EC Sustainable development – May 2009 Compact Green Cities: From an Oxymoron to a Target Dr. Kjell...
Transcript of EC Sustainable development – May 2009 Compact Green Cities: From an Oxymoron to a Target Dr. Kjell...
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Compact Green Cities: Compact Green Cities: From an Oxymoron to a TargetFrom an Oxymoron to a Target
Dr. Kjell NilssonDr. Kjell NilssonDanish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning University of CopenhagenUniversity of Copenhagen
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
”A spectre is haunting Europe . . .”
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
The American Dream The American Dream
– – A nightmare for EuropeA nightmare for Europe
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Urban Sprawl in EuropeUrban Sprawl in Europe
Artificial surfacesLand taken from nature and agriculture
Land returned to nature and agriculture
16 Billion ha
1 Mill. ha 0,1 Mill. ha
+5 %
Developments in land cover in EU25 between 1990 and 2000EEA Report No 10/2006
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Urban Growth & ShrinkageUrban Growth & Shrinkage
Since the mid 1950s European cities have expanded on average by 78 %, whereas the population has grown only by 33 %
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Urbanization on the edges of Urbanization on the edges of existing agglomerationsexisting agglomerations
Randstad, NL Leipzig - Halle, DE
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
SRES variant scenariosSRES variant scenarios
B1 – Smart growth
(peak oil)
Shock – peak oil & energy price
A1 – High growth (hyper-tech)
Shock – rapid ICT development
B2 – Fragmentation
(green enclaves)
Shock – pandemic & social exclusion
A2 – Self-reliance
(extreme water)
Shock – climate change & water
crises
Economic
Regional
Environ-mental Economic
GlobalGlobal
EconomicEconomic
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
European Built-up area
0.30%
0.35%
0.40%
0.45%
0.50%
0.55%
0.60%
0.65%
0.70%
0.75%
An
nu
al g
row
th r
ate
(%
)
A1 - "Hyper tech" A2 - "Extreme water" B1 - "Peak oil" B2 - "Fragmentation"Source: NEMESIS
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Urban sprawlUrban sprawl
- negative consequences- negative consequences
• Consumption of land, loss of agricultural land and open space
• Destruction of biotopes and fragmentation of ecosystems
• Higher cost of public services, especially transport
• Increase of the use of private car, traffic congestion
• Increase in fuel consumption and air pollution
• Decay of downtown areas
• Social segregation and reduction of social interaction
• Poor access to to services for those with limited mobility
(SCATTER project)
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Urban Density and Energy ConsumptionUrban Density and Energy Consumption
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Vulnerable CityVulnerable CityCompact CityCompact City
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
The potential conflict between The potential conflict between mitigation and adaptationmitigation and adaptation
Mitigation Adaptation
Urban density
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
The potential conflict between The potential conflict between mitigation and adaptationmitigation and adaptation
Mitigation Adaptation
Urban density
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Oxymoron: Compact Green City
Stockholm Copenhagen Helsinki
1. Better coordination between transport, 1. Better coordination between transport, land use and open space planningland use and open space planning
2. Preservation of the green 2. Preservation of the green infrastructure for walking and cyclinginfrastructure for walking and cycling
Stockholm Hämeenlinna
Copenhagen
3. 3. CreatCreate new urban landscapes of a e new urban landscapes of a Compact Garden CityCompact Garden City
Oslo Malmo
Malmo
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
4. Urban containment and integrated 4. Urban containment and integrated territorial policy approachesterritorial policy approaches
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
5. Promotion of the Urban-Rural 5. Promotion of the Urban-Rural InterfaceInterface
GuangzhouTampere
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Ecosystem & QoL Services Ecosystem & QoL Services in the peri-urban Landscapein the peri-urban Landscape
10 EUR/kg (game) 80-320 EUR/ha
Health Recreation Social inclusion
0.145 EUR/m3
Biodiversity Air quality Ground water
100 EUR/saved absence day 0.5-1.0 EUR/visit 755 EUR/prevented theft
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
EU grants (CAP)EU grants (CAP)
Pasture 110-250 EUR/hectare
Solitary tree 6 EUR
Old building 18 EUR Open ditches 6 EUR/100 metres
Stone walls 25 EUR/100 metres
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Urban Forestry, Peri-Urban Agriculture Urban Forestry, Peri-Urban Agriculture Community Activity & Learning CentresCommunity Activity & Learning Centres
Edinburgh den Haag Malmo
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Peri-urban Land Use Relationships Peri-urban Land Use Relationships (PLUREL) 2007-2010(PLUREL) 2007-2010• Models and strategies to enhance the
understanding and handling of relationships between rural, peri-urban and urban land uses
• Study and model the demands and competition for resources in Rural-Urban regions
• Land-use scenarios for Rural-Urban regions in Europe
• To explore case study regions in order to analyse the implications of planning policies and governance structures, and identify strategies for sustainable development
• To assess environmental, social and economis impacts of land use changes
• Enhance learning, cooperation and communication between policy makers, stakeholders, planners and researchers
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
Case study regionsCase study regions
Haaglanden
Leipzig
Manchester
Warsaw
Montpellier
KoperHangzhou
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
PLUREL NewsletterPLUREL Newsletter
EC Sustainable development – May 2009
WWW.PLUREL.NETWWW.PLUREL.NET