EBPs and Our Juvenile Justice Youth of Color: Challenges and Opportunities Connecting Youth to...

EBPs and Our Juvenile EBPs and Our Juvenile Justice Youth of Color: Justice Youth of Color:

Challenges and OpportunitiesChallenges and Opportunities

Connecting Youth to Success: Connecting Youth to Success: Doing Juveniles Justice in Doing Juveniles Justice in

MinnesotaMinnesota

Ken Martinez, Psy.D.Ken Martinez, Psy.D.

Technical Assistance PartnershipTechnical Assistance Partnership

American Institutes for ResearchAmerican Institutes for Research

June 19, 2008June 19, 2008

[email protected]@air.org

Ken Martinez, Psy.D. 2

US Population in 2007US Population in 2007

White (Non-Hisp)198.7 million 64.9%White (Non-Hisp)198.7 million 64.9% Latino/HispanicLatino/Hispanic 45.5 million 15.1% 45.5 million 15.1% African American 40.0 million 13.2%African American 40.0 million 13.2% Asian AmericanAsian American 15.3 million 15.3 million

5.0%5.0% American Indian/American Indian/ Alaska Native 4.5 millionAlaska Native 4.5 million 1.5% 1.5% Native Hawaiian Native Hawaiian

and other Pacific and other Pacific IslanderIslander 1.0 million .3% 1.0 million .3%People of Color >106 million 35.1%People of Color >106 million 35.1% (Not counting all other ethnic/racial groups)(Not counting all other ethnic/racial groups)

(US Census Bureau)(US Census Bureau)


Projected Rate of Increase of Projected Rate of Increase of Youth of Color in US Youth of Color in US

from 1995-2015from 1995-2015

(US Census Bureau)(US Census Bureau)

American Indian/Alaska American Indian/Alaska Native +17%Native +17%

African AmericanAfrican American +19% +19%

Hispanic/LatinoHispanic/Latino +59%+59%

Asian American, Native Asian American, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Hawaiian and other Pacific IslandersIslanders +74%+74%

Caucasian/WhiteCaucasian/White - 3%- 3%


Minnesota Demographics Minnesota Demographics (US Census 2005-6)(US Census 2005-6)

PopulationPopulation White, non-HispanicWhite, non-Hispanic

86.4%86.4% Hispanic/Latino Hispanic/Latino 3.6% 3.6% AsianAsian 3.4% 3.4% African American African American

4.3%4.3% American Indian/ANAmerican Indian/AN

1.2%1.2% Hawaiian/OPIHawaiian/OPI

.1% .1% OtherOther 1.0% 1.0%


Just the FactsJust the Facts DelinquencyDelinquency

110,000 held/incarcerated on 110,000 held/incarcerated on any given day any given day

2.5 million arrests per year2.5 million arrests per year 1.6 million formally processed1.6 million formally processed Charged with “crimes”Charged with “crimes” 75 – 90 % use illegal substances75 – 90 % use illegal substances 37% need special education 37% need special education Disproportionately poor and from Disproportionately poor and from

ethnic/racial groups ethnic/racial groups (OJJDP, NCJRS 2005)(OJJDP, NCJRS 2005)


Just the FactsJust the Facts In 13 states, youth are automatically tried and sentenced as adults

no matter how minor their offense sending thousands of youth, the overwhelming majority, to adult court for non-violent offenses

23 states have no minimum age for transferring a youth to adult court; in all other states, the minimum age is 10 to 15

Every year, as many as 200,000 youth under 18 are prosecuted in adult criminal courts

Human Rights Watch reported in 2005 that an estimated 2,225 youth under 18 were serving life without parole

On any given day, more than 7,000 children are in adult jails Campaign For Youth Justice, http

://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/


More FactsMore Facts Almost 60 percent of all detained youth Almost 60 percent of all detained youth

are African American or Hispanic/Latino are African American or Hispanic/Latino (Greenwood, 2000)(Greenwood, 2000)

Juvenile Justice System Juvenile Justice System has become the only has become the only alternative for alternative for many poor/ethnic many poor/ethnic youth with psychiatric youth with psychiatric disorders disorders (Mental Health: A Report (Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1999) of the Surgeon General, 1999)

““The defacto mental The defacto mental health system”health system”(Martinez, 2004)(Martinez, 2004)


Ethnic/Racial YouthWhite Youth


Prevalence of Mental Health Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders in the JJ PopulationDisorders in the JJ Population

70% or more youth in the juvenile 70% or more youth in the juvenile justice system have a diagnosable justice system have a diagnosable mental disorder, even when excluding mental disorder, even when excluding conduct disorder and the rate is higher conduct disorder and the rate is higher for girls than boys for girls than boys

One out of five (20%) has One out of five (20%) has a serious mental disorder a serious mental disorder and many have a and many have a co-occurring substance co-occurring substance use disorder as well use disorder as well


Common Elements of What WorksCommon Elements of What Works

Strengths basedStrengths based Capacity buildingCapacity building Multiple system involvementMultiple system involvement Data drivenData driven IndividualizedIndividualized Collaborative & coordinatedCollaborative & coordinated Community basedCommunity based


What Does Not WorkWhat Does Not Work Segregating anti-social youth Segregating anti-social youth

(Dishon; McCord)(Dishon; McCord) Punishment without Positive Punishment without Positive

Behavioral Support (Mayer)Behavioral Support (Mayer) Profiling (FBI; U.S. Profiling (FBI; U.S.

Secret Service)Secret Service) Frightening (McCord) Frightening (McCord)

and Shamingand Shaming Boot Camps (Elliot)Boot Camps (Elliot) Corporal Punishment Corporal Punishment

& Restraint & Restraint


Ethnic/Racial YouthEthnic/Racial Youth Anti-gang laws result in harsh Anti-gang laws result in harsh

and unfair consequences for and unfair consequences for ethnic/ racial youth ethnic/ racial youth

Some laws have converted a Some laws have converted a broad range of youth offenses, broad range of youth offenses, including misdemeanors, into including misdemeanors, into adult feloniesadult felonies

Lead to a disproportionate Lead to a disproportionate impact on youth of color who impact on youth of color who are most often identified as are most often identified as “gang-affiliated” “gang-affiliated” Used as a basis for transferring a Used as a basis for transferring a

youth to adult court in some youth to adult court in some placesplaces


““Donde Esta la Justicia?”Donde Esta la Justicia?”Findings for Latino YouthFindings for Latino Youth

Latino/a youth are significantly over-represented in 39 Latino/a youth are significantly over-represented in 39 state JJ systems and receive harsher treatment than state JJ systems and receive harsher treatment than White youth, even when charged with the same types White youth, even when charged with the same types of offenses, “more time for the same crime” of offenses, “more time for the same crime” (Human (Human Rights Watch, 2002) Rights Watch, 2002)

Current means for collecting and accessing data are Current means for collecting and accessing data are inadequate, resulting in under-counting and inadequate, resulting in under-counting and inaccuracies in reporting disproportionate inaccuracies in reporting disproportionate representation and disparate treatment of Latino/a representation and disparate treatment of Latino/a youthyouth

The system fails to provide adequate bilingual The system fails to provide adequate bilingual services to Latino/a youth and fails to ensure cultural services to Latino/a youth and fails to ensure cultural and linguistic competency of staff and linguistic competency of staff

Building Blocks for Youth, “Donde Esta la Justicia?” Villarruel and Walker, Building Blocks for Youth, “Donde Esta la Justicia?” Villarruel and Walker, The Institute for Children, Youth and Families, Michigan State University, The Institute for Children, Youth and Families, Michigan State University, 20022002


Latino YouthLatino Youth Consideration of the immigration Consideration of the immigration

status of Latino/a youth results in status of Latino/a youth results in incarceration, deportation, and incarceration, deportation, and permanent separation from permanent separation from familiesfamilies The US Immigration, Customs The US Immigration, Customs

Enforcement (ICE) detains nearly Enforcement (ICE) detains nearly 5,000 immigrant youth at more than 5,000 immigrant youth at more than 90 facilities across the country.90 facilities across the country.

Another 9,000 immigrant youth Another 9,000 immigrant youth approximately, a majority of whom approximately, a majority of whom are Mexican, are detained at the are Mexican, are detained at the U.S.-Mexico border annually; most of U.S.-Mexico border annually; most of them are deported within 72 hours.them are deported within 72 hours.


Treatment Instead of JailTreatment Instead of Jail

Youth of Color need Youth of Color need culturally appropriate culturally appropriate treatmenttreatment In languages they speakIn languages they speak In settings conducive to their In settings conducive to their

cultural contextcultural context In concepts they can relate toIn concepts they can relate to Based on values that are Based on values that are

relevant to themrelevant to them That involves their familial That involves their familial

and cultural worldand cultural world That sustains over timeThat sustains over time


Dynamic Ecological Context to ConsiderWhen Developing, Adapting, Choosing

and Using EBTs/ESTs with People of Color

Historical

Values

Contextual

Transactional

Child/Family

Transactional

Best Practices for

Diverse Communities

Methodological


Methodological•Paradigm/Conceptualization•Epistemology

•Empirical•Non-empirical

QualitativePluralistic

•Efficacy vs. Effectiveness•Definition of evidence

•By whom•Using what standard•Compared to what

•Research approach•Traditional (Top down)•Community defined (Bottom up)

•Data collection/analysis/interpretation•Translation•Clinician/Consumer match

ValuesCultural beliefs•Spirituality•Religion•Concepts of:

•Family•Respect •Communal vs. Individualistic•Cooperation vs. Competition•Interdependence vs. Independence

•Rituals•Traditions•World view

Domains and Variables

Transactional •Language•Engagement•Synchronous goals•Relationship•Engaging youth, families, & consumers in research•Availability of providers

Contextual •SES•Immigration status•Generation in US•Degree of political power•Transnationalism•Geographic region•Cultural knowledge•Acculturation level•Self-identified cultural identity•Heterogeneity within culture•Respect for community knowledge•Setting•Age

Developing, Adapting, Choosing

and Using Evidence Based

Treatments/Empirically SupportedTreatments

Historical•Racism•Ethnocentrism•Colonialism•Displacement•Genocide•Prejudice•Discrimination•Exploitation


Historical VariablesHistorical Variables Historical traumaHistorical trauma

Each ethnic/racial group has Each ethnic/racial group has experience with historical experience with historical traumatrauma

Experienced/perceived Experienced/perceived racism/ethnocentrismracism/ethnocentrism Affect perception of, Affect perception of,

involvement in, access to involvement in, access to behavioral health services behavioral health services and their trust in the systemand their trust in the system

Other Historical VariablesOther Historical Variables Colonialism-Imperialism-Colonialism-Imperialism-

Displacement-Genocide-Displacement-Genocide-Prejudice-Discrimination-Prejudice-Discrimination-Exploitation-MistrustExploitation-Mistrust


Values and Cultural BeliefsValues and Cultural Beliefs

SpiritualitySpirituality ReligionReligion RitualsRituals TraditionsTraditions Concepts of:Concepts of:

FamilyFamily RespectRespect Communal/Group-vs-IndividualisticCommunal/Group-vs-Individualistic Cooperation –vs- CompetitionCooperation –vs- Competition Interdependence-vs-IndependenceInterdependence-vs-Independence

We are active creators We are active creators of culture of culture


Contextual VariablesContextual Variables Immigration statusImmigration status

Current immigration fear impedes Current immigration fear impedes accessing servicesaccessing services

Generation in USGeneration in US Immigrants in general appear to Immigrants in general appear to

have have lowerlower rates of mental disorders rates of mental disorders than their US born counterparts, than their US born counterparts, 50% less in some studies 50% less in some studies (NLAAS, 2007)(NLAAS, 2007)

Socio-economic statusSocio-economic status Lower income did not increase risk of Lower income did not increase risk of

lifetime psychiatric disorders lifetime psychiatric disorders (Vega, (Vega, Kolody, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Alderete, Catalana, Carveo-Anduaga, Kolody, Aguilar-Gaxiola, Alderete, Catalana, Carveo-Anduaga, 1998)1998)

Other Contextual VariablesOther Contextual Variables Acculturation Level-Geographic Region-Transnationalism-Acculturation Level-Geographic Region-Transnationalism-

Degree of Political Power-Cultural Knowledge-Self-Degree of Political Power-Cultural Knowledge-Self-Identified Cultural Identity- Heterogeneity within a Identified Cultural Identity- Heterogeneity within a Culture-Respect for Community Knowledge-Setting-AgeCulture-Respect for Community Knowledge-Setting-Age


Transactional VariablesTransactional Variables

LanguageLanguage EngagementEngagement RelationshipRelationship Synchronous GoalsSynchronous Goals Engaging youth & Engaging youth &

families in research families in research Availability of providersAvailability of providers


Methodological VariablesMethodological Variables Epistemology (empirical vs. Epistemology (empirical vs.

other methods)other methods) Efficacy-vs-Effectiveness Efficacy-vs-Effectiveness

studiesstudies Definition of Evidence-by Definition of Evidence-by

whom/whose standards/ whom/whose standards/ comparisons to whom-what?comparisons to whom-what?

Research Approach (traditional Research Approach (traditional vs. community defined) vs. community defined)

Data collection/analysis/ Data collection/analysis/ interpretationinterpretation

TranslationTranslation Clinician/Consumer matchClinician/Consumer match


Practice Based EvidencePractice Based Evidence ““A range of treatment approaches and A range of treatment approaches and

supports that are derived from, and supports that are derived from, and supportive of, the positive cultural attributes supportive of, the positive cultural attributes of the local society and traditions. Practice of the local society and traditions. Practice Based Evidence services are accepted as Based Evidence services are accepted as effective by the local community, through effective by the local community, through community consensus, and address the community consensus, and address the therapeutic and healing needs of individuals therapeutic and healing needs of individuals and families from a culturally-specific and families from a culturally-specific framework. Practitioners of practice based framework. Practitioners of practice based evidence models draw upon cultural evidence models draw upon cultural knowledge and traditions for treatments and knowledge and traditions for treatments and are respectfully responsive to the local are respectfully responsive to the local definitions of wellness and dysfunction……”definitions of wellness and dysfunction……” (Isaacs, Huang, Hernandez, Echo-Hawk, 2006)(Isaacs, Huang, Hernandez, Echo-Hawk, 2006)

Practice based evidence is a set of practices that are Practice based evidence is a set of practices that are unique and inherent in a culture that have proven to unique and inherent in a culture that have proven to be effective based upon community consensus. be effective based upon community consensus. (Martinez, 2007)(Martinez, 2007)


Special Analysis for Surgeon General’s Special Analysis for Surgeon General’s Report on Culture, Race and EthnicityReport on Culture, Race and Ethnicity

The 2001 Surgeon General’s Supplement Report on The 2001 Surgeon General’s Supplement Report on Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity found very Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity found very little empirical evidence regarding outcomes of mental little empirical evidence regarding outcomes of mental health care for ethnic/racial groups health care for ethnic/racial groups (Miranda, et al., 2003)(Miranda, et al., 2003)

Since 1986 nearly 10,000 participants have been Since 1986 nearly 10,000 participants have been included in randomized controlled trials evaluating the included in randomized controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions for four mental health efficacy of interventions for four mental health conditions (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression conditions (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression and ADHD) and onlyand ADHD) and only

561 African Americans561 African Americans 99 Latinos 99 Latinos 11 Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders11 Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 0 American Indians and Alaska Natives were available 0 American Indians and Alaska Natives were available

for analysisfor analysis Furthermore, not a single study analyzed the efficacy of Furthermore, not a single study analyzed the efficacy of

the treatment by ethnicity or race. the treatment by ethnicity or race. (Miranda et (Miranda et al., 2003)al., 2003)


CautionsCautions Ethnic/racial groups “Ethnic/racial groups “are largely missing

from the efficacy studies that make up the evidence base for treatments…well-controlled efficacy studies examining outcomes of mental health care for minorities are rarely available… There is There is some, some, albeit limitedalbeit limited research, that research, that somesome ESTs are appropriate for ESTs are appropriate for somesome ethnic groups ethnic groups (Miranda et al., 2005)(Miranda et al., 2005)

Most ESTs and EBTs are conducted with Most ESTs and EBTs are conducted with White, educated, verbal and middle class White, educated, verbal and middle class individuals and may not generalize to individuals and may not generalize to ethnic/racial groups and third world ethnic/racial groups and third world communities communities (Bernal & Scharron-del-Rio, 2001)(Bernal & Scharron-del-Rio, 2001)

We should be concerned about the We should be concerned about the “dogmatism of an exclusive ideology” “dogmatism of an exclusive ideology” Imposition of EBTs on another cultural group Imposition of EBTs on another cultural group can be considered a new form of “cultural can be considered a new form of “cultural imperialism” imperialism” (Bernal & Scharron-del-Rio, 2001)(Bernal & Scharron-del-Rio, 2001)


The Empirical Method: The Empirical Method: Is the EST/EBT “Gold Standard” Is the EST/EBT “Gold Standard”

Culturally Appropriate?Culturally Appropriate? Is the behavioral health care offered today Is the behavioral health care offered today

culturally relevant/appropriate for people of culturally relevant/appropriate for people of color? Does it fit our world view? Does it color? Does it fit our world view? Does it work? work? The empirical model upon which ESTs/EBTs are The empirical model upon which ESTs/EBTs are

based is a western epistemological model: based is a western epistemological model: empiricism, which is itself culturally rooted, empiricism, which is itself culturally rooted, although…although…

Some ESTs/EBTs work with culturally diverse Some ESTs/EBTs work with culturally diverse populations, especially those that were developed for populations, especially those that were developed for them, but…them, but…

Empiricism excludes indigenous, non-Western Empiricism excludes indigenous, non-Western European evidence as valid, if it can’t be proven European evidence as valid, if it can’t be proven empirically – a circular argument empirically – a circular argument

We don’t want ESTs/EBTs to become “an ideological We don’t want ESTs/EBTs to become “an ideological and economic monopoly…There is a need for and economic monopoly…There is a need for methodological pluralism”methodological pluralism” (Slife, Wiggins, Graham, 2005)(Slife, Wiggins, Graham, 2005)

So So what are our alternatives? are our alternatives?


An Alternative: Community An Alternative: Community Defined Evidence (CDE)Defined Evidence (CDE)

A set of practices that A set of practices that communities have used and communities have used and determined to yield positive determined to yield positive results as determined by results as determined by community consensus over community consensus over time and which may or may time and which may or may not have been measured not have been measured empirically but have reached empirically but have reached a level of acceptance by the a level of acceptance by the community. community. (CDEP Working Group, (CDEP Working Group, 2007)2007)

CDE includes world view, CDE includes world view, contextual aspects and contextual aspects and transactional processes that do not transactional processes that do not limit it to one manualized limit it to one manualized treatment but is usually made up treatment but is usually made up of a set of practices that are of a set of practices that are culturally rooted - A supplemental culturally rooted - A supplemental approachapproach


ConclusionsConclusions One must proceed with One must proceed with

extreme caution in “off the extreme caution in “off the shelf” use of ESTs/EBTs with shelf” use of ESTs/EBTs with youth of coloryouth of color

Consider ESTs/EBTs/EBPs/CA-Consider ESTs/EBTs/EBPs/CA-EBTs/PBE/CDE all as options for EBTs/PBE/CDE all as options for ethnic/racial populations, ethnic/racial populations, with with cautionscautions Consider the values/beliefs, Consider the values/beliefs,

historical, contextual, historical, contextual, transactional and methodological transactional and methodological variables/issues when choosing variables/issues when choosing and using themand using them

Cost is also a consideration for Cost is also a consideration for cultural communities since cultural communities since some EBTs are proprietarysome EBTs are proprietary


ConclusionsConclusions

Let’s not be empiri-centric! Let’s not be empiri-centric! EBTs/ESTs are not a panacea; EBTs/ESTs are not a panacea; there is room for more than one there is room for more than one “measuring stick” to validate “measuring stick” to validate practices using an alternative to practices using an alternative to the empirical modelthe empirical model

Include, and not dismiss, Include, and not dismiss, practices that have “worked” in practices that have “worked” in communities, even though we still communities, even though we still need to discover and/or develop need to discover and/or develop and document the evidence that and document the evidence that certain community and cultural certain community and cultural practices work and evaluate them practices work and evaluate them in culturally responsive ways in culturally responsive ways


ConclusionsConclusions The new measuring The new measuring

stick (“platinum stick (“platinum standard”) when standard”) when developed, can developed, can then be used by then be used by policy makers and policy makers and funders to justify funders to justify funding based on a funding based on a set of criteria found set of criteria found in researchin research


RecommendationsRecommendations Proceed with caution in choice of practicesProceed with caution in choice of practices Base choice of practice(s) on:Base choice of practice(s) on:

Cultural match of practice to populationCultural match of practice to population Research to determine if it was proportionately Research to determine if it was proportionately

standardized on the ethnic/racial population(s) standardized on the ethnic/racial population(s) you are working with, in sufficient sizes to be you are working with, in sufficient sizes to be statistically significant for each groupstatistically significant for each group

Cultural adaptations based upon fundamental Cultural adaptations based upon fundamental cultural world view of population cultural world view of population

Choice of culture-specific interventions or Choice of culture-specific interventions or PBE/CDEPBE/CDE

Ability to individualize for youth/familyAbility to individualize for youth/family Using full range of options, not limited to Using full range of options, not limited to

“approved lists” “approved lists” Develop the culturally appropriate research Develop the culturally appropriate research

base for Community Defined Evidencebase for Community Defined Evidence


RecommendationsRecommendations

Engage families, youth, consumers Engage families, youth, consumers and communities in Participatory and communities in Participatory Action Research (PAR) to establish Action Research (PAR) to establish the research base for all practicesthe research base for all practices

Influence policy-makers, funders, Influence policy-makers, funders, administrators, clinicians to be open administrators, clinicians to be open to alternative methods of to alternative methods of measurement and intervention that measurement and intervention that fit culturally and linguistically fit culturally and linguistically andand produce desired outcomes produce desired outcomes

Refrain from “legislating” practices Refrain from “legislating” practices under the pretext of good under the pretext of good stewardship, risking the stewardship, risking the omission/restriction of omission/restriction of community/cultural results-based community/cultural results-based options options


Be on the look out for…Be on the look out for…

The Guide for Selecting and Adopting The Guide for Selecting and Adopting Evidence-Based Practices for Children and Evidence-Based Practices for Children and Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorder Disorder An Implementation An Implementation Resource Kit-IRK to be released by SAMHSA, written Resource Kit-IRK to be released by SAMHSA, written by NASMHPD Research Instituteby NASMHPD Research Institute Describing 7 multilevel prevention programs and Describing 7 multilevel prevention programs and

11 intervention programs11 intervention programs Will include Information Sheets for Families on Will include Information Sheets for Families on

each one to help families select the best one for each one to help families select the best one for their youththeir youth

A table describing the ethnic/racial populations A table describing the ethnic/racial populations that were used in their standardization that were used in their standardization


ReferencesReferences

Bernal, G., & Scharron-del-Río, M. (2001). Are empirically Bernal, G., & Scharron-del-Río, M. (2001). Are empirically supported treatments valid for ethnic minorities? Toward an supported treatments valid for ethnic minorities? Toward an alternative approach for treatment research. alternative approach for treatment research. Cultural Diversity and Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7, 328-342. , 328-342.

Bernal, G., Beyond “Bernal, G., Beyond “One Size Fits AllOne Size Fits All”: Adapting Evidence-based ”: Adapting Evidence-based Interventions for Ethnic Minorities, 2006Interventions for Ethnic Minorities, 2006

Building Blocks for Youth, Building Blocks for Youth, ¿Dónde Está la Justicia? A Call to Action ¿Dónde Está la Justicia? A Call to Action on Behalf of the Latino and Latina Youth in the U.S Justice Systemon Behalf of the Latino and Latina Youth in the U.S Justice System, , Francisco Villarruel and Nancy Walker, The Institute for Children, Francisco Villarruel and Nancy Walker, The Institute for Children, Youth, and Families Michigan State University, 2002Youth, and Families Michigan State University, 2002

Campaign For Youth Justice, Campaign For Youth Justice, http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/ http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/

Community Defined Evidence Work Group, National Network to Community Defined Evidence Work Group, National Network to Eliminate Disparities/National Latino Behavioral Health Association, Eliminate Disparities/National Latino Behavioral Health Association, 2007.2007.


ReferencesReferences Isaacs, M.R., Huang, L. M., Hernandez, M., Echo-Hawk, H. Isaacs, M.R., Huang, L. M., Hernandez, M., Echo-Hawk, H. The Road to The Road to

Evidence: The Intersection of Evidence-Based Practices and Cultural Evidence: The Intersection of Evidence-Based Practices and Cultural Competence in Children's Mental.Competence in Children's Mental. National Alliance of Multi-Ethnic National Alliance of Multi-Ethnic Behavioral Health Associations, December 2005.Behavioral Health Associations, December 2005.

Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W.C., & LaFromboise, T. Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W.C., & LaFromboise, T. State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities. State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 113-142, 2005., 113-142, 2005.

Miranda, J., Nakamura, R., Bernal, G. Including Ethnic Minorities in Mental Miranda, J., Nakamura, R., Bernal, G. Including Ethnic Minorities in Mental Health Intervention Research: A Practical Approach to a Long-Standing Health Intervention Research: A Practical Approach to a Long-Standing Problem. Problem. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 2727: : 467–486, 2003.467–486, 2003.

Slife, B.D., B.J. Wiggins, and J.T. Graham. 2005. Avoiding an EST Slife, B.D., B.J. Wiggins, and J.T. Graham. 2005. Avoiding an EST monopoly: Toward a pluralism of philosophies and methods. monopoly: Toward a pluralism of philosophies and methods. Journal of Journal of Contemporary PsychotherapyContemporary Psychotherapy 35 (March): 83-97. 35 (March): 83-97.

Wampold, B.E. (2001) Wampold, B.E. (2001) The great psychotherapy debate: Model, methods The great psychotherapy debate: Model, methods and findings. and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.


A Few Model PracticesA Few Model Practices Intervention PracticesIntervention Practices

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (Mentoring)Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (Mentoring) Brief Strategic Family TherapyBrief Strategic Family Therapy Family Effectiveness TrainingFamily Effectiveness Training Functional Family Therapy (FFT)Functional Family Therapy (FFT) Multisystemic Therapy Multisystemic Therapy Multidimensional Treatment Foster CareMultidimensional Treatment Foster Care Problem-Solving Skills Training Problem-Solving Skills Training

Prevention Practices:Prevention Practices: Adolescent Transitions ProgramAdolescent Transitions Program Triple P (Positive Parenting Program)Triple P (Positive Parenting Program)

Blueprint for Change: Blueprint for Change: www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/model/overview.html www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/model/overview.html

OJJDP Model Programs Guide: OJJDP Model Programs Guide: www.dsgonline.com/mpg2.5/mpg_index.htm www.dsgonline.com/mpg2.5/mpg_index.htm

SAMHSA National Registry: SAMHSA National Registry: www.modelprograms.samhsa.gov/ www.modelprograms.samhsa.gov/


ResourcesResources

www.neglected-delinquent.orgwww.neglected-delinquent.org www.cjca.netwww.cjca.net www.promotionmentalhealth.orgwww.promotionmentalhealth.org www.ncmhjj.orgwww.ncmhjj.org www.ncjfc.orgwww.ncjfc.org www.wsipp.orgwww.wsipp.org www.ojjdp.govwww.ojjdp.gov

EBPs and Our Juvenile Justice Youth of Color: Challenges and Opportunities Connecting Youth to...

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