ECIV 3302 Engineering Geologysite.iugaza.edu.ps/mabualtayef/files/09-Plate-Tectonic.pdfChapter 9...
Transcript of ECIV 3302 Engineering Geologysite.iugaza.edu.ps/mabualtayef/files/09-Plate-Tectonic.pdfChapter 9...
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Associate Professor Mazen AbualtayefCivil and Environmental Engineering Department
Islamic University of Gaza, PalestineThe materials are adapted from the presentation of Stan & Cindy Hatfield
Chapter 9
PLATE TECTONICS
ECIV 3302
Engineering Geology
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Continental drift: An idea before its time
Alfred Wegener
• First proposed his continental drift hypothesis in
1915
• Published The Origin of Continents and Oceans
Continental drift hypothesis
• Supercontinent called Pangaea began breaking
apart about 200 million years ago
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Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago
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Continental drift: An idea before its time
Continental drift hypothesis
• Continents "drifted" to present positions
Evidence used in support of continental drift
hypothesis
• Fit of the continents
• Fossil evidence
• Rock type and structural similarities
• Paleoclimatic evidence
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Figure 2.3
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Matching mountain
ranges
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Paleoclimaticevidence
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A scientific revolution begins
During the 1950s and 1960s technological
strides permitted extensive mapping of the
ocean floor
Seafloor spreading hypothesis was proposed by
Harry Hess in the early 1960s
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Plate tectonics: The new paradigm
Earth’s major plates are associated with Earth's
Lithosphere:
• A strong, rigid outer layer;
• Broken into pieces called Plates
• Consists of uppermost mantle and overlying crust
• Overlies a weaker region in the mantle called the
asthenosphere
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Plate tectonics: The new paradigm
Earth’s major plates
• Seven major lithospheric plates
• Plates are in motion and continually changing in
shape and size
• Largest plate is the Pacific plate
• Several plates include an entire continent plus a large
area of seafloor
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Earth’splates
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Earth’splates
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Plate tectonics: The new paradigm
Earth’s major plates
• Plates move relative to each other at a very slow
but continuous rate
• About 5 centimeters (2 inches) per year
• Cooler, denser slabs of oceanic lithosphere descend into
the mantle
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Plate tectonics: The new paradigm
Plate boundaries
• Interactions among individual plates occur along their boundaries
• Types of plate boundaries
• Divergent plate boundaries (constructive margins)
• Convergent plate boundaries (destructive margins)
• Transform fault boundaries (conservative margins)
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Divergent plate boundary
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Oceanic-continental convergence
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Oceanic-oceanic convergence
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Convergent plate boundaries
Types of convergent boundaries
• Continental-continental convergence
• Continued subduction can bring two continents together
• Less dense, buoyant continental lithosphere does not
subduct
• Resulting collision between two continental blocks
produces mountains (Himalayas, Alps, Appalachians)
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Continental-continental convergence
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Transform fault boundaries
Plates slide past one another and no new lithosphere is created or destroyed
Transform faults
• Most join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge along breaks in the oceanic crust known as fracture zones
• A few (the San Andreas fault and the Alpine fault of New Zealand) cut through continental crust
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Transformfaults
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