Ecdyzoan Phyla. Figure 12_01 Phylum Nematoda Round worms >10,000 named species, >100,000 predicted...
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Transcript of Ecdyzoan Phyla. Figure 12_01 Phylum Nematoda Round worms >10,000 named species, >100,000 predicted...
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Ecdyzoan Phyla
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Figure 12_01
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Phylum Nematoda
• Round worms
• >10,000 named species, >100,000 predicted
• Free living & parasitic
Caenorhabditis elegans
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Nematodes are Everywhere!
“If all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, … we could then investigate it, …mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes and oceans represented by a thin film of nematodes. The location of towns would be decipherable…”
N A Cobb, 1914
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Nematode Gross Anatomy
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Nematode Gross Anatomy
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Nematode Gross Anatomy
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Nematode Gross Anatomy
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Reproductive Modes
• Sexual
• Hermaphroditic mode– Hermaphrodites & males
• Dioecious mode– Males and females
• Internal fertilization
• Internal & external development of eggs
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Cell Lineages of C. elegans
• 959 somatic cells in adult hermaphrodite– will produce ~400 eggs
• 1031 somatic cells in adult male• Both start off with about 1090 cells• In hermaphrodite ~131 cells die by apoptosis
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C. elegans
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Plant Parasites
• Globodera rostochiensis – potato family (Solanaceae) parasite
• Regulated by 106 countries – agricultural products & soil can not be shipped without passing inspections for this parasite
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BURROWING NEMATODE QUARANTINE
PEST:
Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis STATE WITH REGULATION: Louisiana
STATES REGULATED:
Entire states of FL, HI, and the Commonwealth of Puero Rico.
MATERIALS REGULATED:
Soil, sand and plant parts produced below soil level except: soil-free aquatic plants, air plants grown in soil-free media, air layered plants root-wrapped in original soil-free moss, dormant bulbs and corms if free from roots and soil, soil-free edible fleshy roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes, and industrial sand and clay.
RESTRICTIONS:
Regulated materials may not be moved from regulated states into Louisiana unless each shipment or lot is accompanied by an official certificate of the state or commonwealth of origin, stating that: based on an official survey it has been determined that the burrowing nematode does not exist on the property or premise on which the related materials originated or were grown or that the regulated materials in the shipment have been produced from seed, or from plant parts free from burrowing nematode, and grown above ground in sterile soil or other otherwise protected from nematode infestation until shipped.
This information was obtained from:
Federal & State Quarantine Summaries (AAN Publication A-2-40330/7.97)
published by: American Association of Nurserymen in cooperation with: National Plant Board, US Department of AgricultureAnimal & Plant Health Inspection Service
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Plant Parasites
• Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode
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Plant Parasites
• Bursaphelenchus xylophilus – pine wilt disease
Aug 20, 2003 Aug 25, 2003 Sept 2, 2003
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Bursaphelenchus xylophilus – pine wilt nematode
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Insect Parasitic Nematodes
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COMMODITY INSECT PEST NEMATODE SPECIES
Artichokes Artichoke plume moth S. carpocapsae
Berries Root weevils H. bacteriophora
Citrus Root weevils S. riobravis
Cranberries Root weevils H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae
Cranberry girdler S. carpocapsae
Mushrooms Sciarids S. feltiae
Ornamentals Root weevils H. bacteriophora, H. megidis
Wood borers S. carpocapsae, H. bacteriophora
Fungus gnats S. feltiae
Turf Scarabs H. bacteriophora
Mole crickets S. riobravis, S. scapterisci
Billbugs H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae
Armyworm, Cutworm, Webworm
S. carpocapsae
CURRENT USE OF NEMATODES AS BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES
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Ascaris
• A. lumbricoides – human • A. suum – porcine
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Mr & Mrs Ascaris lumbricoides
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Ascaris mouth
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Elephantiasis - Filariaisis
• Wuchereria bancrofti
• Brugia malayi
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Life Cycle of Filiarial Nematode Parasite
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Dirofilariasis - heartworms
• Dirofilaria immitis
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Dracunculiasis - Guinea worm
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Trichinosis – Trichinella spp
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Hookworms
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Hookworm Lifecycle
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Phylum Nematomorpha
• Larva parasitize terrestrial and aquatic arthropods
• Larva resemble priapulids
• Adults resemble nematodes
Larval nematomorph
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Phylum Nematomorpha
Nematomorph worm parasitism videos
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Phylum Kinorhyncha
• 179 species
• Sediment dwellers
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Phylum Priapulida
• 16 species
• Marine
• 12-15 cm
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Phylum Loricifera
• Discovered 1983
• ~100 species
• Interstitial, marine dwellers
• ~0.5mm
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Phylum Onychophora
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Phylum Onychophora
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Onychophoran Anatomy
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Phylum Tardigrada
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Tardigrad Anatomy
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Obvious Phylogenic Relationships