delete everything up to the
SUMMARY or SCHEDULE keywordé Insert LOAD and RESTART keywordsé Insert optional SUMMARY sectioné Insert SKIPREST in the SCHEDULE section.
Alternatively, delete timestepping keyword up tothe restart date.
é Keep VFP tablesé Add more timestepping keywords
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 118
Output Controls
RPTSOL’SOIL’ ’EQUIL’ ’RESTART=2’ /
Tabular andprinted data in the
PRT file
Initial conditions inthe restart file
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
Aquifer Modelling
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 120
Aquifer Modeling Facilities
Grid Cell Aquifers
Numerical Aquifers
Analytical Aquifers:
Fetkovich
Carter-Tracy
Flux Aquifers
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 121
Grid Cell Aquifers
K=1
BOX--I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 1 1 2 8 1 1 /EQUALS’MULTPV’ 10000 //ENDBOX
J
I
Grid aquifercells
Oil zone
Inactive cells
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 122
Numerical Aquifer Definition
K=1
GRIDAQUNUM--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12--Aquifer I J K Area Length φ K Depth Initial PVT SAT--Id pressure table table 1 8 9 1 1E2 1E2 1 / 1 9 9 1 1E4 1E3 1 / 1 10 9 1 1E6 1E4 1 //AQUCON--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11--Aquifer I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 Face Trans Trans Connection--Id mult option option 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 ’I-’ //
J
I
Numericalaquifer cells
Oil zone
Inactive cells
NNCs to Oil Zone
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 123
Aquifer Instability
OWC
Hydrostatic pressuredifference (ρw-ρo)gh
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 124
Fetkovich Aquifers
( )aiiaiwwi hhgPPJQ −+−= (ραThe aquifer inflow is:
From material balance the aquiferpressure response is
( )aawta PPVCW −= 00
Integrating these gives
Define Fetkovich Aquifers withRUNSPECAQUDIMSSOLUTIONAQUFET--orAQUFETPAQUANCON
( )( )( )
∆−
∆−−−+−=
0
0exp1
wt
wtaiiaiai
VCtJ
VCtJ
hhgPPJQ ρα
T h e F e t k o v i c haquiferis best suitedfor a smaller aquiferwhich may approacha pseudo steady statecondition quickly
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 125
Carter-Tracy Aquifers
Influence
Function
a
twc
kc
rCT
1
20φµ=
The main parameters governingCarter-Tracy aquifer behaviour arethe time constant Tc , which is t/tD ,and the aquifer influx constant β.
202 rChc tθφβ =
The pressure drop at the aquiferboundary is
)(0 DDa
a tPQ
PPβ
=−
( ) ( )[ ]{ }tPittPibaQ iai −∆+−= α
and the average flow rate to cell ifrom time t to t+∆t is
A simplified approximation to a fullytransient model
To define Carter-Tracy aquifers useRUNSPECAQUDIMS
SOLUTIONAQUCTAQUTABAQUANCON
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 126
Flux Aquifers
iiaai mAFQ =
A constant flux aquifer haswater flow
To define a flux aquifer use
RUNSPECAQUDIMS
SOLUTIONAQUFLUXAQUANCON
SCHEDULEAQUFLUX
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 127
Output Controls
Summary Quantities AAQR, FAQR, FAQT, AAQT, AAQP
Print file Data RPTGRID, RPTSCHED, RPTSOL
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
SUMMARY Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 129
Purpose of the SUMMARY Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 130
Additional Keyword Parametersé FIELD quantities take no extra parameters e.g
FOPR Field Oil Production Rateé Region quantities associated with inter-region flow take pairs of region numbers e.g.
ROFT1 2 / Region Oil Flow Total between 1 and 2
é Other region quantities take a list of region numbers e.g.RWIP1 2 3 / Region Water In Place in regions 1, 2, 3.
é Group quantities take a list of group names e.g.GVPR’PLAT-A’ ’PLAT-B’ / Group Voidage Production Rate for PLAT-A and PLAT-B
é Well quantities take a list of well names e.g.WTHP’P11’ ’P21’ ’I20’ / Well Tubing Head Pressure for P11, P21, I20.
é Block quantities take a list of grid block I, J, K indices e.g.BGKR1 1 1 /1 2 1 // Block Gas relative permeability for (1,1,1) and (1,2,1)
é Connection quantities take a well name and grid block I, J, K indices e.g.COFR’P21’ 2 1 1 /’P21’ 2 1 2 /
/ Connection Oil Flow Rate for (2,1,1) and (2,1,2) in well P21
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 131
Other SUMMARY Section Keywords
Anisotropic relative permeabilityReservoir volumesOil recovery efficienciesOil recovery mechanismsAnalytic aquifer quanitiesBrine option quantitiesSimulator performance keywordsOutput controls
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
SCHEDULE Section - History Matching
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 133
Purpose of the SCHEDULE Section
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 134
History Matching vs. Prediction
Reservoir Description
Performance Prediction
Mathematical model
Recovery Mechanism
Computer Model
Sensitivity Analysis
History Match
Perfomancedepends on quality
of reservoirdescription
Interpreted geology,geophysics,
petrophysics, productionlogs, well tests, etc.
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 135
History Match Dataset Structure--VFP tables for pressure reporting VFPPROD, VFPINJ--Well & completion definition WELSPECS, COMPDAT, COMPRP
COMPVE--Measured Production and injection rates WCONHIST, WCONINJE, WCONINJ--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Output control RPTSCHED, RPTRST--Cell GOR &/or OGR increase rates DRSDT, DRVDT--Simulator advance to 1st rate change DATES--Comment separating periods of different flow rate--Manual workovers; PI modification COMPDAT, COMPRP, WELPI
WPIMULT--Shut-ins or opening wells WELOPEN--Modified production and injection rates WCONHIST, WCONINJE
WELTARG--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Output control modification RPTSCHED, RPTRST--Simulator advance to second rate change DATES--Comment separating periods of different flow rate--Workovers COMPDAT, COMPRP, WELPI
WPIMULT--Shut-ins or opening wells WELOPEN--Modified production and injection rates WCONHIST, WCONINJE
WELTARG--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Simulator advance to third rate change DATES--End of simulation, perhaps at present day END
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 136
VFP Curve Specification--Multidimensional table of BHP vs Flow (e.g. Qo), Water Fraction (e.g. WCT)--Gas Fraction (e.g. GOR), THP and ALQ-- These should NEVER be hand editedVFPPROD
1 7.00000E+03 ’LIQ’ ’WCT’ ’GOR’ /
2.00000E+03 5.00000E+03 1.00000E+04 1.70000E+04 3.00000E+04 /
2.00000E+02 5.00000E+02 1.00000E+03 /
0.00000E+00 2.00000E-01 4.00000E-01 7.00000E-01 9.00000E-01 /
7.70000E-01 1.00000E+00 1.50000E+00 /
0.00000E+00 5.00000E-01 /
1 1 1 1 8.82057E+02 7.76876E+02 1.30267E+03 2.18912E+03 4.20843E+03 / 2 1 1 1 1.25903E+03 1.16634E+03 1.55410E+03 2.53417E+03 4.27927E+03 /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 137
VFP Table Usage
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 138
General Well Specification
WELSPECS--1 2 3 4 5 6--Well Group Wellhead Wellhead BHP Flowing--Name Name I location J location Datum Phase--7 8 9 10 11--Drainage Inflow Auto SHUT Xflo when Fluid--Radius Equation or STOP Flowing? PVT-- table--12 13--Fluid FIP--Density calc Region NO. for calculating reservoir fluid volume--notes: 5. 1*/-v =centre depth of the cell containing the upper-most connection-- 7. 0=P-equivalent radius; -v=output well’s potential flow rate-- 8. STD/NO-standard; R-G/YES=Russel-Goodrich; P-P=pseudo P-- GPP=generalised pseudo-P (post-98a)--E.G. Record of data for well P21 P21 G 8 1 1* OIL
-1 /--Record of data for well I20 I20 G 20 1 1* WAT
-1 //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 139
Flow in Gas Wells
2000 3500
PQ α)(PmP →2PQ α
P/µz
P (psia)
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 140
Specifying Completions withCOMPDAT
COMPDAT--1 2 3 4 5--Well I J K K--Name Upper Lower ’P*’ 1* 1* 1 10
--6 7 8 9 10--Open/ Saturation Connection Wellbore Effective--Shut Table Factor Internal Kh-- Diameter OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 /
--11 12 13 14--Skin D Penetration Pressure Equivalent--Factor Factor Direction Radius
--E.G. Record of data for well I20 I20 1* 1* 1 5 OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 141
Partial Penetration (diffuse flow)
To compensate the effect of patial penetration, use keyword COMPRP tospecify data for re-scaling satuations at well connections
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 142
Partial Penetration (VE & DiffuseFlow)
Sw=1.0
Sw=1-Sor
Sw=Swc
OWC Htot
Ho
Hw
DXDY
Only clean oil is produced
COMPVE: specify well connection depth data for VEnon-VE : automatically convert the data into saturation table endpoints as ifusing COMPRP
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 143
Historical Flow Rate: WCONHISTWCONHIST--1 2 3 4 5--Well Open/ Control Observed Observed--Name Shut Mode Oil Rate Water Rate P1 OPEN ORAT 3000 / P21 OPEN ORA 2000 //--6 7 8 9 10--Observed VFP ALQ Observed Observed--Gas Rate Table THP BHP--Notes:--1. Well control modes: O(W,G,L)RAT, RESV--2. Phase rates: not treated as upper limits
--3. BHP limit: automatically set to atmospheric pressure
WHISTCTL-- 1 2-- over riding end run when HM well-- control mode changed to BHP control?-- O(W,G,L)RAT, RESV, NONE ’YES’/’NO’
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 144
Well Injection: WCONINJE
WCONINJE--1 2 3 4 5--Well Injected Open or Control Surface--Name Phase Shut Mode Flow Rate I20 WAT OPEN RATE 8000 //--6 7 8 9 10--Reservoir BHP THP VFP Rs or--Flow Rate Target Target Table Rv----Notes:--1. Control Modes: RATE, RESV, BHP, THP, GRUP--2. Rate/Pressure: target/limit
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 145
TUNING, TUNINGL and NEXTSTEP
TUNING--Mnemonics represent Timestepping and convergence criteria--Record 1 contains timestepping controls--These are quite frequently set to non-default values--TSINIT TSMAXZ TSMINZ TSMCHP TSFMAX--TSFMIN TSFCNV TFDIFF THRUPT /--99a: item 10: max time step following a well modification--Record 2 contains time truncation and convergence controls--These should be altered only in extreme cases--TRGTTE TRGCNV TRGMBE TRGLCV XXXTTE--XXXCNVXXXMBE XXXLCV XXXWFL TRGFIP--TRGSFT/--Record 3 contains iteration controls--These seldom need adjustment--NEWTMX NEWTMN LITMAX LITMIN MXWSIT--MXWPIT DDPLIM DDSLIM TRGDPR XXXDPR /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 146
Output Control
SCHEDULERPTSCHED’RESTART=2’ /TSTEP10*180 / Outputs MODEL.X0001 to MODEL.X0010--inclusive at 180 day intervals
RPTRST’BASIC=3’ ’FREQ=2’ /TSTEP10*180 / Outputs MODEL.X0011, MODEL.X0013,--MODEL.X0015, MODEL.X0017, MODEL.X0019--at 360 day intervals.
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 147
Effect of DRSDT
B
DRSDT=0DRSDT=∞
A
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 148
Simulation Advance & Termination
DATES1 JAN 1998 / Advance to 12:00 am on 1/1/981 JUN 1998 / Advance to 12:00 am on 1/6/98/TSTEP1 / Advance to 12:00 pm on 2/6/98
TSTEP0.2 / Advance by 0.2 days
END Conclude simulation
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 149
Productivity Index Assignment
Pw Pw
Pc, cellpressure
P* averagereservoirpressure
rd re
Physical Model Eclipse Model
Pw, well BHPrd, re drainage radii
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 150
Measures of Pressure
WBP
WBP4WBP9
WBP4
WBP4
WBP4
WBP9
WBP9WBP9
I
J
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 151
Manual Workovers
--Open and shut wells at known times WELOPEN--Alter completion properties COMPDAT--Alter partial completions COMPRP, COMPVE--Alter well rate and pressure targets WELTARG-- WCONHIST--Modify Well PI WELPI, WPIMULT--Change cell transmissibility "MULT" family
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
SCHEDULE Section - Prediction
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 153
Prediction Dataset Structure
--VFP tables for THP control VFPPROD, VFPINJ--Well and completion definition, inc. infill wells WELSPECS, COMPDAT, COMPRP, COMPVE--Production well targets WCONPROD, WELDRAW--Injection Well Targets WCONINJ, WCONINJE--Activate new wells as necessary QDRILL, WDRILTIM, WELSOMIN--Well PI Specification WELPI, WPIMULT--Automatic workover specification WCUTBACK, WORKLIM, WORKTHP,--Auto. work over specification contd. COMPLUMP, WPLUG--Place wells on pump or gas lift WLIFT--Periodic testing of shut wells WTEST--Time taken to perform automatic workovers WORKLIM--Well and completion economic limits CECON, WECON, WECONINJ--Tolerance for economic limits and targets WLIMTOL--Group hierarchical structure GRUPTREE--Distribute production amongst wells GCONPROD, GUIDERAT, WGRUPCON--Distribute amongst wells contd. PRIORITY, WELPRI--Distribute injection mongst wells GCONINJE, GUIDERAT, WGRUPCON--Distribute injection amongst wells contd. PRIORITY, WELPRI, WINJMULT--Satellite production and injection GSATPROD, GSATINJE--Group and field economic limits GECON--Simulator control parameters TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP--Output control RPTSCHED, RPTRST--Simulator advance and termination DATES, TSTEP, END
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 154
Well Rate Targets: WCONPROD
WCONPROD--1 2 3 4 5--Well Open/ Control Oil Water--Name Shut Mode Rate Rate P1 OPEN ORAT 3000 1*--control modes:O(W,G,L)RAT,RESV,BHP,THPGRUP
--6 7 8 9 10--Gas Liquid Reservoir BHP THP--Rate Rate Volume Limit Limit-- Rate 1* 1* 1* 2500 /--11 12--VFP ALQ--Table
--Record of data for well P21 P21 OPEN ORAT 2000 1* 1* 1* 1* 2500 //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 155
Effect of WCONPROD
WCONPROD-Well Open/ Control Qo Qw Qg Ql Qresv BHP THP-Name Shut Mode P1 OPEN ORAT 4000 2000 1* 1* 1* 3000 /
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 156
Economic Limit Definition
Economic Limits can be applied to:éOil production rate Lower limitéGas production rate Lower limitéWater cut Upper limitéGas-oil ratio Upper limitéWater-gas ratio Upper limitThe tests can be applied to:éField/ group production GECONéWell production WECONé Individual connections (ratios only) CECON
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 157
Limit Actions
Action Field/ Well Connect-Group ection
Do Nothing? Yes Yes NoStop run? Yes Yes NoShut in ifrate limit broken? Yes Yes N/AOpen another well ifrate limit broken? Yes Yes N/AWorkover worstcompletion/well onexceeding a ratio? Yes Yes YesApply 2dary water cutlimit on shut-in? No Yes No
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 158
Automatic Workovers--Economic Limits--Producer economic limits WECON--Injector economic limits WECONINJ--Connection economic limits CECON--Single well workover keywords:---Group connections together COMPLUMP--Plugging back a well WPLUG--Time taken for automatic workover WORKLIM--Workover procedure if a well dies under THP control WORKTHP--Change VFP table and / or ALQ (retube and /or lift or pump) WLIFT--Periodic well test WTEST--Pressure-dependent injectivity multiplier WINJMULT--New well activation keywords:---Set up drilling queue QDRILL--Set drilling duration WRILTIM--Minimum cell oil saturation for automatic opening WELSOMIN--Cycle wells on and off e.g. as in WAG processes WCYCLE--Cutbacks--Cut back producers and injectors WCUTBACK--Calculate oil rate from last month’s average GOR WGROPEN
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 159
Well Economic Limits
WECON--1 2 3 4 5--Well Minimum Minimum Maximum Maximum--Name Oil Gas Water GOR-- Rate Rate Cut ’P*’ 1000 1* 0.5 1*--6 7 8 9 10--Maximum Workover End Follow- Economic limits--WGR Procedure Run? On well apply to rates or-- name potentials? 1* CON NO //--11 12 13--Secondary Workover Maximum--Water cut proc. for Gas-liquid--limit 2ndary limit Ratio
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 160
Connection Economic Limits
CECON--1 2 3 4 5--Well I J K1 K2--Name
--6 7 8--Maximum Maximum Maximum--WCT GOR WGR
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 161
Plug-backs
WPLUG-- 1 2 3-- Well Length closed Length closed-- name from top from bottom-- on plug-back on plug-back--new item 4 from 98a-- 4-- plug-back from the top/bottom of-- the WELL or the worst offending COMPletion?-- pre-98a: WELL
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 162
Workovers Using WLIFT
WLIFT--1 2 3 4 5--Well Min Phase New New--Name Rate VFP-- Table ALQ
--6 7 8 9--New Max New Max--Efficiency WCT THP GLR--Factor Limit
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 163
Testing Wells Using WTESTWTEST--1 2 3--Well Test Closure--Name Interval reason--Closure reasons:--P-physical: fail to perate at BHP/THP--E-ecomomic: W(C)ECON--G- Group of FIELD limit: GECON, GCON???--D- THP design limit:WTHPMAX--post 98a: C-Connection while the well still open
--4 5--Max Startup--Tests time
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 164
Cutting Back Wells: WCUTBACKWCUTBACK--1 2 3 4 5--Well Max Max Max Maximum--Name WCT GOR GLR WGR--6 7 8 9 10--Cut-back Phase to BP for BP for Min--Factor Cut back cut back revs-cut-back WCT--11 12 13--Minimum Minimum Minimum--GOR GLR WGR--post 98a:WBHGLR--Well limits on bottom hole GLR--BHGLR: ratio of free gas flow to liquid flow-- at bottom hole conditions--cut-back: same as WCUTBACK--economic limit: same as WECON
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 165
Group Production Control
Well
Field
Group
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 166
Group Hierarchy: GRUPTREE
GRUPTREE--1 2--Son Father
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 167
The GCONPROD Keyword
GCONPROD--1 2 3 4 5--Group Control Oil Rate Water Rate Gas Rate--Name Mode Target Target Target FIELD ORAT 5000 1* 1*--6 7 8 9 10--Liquid rate Workover Higher level Guide Guide rate--Target Procedure Control? Rate Phase 1* CON //--11 12 13--Proc. on exceeding Proc. on exceeding Proc. on exceeding--Water rate limit Gas rate limit Liquid rate limit
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 168
The GCONINJE Keyword
GCONINJE--1 2 3 4 5--Group Phase Control Surface Reservoir--Name Mode Injection Volume-- Injection-- Target Target FIELD WAT VREP 1* 1*
--6 7 8 9 10--Re-injection Voidage Higher Guide Guide--Fraction Replacement Control? Rate Phase-- Fraction 1* 1 //
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 169
Priority Control
PRIORITY Calculate well priority numbers--1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9--Calc Interval A B C D E F G H
WELPRI Set priority number if not calculated from PRIORITY--1 2--Well Name Priority Number
GCONPRI Set group targets under priority control--1 2 3 4 5--Group Oil rate Proc. on Water rate Proc. on--Name Limit Exceeding oil Limit Exceeding water-- Rate limit Rate limit
---6 7 8 9 10 11--Gas rate Proc. on Liq. Proc. on Resv Balancing.--Limit Exceeding gas Rate limit Exceeding liq. Rate Fraction--- Rate limit Rate Limit Limit Limit
GRUPTARG Re-set group production rate target or limit under priority control--1 2 3--Group Target New
--Name Definition Target
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 170
Group Economic Limits: GECON
GECON--1 2 3 4 5--Group Min Min Max Max--Name Oil rate Gas rate WCT GOR FIELD 600 //--6 7 8 9--Max Workover End Max--WGR Procedure Run? Open wells
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
Convergence
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 172
Convergence Problem Report
@--WARNING AT TIME 0.0 DAYS ( 1-JAN-1997): @ LINEAR EQUATIONS NOT FULLY CONVERGED - RUN MAY GO FASTER @ IF YOU INCREASE LITMAX (= 25 - TUNING KEYWORD)
@--PROBLEM AT TIME 0.0 DAYS ( 1-JAN-1997): @ NON-LINEAR EQUATION CONVERGENCE FAILURE @ ITERATION LIMIT REACHED - BUT TIME STEP @ ACCEPTED BECAUSE IT IS TOO SMALL TO CHOP.
STEP 1 TIME= 2.40 HOURS ( +2.40 HOURS CHOP 12 ITS) (1-JAN-1997) PAV= 333.8 BARSA WCT=0.051 GOR= 644.15 SM3/SM3 WGR= 0.0001 SM3/SM3
PR.RATE PR.TOTAL IN.RATE IN.TOTAL MAX SATURN CHANGE MAX TIME TRNC ERR
OIL 6000. 600. 0. 0. -0.780( 3, 1, 20) -0.780( 3, 1, 20) WAT 321. 32. 0. 0. 0.580( 6, 1, 19) 0.580( 6, 1, 19) GAS 3864881. 386488. 0. 0. 0.780( 2, 1, 21) 0.780( 2, 1, 21)
MAX DP = -315.55( 1, 1, 24) MAX DRS=********( 1, 1, 24)
@--WARNING AT TIME 0.1 DAYS ( 1-JAN-1997): @ LINEAR EQUATIONS NOT FULLY CONVERGED - RUN MAY GO FASTER @ IF YOU INCREASE LITMAX (= 25 - TUNING KEYWORD)
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 173
Common Causes of Problems
é Data Erroré PVT tablesé VFP curvesé Saturation functionsé Special Characters & missing values
é Model designé Grid geometry
é Small PV cells next to large PV cellsé Dual poro Fracture cell PV << Matrix cell PV
é LGRsé LGR smaller than drainage radiusé Initial contacts outside LGRé Innermost cells in radial LGR too small
é Program defects
Tuesday, September 14, 1999
Eclipse 100 User Course
Exercises
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 175
Single Well Coning Model
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 176
Sector Model RUNSPEC Section
Fetkovich aquifer providesedge drive at I=20 and J=5
faces. Uppermost andlowermost model faces
are no-flowboundaries
K
I
J
1 2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 2 3 4 5
K=1 to 10
ZX plane atY=0 and YZplane at X=0 areno-flowboundaries insidethe reservoir.
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 177
Basic Sector Model Layer Data
Layer Thickness Horizontal Permeability(ft) (mD)
1 32 102 22 53 20 1004 4 20005 32 2006 4 20007 26 1008 26 509 4 200010 28 50
φ = 25% throughout the reservoirKv/Kh=0.04 everywhere
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 178
Sector Model XZ Section at Y=0
X (ft)
Z (ft)
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 179
Sector Model YZ Section at X=0
Y (ft)
Z (ft)
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 180
Sector Model PROPS & REGIONS
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 181
Sector Model Initialisation
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 182
Sector Model History Match
Tuesday, September 14, 1999 Eclipse 100 User Course 183
Sector Model Recovery Optimisation