Echinoderms & Chordates
description
Transcript of Echinoderms & Chordates
![Page 1: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Echinoderms &Chordates
![Page 2: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• About 6,000 species
• All _______________
![Page 3: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Eucoelomates, triploblastic
![Page 4: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Eucoelomates, triploblastic
• Pentamerous (5-part) radial symmetry as adults
• Parts arranged around oral/aboral axis
![Page 5: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Why not in ___________? Larva bilaterally symmetrical!
![Page 6: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Calcareous endoskeleton. Plates form surrounded by tissues.
• Arises from mesoderm. “echino-” means spiny, “-derm” means skin.
![Page 7: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Water vascular system in _____________• Connect to tube feet• Note madreporite on aboral surface of starfish
(takes water into system)
![Page 8: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Tube feet in action
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressorare needed to see this picture.
![Page 9: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Complete digestive system • Reproduction: have good regeneration
abilities, some can break into parts and reproduce asexually.
![Page 10: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Most reproduce sexually• Dioecious, fertilization external
![Page 11: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• No head or well developed brain (nerve ring)• No excretory organs (no flame cells, nephridia,
etc.)• No respiratory system (tube feet and papulae
help exchange gases)
![Page 12: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Deuterostomes
![Page 13: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)• Class Echinoidea (sand dollars and sea urchins)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
![Page 14: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)– Sessile for some or all of life. Add new __________ as
they grow.– Have mouth and anus on upper surface.
![Page 15: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)
– Glorious fossil past (6000 fossil species, 600 living ones).
Wisconsin
![Page 16: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)• Class Echinoidea (sand dollars and sea urchins)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
![Page 17: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)– 1500 species. Active and important marine predators– Move about on tube feet
![Page 18: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)– Predation may cause problems– Ex, crown of thorns starfish (coral predator)
![Page 19: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)– The rest of the story: part of
problem may be overcollecting of tritons, a gastropod that preys on these starfish
![Page 20: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)• Class Echinoidea (sand dollars and sea urchins)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
![Page 21: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)– 2000 species. Abundant, nocturnal. Move using
two arms at a time– Feed on plankton and organic debris with tube
feet.
![Page 22: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)• Class Echinoidea (sand dollars and sea urchins)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
![Page 23: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Class Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars)
– Lack arms. 1000 species. Endoskeleton of fused calcareous plates
– No arms or rays. Have rows of spines and tube feet. Spines and feet moveable.
![Page 24: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars)– Sea urchins: long spines– Sand dollars: short spines
![Page 25: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars)– Pedicillariae. Discourage small invertebrates
from settling on surface.
![Page 26: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars)– Aristotle’s lantern: complex chewing apparatus.
![Page 27: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Can be important members of marine
ecosystems• Ex, sea urchins as herbivores
![Page 28: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Urchins, sea otters, and kelps• Sea otters hunted
almost to extinction on West Coast
• Now expanding back
• Top carnivores (almost): eat mussels, abalone, sea urchins.
Purple sea urchin
![Page 29: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Urchins, sea otters, and kelps
• Urchins eat __________ of kelp
• Fewer urchins now that otters are back.
![Page 30: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Urchins, sea otters, and kelps• Giant kelp forests
recovering as otters return.• Fish and other associates
rebounding.
![Page 31: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sea urchins• Eggs (roe) edible, delicacy (known as uni in sushi bars)
![Page 32: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Crinoidea (sea lilies/feather stars)• Class Asteroidea (sea stars)• Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)• Class Echinoidea (sand dollars and sea urchins)• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
![Page 33: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
– Elongate– Soft bodied (endoskeleton plates reduced or
absent)– Often with feeding tentacles around mouth
![Page 34: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Class Holothuroidea (sea
cucumbers)– Have respiratory organ (respiratory
tree) (11, F), arising from cloaca (12, G: near anus, 13)
– Gonads (8, H)– Intestine (10, I)
![Page 35: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
– Symbiosis story: black pearlfish can be found living in _________ of sea cucumbers
![Page 36: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
– Sea cucumber defense tactic: regurgitate internal organs and _____________ them later
![Page 37: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Phylum Echinodermata (echinoderms)
• Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)– Edible: braised sea cucumber with tea leaves
![Page 38: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Phylum Chordata (chordates)• About 43,000 species
• Triploblastic, eucoelomates
![Page 39: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Phylum Chordata (chordates)• Bilateral symmetry • Deuterostomes
![Page 40: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Segmentation• Present in chordates• Often visible in embryo
![Page 41: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Internal skeleton• Differs from echinoderms. Rodlike, deeper
in body. Gives attachment points for muscles.
Human skeleton
![Page 42: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4 Key Features• 1) Hollow (tubular!) nerve cord
under *dorsal* surface
![Page 43: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
4 Key Features• 1) Hollow (tubular!) nerve
cord under *dorsal* surface• Becomes brain and spinal cord• *Invertebrates usually have
ventral nerve cords.
![Page 44: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
4 Key Features• 2) Notochord: flexible rod just under nerve
cord. Originally served as muscle attachment point
![Page 45: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
4 Key Features• 3) Pharyngeal pouches in embryo• In humans, only one remains to form
Eustachian tubes connecting inner ear to __________.
![Page 46: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
4 Key Features• 4) Postanal tail (at least during embryonic
stages). Nearly all other animals with terminal anus
![Page 47: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)• Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
![Page 48: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)
– Marine. 1300 species.
![Page 49: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)
– Adult sessile, filter feeder. – Has holdfast, siphons (incurrent & excurrent,
pharynx). Cilia in pharynx create water current.
![Page 50: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Urochordata
(tunicates)– Pharynx used to feed,
traps food in mucus on endostyle
– Pharynx has gill slits for breathing
– Many adults secrete tunic: tough sac of ______________ around body.
![Page 51: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)• Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
![Page 52: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
– Marine. 20 species.– Ex, Amphioxus or Branchiostoma
![Page 53: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
– Filter feeder, can swim– Oral hood has tentacles (sensory)– Cilia create water current, used for breathing and filter
feeding. Water exits via _________________.
![Page 54: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
– No head, brain, eyes, etc.– Skin only 1 cell layer thick (vertebrates with multi-
layered skin)– ________________: segmented muscles.
![Page 55: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
– Model version (as seen in lab)
![Page 56: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates)• Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)• Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
![Page 57: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
• Distinctive features– 1) Have vertebral
column. Bony segments replace __________, enclose spinal cord
![Page 58: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
• Distinctive features– 2) Have well-developed head (with skull and
brain)
![Page 59: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
• Other features– 3) Neural crest in embryo. Cells migrate to
form many tissues (parts of muscle, nerve, skin, systems, etc.) in various places in body.
![Page 60: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
• Other features– 4) Internal organs: liver, kidneys, endocrine
glands, heart and closed circulatory system– 5) Endoskeleton of _________ (protein) or bone
(protein and calcium crystals). Bone strong but not brittle. Can make big bodies this way.
![Page 61: Echinoderms & Chordates](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56813af1550346895da36e0d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Chordate survey• Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)
– Class Agnatha– Class Chondrichthyes– Class Osteichthyes– Class Amphibia– Class Reptilia– Class Aves– Class Mammalia