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Map 1: Mean gross hourly earnings in Europe, EUR, 2006 (1) Enterprises employing 10 or more employees; business economy (NACe Rev. 2 B to S ( - O) Source: Eurostat (tsiem040) (2) Provisional. (3) 2007 data and NACE Rev.1.1, sections C to O ( - L) (4) NACE Rev.1.1, sections C to O ( - L)
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Map 1: Mean gross hourly earnings in Europe, EUR, 2006
(1) Enterprises employing 10 or more employees; business economy (NACe Rev. 2 B to S ( - O)
Source: Eurostat (tsiem040) (2) Provisional. (3) 2007 data and NACE Rev.1.1, sections C to O ( - L) (4) NACE Rev.1.1, sections C to O ( - L)
Table 1: Mean gross hourly earnings in Europe, EUR, 2006
EU-27 13.38 12.19 13.34 14.81EA-16 13.99 13.84 13.34 15.34BE 17.45 16.9 17.1 18.62BG 1.11 1.07 1.17 1.13CZ 4.21 4.08 4.54 3.89DK 22.38 24.34 22.42 21.09DE 16.21 17.32 15.04 16.5EE 3.54 3.6 3.74 3.24IE 20.83 20.09 18.21 26.69EL 9.52 8.77 8.69 11.82ES 10.05 9.85 9.43 11.98FR 15.53 15.69 15.43 15.52IT 13.5 11.49 12.66 17.93CY 11.04 9.67 10.23 15.22LV 2.64 2.53 2.7 2.67LT 2.74 2.82 2.64 2.78LU 19.19 16.35 19.76 22.98HU 3.43 3.3 3.62 3.37MT 7.4 6.53 7.41 8.36NL 15.17 17.46 14.33 15.24AT 13.26 13.98 12.62 13.66PL 4.12 3.75 3.88 4.99PT 7 5.15 7.08 9.55RO 1.87 1.66 1.99 2.23SI 6.75 5.99 6.92 8.1SK 3.1 3.13 3.4 2.65FI 15.52 16.59 15.58 14.4SE 16.04 16.84 17.04 14.78UK 19.47 20.03 19.29 19.43TR 3.1 2.8 3.46 3.74IS 17.92 17.17 18.93 17.56NO 23.83 24.74 23.36 23.73
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more.Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses06_47)
All branches except agriculture, fishing,
public administration,
private households and extra-territorial
organizations
Industry
Trade, transport, communication,
business activities and financial
services
Education, health, social and personal
service activities
Figure 1: Mean gross hourly earnings by educational attainment of the employee, 2006
Level of educational attainmentLow Medium High
EU-27 9.07 12.36 18.92EA-16 9.66 13.79 19.52BE 13.48 14.93 22.96BG 0.83 0.92 1.66CZ 3.0 3.81 7.0DK 18.47 21.78 26.93DE 10.29 16.01 25.57EE 2.56 3.06 4.76IE 15.58 17.18 25.53EL 7.4 7.99 12.0ES 8.04 9.74 13.34FR 12.12 13.91 20.08IT 10.22 12.93 21.27CY 7.86 8.89 15.82LV 1.79 2.09 3.97LT 1.93 2.13 3.61LU 13.69 17.55 28.01HU 2.19 2.85 5.82MT 6.05 7.51 10.94NL 11.07 14.32 20.78AT 9.03 13.3 20.77PL 2.75 3.39 6.77PT 4.66 6.73 13.58RO 1.2 1.42 3.0SI 4.2 5.78 11.6SK 1.88 2.72 4.99FI 13.31 13.47 18.69SE 13.89 14.59 18.7UK 12.23 15.95 26.77TR 2.1 2.82 6.06NO 19.29 22.75 28.79
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O excluding L.Iceland: not available.Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses06_16)
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO SI
SK FI
SE
UK
TR
NO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Low Medium High
EUR
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O excluding L.
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO SI
SK FI
SE
UK
TR
NO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Low Medium High
EUR
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO SI
SK FI
SE
UK
TR
NO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Low Medium High
EUR
Table 2: Mean monthly earnings by employment contract, EUR, 2006
Employment contract
Fixed-term
EU-27 2314 1527 1.52EA-16 2433 1697 1.43BE 2870 2504 1.15BG 202 160 1.26CZ 755 591 1.28DK 3339 2281 1.46DE 2924 2201 1.33EE 623 684 0.91IE 3361 2627 1.28EL 1491 2007 0.74ES 1812 1388 1.31FR 2511 2189 1.15IT 2147 1560 1.38CY 1845 1492.67 1.24LV 461 558 0.83LT 471 493 0.96LU 3409 2479.73 1.37HU 639 506 1.26MT 1283 1234 1.04NL 2783 1914 1.45AT 2428 2213 1.10PL 751 487 1.54PT 1249 888 1.41RO 335.08 : c :SI 1306 930 1.40SK 543 430 1.26FI 2638 2189 1.21SE : : :UK 3314 2843 1.17TR 617 574 1.07IS 3343.31 : :NO 3970 3494 1.14
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O not L.c: confidential.Sweden: not available.Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses06_22)
Indefinite duration
Ratio Indefinite
duration/Fixed-term
Figure 2: Pay differences per month between employees with more than 20 years and employees with less of 6 years service within the enterprise, EUR and %, 2006
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O not L.Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses06_24)
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO SI
SK FI
SE
UK
TR IS
NO
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Difference in EUR Difference in %
EUR
%
Figure 2: Pay differences per month between employees with more than 20 years and employees with less of 6 years service within the enterprise, EUR and %, 2006
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O not L.
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO SI
SK FI
SE
UK
TR IS
NO
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Difference in EUR Difference in %
EUR
%
Figure 3: Proportion of low-wage earners (full-time employees), 2006
MedianLow wage = (2/3 of median)
EUR EUR
EU-27 - - - - - 15183229 17%EA-16 - - - - - 7884695 15%FI 21300 29920 52096 2 19947 63712 6%BE 24224 34506 61116 3 23004 50020 7%DK 29824 43035 70060 2 28690 117925 8%FR 17965 26460 51590 3 17640 1010472 9%SE 19908 30468 50163 3 20312 216419 11%MT 10405 15756 25516 2 10504 9437 11%IT 16507 26180 47041 3 17453 1171746 13%NL 20510 33232 60760 3 22155 374999 14%AT 18254 30846 60843 3 20564 219395 14%ES 12060 19576 41010 3 13051 1084702 15%LU 22767 37128 78540 3 24752 28238 15%CZ 4826 8213 14942 3 5475 457095 16%SI 7813 12903 25621 3 8602 81939 16%EL 11888 19702 42623 4 13135 207212 17%SK 3159 5449 10931 3 3633 225412 17%DE 17212 34844 64158 4 23229 2659422 20%PT 6438 11397 33877 5 7598 449840 20%CY 10575 20088 43954 4 13392 32721 21%IE 19360 36387 70654 4 24258 215428 21%EE 3439 6615 13981 4 4410 42091 21%UK 18452 35099 71468 4 23399 3015325 22%PL 3518 6810 14342 4 4540 1205913 22%HU 3087 6093 13971 5 4062 425076 23%RO 1378 3101 7763 6 2067 1021826 27%BG 1058 1893 4801 5 1262 413447 27%LT 2164 4518 10042 5 3012 212033 28%LV 1784 4375 10625 6 2917 171384 31%TR 3522 4643 17069 5 3095 29923 1%IS 27173 43795 77064 3 29197 7921 13%NO 32432 45450 74047 2 30300 70973 6%
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O not L.Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses_adeci)
10th percentil
e
90th percenti
le
Ratio 90th/10th percentile
Number of low wage earners
Share of low wage earners in total
number of full-time employees
17156789
11111314141515161617172020212121222223272728311
136
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O not L.
EU
-27
EA
-16 FI
BE
DK
FR SE
MT IT NL
AT
ES
LU CZ SI
EL
SK
DE
PT
CY IE EE
UK PL
HU
RO
BG LT LV TR IS
NO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
%
EU
-27
EA
-16 FI
BE
DK
FR SE
MT IT NL
AT
ES
LU CZ SI
EL
SK
DE
PT
CY IE EE
UK PL
HU
RO
BG LT LV TR IS
NO
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
%
Table 3: Distribution and proportion of low wage earners (full-time employees) by sex and employment contract, %, 2006
Men WomenEU-27 13.5 23.1 15.6 30.5EA-16 11.7 20.1 12.5 26.7BE 4.8 12.8 6.6 12.9BG 26.5 27.7 25.6 44.9CZ 9.5 26.1 14.8 28.0DK 4.7 11.6 6.9 8.7DE 15.9 28.0 15.4 44.0EE 11.7 28.7 21.6 19.6IE 15.6 28.7 21.1 33.0EL 12.4 23.2 21.5 5.1ES 11.2 22.6 12.4 25.6FR 7.7 10.6 7.9 19.7IT 11.5 16.2 12.3 28.3CY 11.0 33.4 21.3 27.2LV 29.2 32.3 30.8 32.9LT 25.0 30.1 27.8 22.2LU 11.9 24.6 14.2 41.7HU 24.5 22.3 22.6 37.8MT 10.1 13.3 10.4 18.5NL 10.5 25.0 11.9 31.8AT 9.2 28.7 11.5 24.8PL 18.3 26.3 16.6 39.2PT 14.5 26.6 18.0 29.2RO 25.7 27.8 26.7 29.5SI 12.1 21.3 13.0 27.2SK 10.8 25.0 16.6 25.3FI 3.3 8.8 4.8 16.2SE 7.6 14.9 : :UK 15.6 30.6 21.0 42.6TR 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.0IS 6.4 21.7 : :NO 4.9 8.8 5.4 17.2
Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses_adeci)
Proportion of low-wage earners among full-time employees having the same sex or the
same contract durationIndefinite duration contract
Fixed-term contract
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O excluding L. Employment contract: excluding apprentices and EU-27 except SE
Table 3: Distribution and proportion of low wage earners (full-time employees) by sex and employment contract, %, 2006
Figure 4: Proportion of low wage earners (full-time employees) by educational level, %, 2006
%Total Low Medium High
EU-27 17.2 28.3 19.0 5.9EA-16 14.7 26.0 14.0 4.5BE 7.0 13.4 8.0 1.8BG 27.1 36.1 35.0 7.9CZ 16.3 39.3 16.6 1.6DK 8.0 16.0 8.5 3.1DE 19.6 48.7 17.1 4.5EE 21.5 34.9 26.7 7.9IE 21.5 30.5 28.1 13.8EL 16.8 24.1 22.7 8.1ES 15.2 21.4 13.9 7.1FR 8.8 16.3 9.6 3.0IT 13.3 20.8 11.2 3.4CY 21.5 34.2 26.6 7.5LV 30.9 45.8 38.4 12.5LT 27.7 42.8 37.8 13.5LU 15.2 28.9 15.6 1.7HU 23.5 39.5 27.2 3.8MT 11.2 17.1 6.1 0.8NL 13.9 27.2 14.4 3.7AT 14.5 40.2 9.6 1.9PL 21.9 34.8 21.7 5.2PT 20.3 30.5 11.3 1.0RO 26.7 43.4 32.6 9.1SI 16.4 38.4 14.7 0.8SK 17.4 52.3 17.8 2.9FI 6.0 9.2 8.5 2.1SE 10.5 11.7 11.9 8.3UK 21.6 42.2 28.8 8.6TR 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3IS : : : :NO 6.1 15.4 4.8 1.8
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O excluding L. Iceland: not available.
Proportion of LWE of all full-time employees
(earn_ses_adeci)
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO S
I
SK FI
SE
UK
TR IS
NO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Low Medium High
%
Figure 4: Proportion of low wage earners (full-time employees) by educational level, %, 2006
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more and to NACE Rev. 1.1 sections C to O excluding L.
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO S
I
SK FI
SE
UK
TR IS
NO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Low Medium High
%
EU
-27
EA
-16
BE
BG CZ
DK
DE
EE IE EL
ES
FR IT CY LV LT LU HU
MT
NL
AT PL
PT
RO S
I
SK FI
SE
UK
TR IS
NO
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Low Medium High
%
Figure 5: Proportion of low wage earners (full-time employees) in the EU-27 by economic activity, %, 2006
EU-27Other services 26% 25.61 Health 15% 14.92 Education 10% 9.56 Business activities 19% 18.85 Financial services 5% 5.27 Transports, Communicatio 11% 10.67 Hotels, Restaurants 41% 40.85 Trade 25% 25.05 Construction 19% 18.75 Energy 4% 4.07 Manufacturing 18% 17.53 Mining and quarrying 5% 4.60
Notes: Data refer to enterprises with 10 employees or more. Source: Eurostat, SES 2006 (earn_ses_adeci)
Other servicesHealth
EducationBusiness activitiesFinancial services
Transports, CommunicationHotels, Restaurants
Trade, ReparationConstruction
EnergyManufacturing
Mining and quarrying
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
%
Figure 5: Proportion of low wage earners (full-time employees) in the EU-27 by economic activity, %, 2006
Other servicesHealth
EducationBusiness activitiesFinancial services
Transports, CommunicationHotels, Restaurants
Trade, ReparationConstruction
EnergyManufacturing
Mining and quarrying
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
%
