eBook vFPI

8/13/2019 eBook vFPI

1/22


2/22

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs

_U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k

Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs(Mnnri`kginr)

E@EF@NYBMG E]@MG B NM!JB"YGM@#"

B@YN$@GF%%%&in'ubktgf`stgs&nr


3/22

Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs (*ubrtgrn+ J,`'n+ -./?)& 7rn5bsnr

"nrgf stg+ =nr fg Bs'ubfg "nrgf ibf Bstgin ib *ubrtgrn9F`'bk'`gturg bk Biu'g'`2k Jbi`g bk fg bs=b'`gf`igi ib M`bk'`gs]n'`gfbs+ =nr fg Bs'ubfg "nrgf ]u=br`nr ib *ubrtgrn9 F`'bk'`gturg 8Jgbstrg bk


4/22

?O- E`0f`ntb'g E;s`'g ib n'ubktg'`2k 4 %%%&in'ubktgf`stgs&nr


5/22

KI@MB

_r`jbrg pgrtb / ]nerb fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs

7rbsbktg'`2k

Bf Inmujbktn ib Grmc`vn y su ut`f`igi mnjn hubktb ib `khnrjgm`k pr`jgr`g1

bf pgtr`jnk`n inmujbktgf mnksbrvgin bk fns Grmc`vns C`str`mns ?-

J Mnk'b='`2k 7gfnn $gns (Bs=g6g)

!gs pbrsnkgs mnjn hubktb ib `khnrjgm`k pr`jgr`g

Mbfsn Jgrtkb3 Jus`6n 8 Ns'gr Jg8g Mnr3n (J,`'n)

!g gktrnpnfn"#g snm`gf y sus hubktbs pr`jgr`gs /

GfbHgkirn B& N0rb2k fvgrb3 (J,`'n)

$k gmbrmgj`bktn bp`stbjnf"`mn g fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs y su usn bk fg

c`stnr`g --?

Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs (J,`'n)

!gs cbjbrntbmgs bk fg mnkh`"urgm`k ib pnf#t`mgs p%&f`mgs ->

$nsgf`kig I;3ub3 Grrn8n (J,`'n)

Hubktbs pr`jgr`gs1 gusbkm`g y prbsbkm`g ib fg igk'g bk bf m`kb jb(`mgkn

-/

7gtr`'`g $u3 $`vbrg (J,`'n)

Bf su)btn m`bkt#h`mn bk fg mnkstrumm`k ibf mnknm`j`bktn ?O/

"b=tgf $grb3 $b8bs 8 $nsgf`kig I;3ub3 Grrn8n (J,`'n)


6/22

]blukig pgrtb / Rsn ib hubktbs pr`jgr`gs

Bf &nrrginr ibf *@khnrjb sn&rb fg rbnr"gk`'gm`k ib fg bsmubfg pr+mt`mg gkb(g

g fg knrjgf ib prnhbsnrbs ibf Bstgin ib ,g(gmg- ./? ib sbpt`bj&rb ib

/75/=9 ukg hubktb pr`jgr`g pgrg fg c`stnr`g ib fg biumgm`k bk J2(`mn- ?>

Ebf`kig Grtbgg Mgst`ffn (J,`'n)

Bf vgfnr ib fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs ib `khnrjgm`k pgrfgjbktgr`g pgrg bf bstui`n

ib fg trgks`m`k j`f`tgr bk Bspg8g ?/

$nsgr`n F2=g3 7rb3 (Bs=g6g)

_nf#t`mgs p%&f mgs bj tbmknfn"`g9 `knvg >.-

@rg Fbt`'`g Jnrbkn Lut`rrb3 (J,`'n)

@jpgmtn mugf`tgt`vn ib fgs hubktbs ib `khnrjgm`k pr`jgr`gs ib m`bkm`gs ib fg

sgfui bk fg `kvbst`"gm`k m`bkt#h`mg y bk fg pr+mt`mg mf#k`mg ib fg Jbi`m`kg

gsgig bk Bv`ibkm`gs O

Jgrg Fu`sg Jgubigkn Jgrtkb3 (Bs=g6g)

Bktrb fg mrk`mg y fg c`stnr`g9 ukg rbv`s`k ibsib fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs y su

i`vuf"gm`k D/

Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs 8 Jgrg Mnk'b='`2k Fbgf Lgr'g (J,`'n)


7/22

_UB]BKYGM@K

_7nr u uk f`0rn sn0rb bf vgfnr ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2kW _"n

bs bstn uk 7brnruffnW 7nirg ib'`rsb ub tnins 'nkn'bns bf vgfnr ib

i`'1gs 5ubktbs9 s`k b0grn+ stb bs uk 'nkn'``bktn ub sb sg0b ib

nigsK& Bs ib'`r+ kgi`b Ugf =grb'brU i`s'utb n =nkb bk tbfg ib Hu`'`n bf vgfnr

ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs9 s`k b0grn+ bstn kn `ki`'g kb'bsgr`gbktb ub

'nkn3'gns g ibtgffb 'u;f bs bstb vgfnr& *u`3; =grg 'n=rbkibrfn

tbkirgns ub =rbuktgrkns =nr bf 'nkn'``bktn ub sb nr``kg ib bffgs& Bk

tnin 'gsn+ sb sg0b+ ib gkbrg bkbrgf+ sn0rb fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs 8 su usn

bk fg 'nkstru''`2k ibf 'nkn'``bktn+ =brn =n'gs vb'bs sb =rn5uki`3g bk bf

nin bk ub sb usgk+ n 0`bk+ bk fgs :ft`=fbs 5nrgs bk ub =nirgk

ut`f`3grsb&

Bf f`0rn =rbtbkib g=nrtgr gfn sn0rb bstb tbg+ bs=b'`gfbktb bk fgs 5ubktbs

ib `k5nrg'`2k ub sb usgk bk fg 'nkstru''`2k ibf 'nkn'``bktn 1`st2r`'n& "n

`ktbktgns g0gr'gr tnigs fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs+ snfgbktb kns `ktbrbsgk ins

'nsgs =r`brn+ ibHgr bk 'fgrn fg `=nrtgk'`g ib stgs bk fg 'nkstru''`2k ibf

'nkn'``bktn 1`st2r`'n 8+ bk bsb sbkt`in+ bk bf usn ub sb fb ig g i`'1n

'nkn'``bktn9 sbukin+ nstrgr ibsib i`5brbktbs ;rbgs ib 'nkn'``bktn bf

usn n fg rb5fb,`2k ib gfukgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs& 7brn vg8gns =nr =grtbs&

B=b'bns =nr ib'`r bf nr`bk ib bstb f`0rn&

Gktbbibktbs ibf f`ern

Bf vgfnr ib fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs ib `khnrjgm`k bs ukg =u0f`'g'`2k

`ktbrkg'`nkgf bi`tgig =nr fg


8/22

]n0rb fns tbgs =r`k'`=gfbs sb bs=b'`5`'2 ub fns rb5brbktbs g 1`stnr`nrg5g 8

in'ubktg'`2k `=f 'gk ìbgs bkbrgfbs+ =nr bffn sb giv`rt`2 ub fn

`=nrtgktb ib fns 'g=tufns ib0brg 'nks`st`r bk rb'nkn'br 8 g=rb'`gr bf vgfnr

ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k& Gs sb 'n=rbkibrg ub fg rùb3g

ib fg 5ubktb ib `k5nrg'`2k kn sb gntg bk fg ut`f`3g'`2k ub =ubig tbkbr bk

ukg `kvbst`g'`2k bk =grt`'ufgr+ s`kn ub+ gktbs 0`bk+ g0rb uk g0gk`'n ib

=ns`0`fìgibs `kvbst`gt`vgs bk i`5brbktbs '`bk'`gs n ;rbgs ib 'nkn'``bktn9

=nr bffn+ bk 'gsn ib ub sb =rbsbktgrgk `kvbst`g'`nkbs ib i`s'`=f`kgs

i`5brbktbs+ =brn ub tuv`brgk rbfg'`2k 'nk fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs 1`st2r`'gs+

=nirgk sbr `k'fuìns ('nn su'bi`2)+ 'nk bf 5`k ib bkrùb'br fgs `rgigs

b=`stbnf2`'gs ibf f`0rn& Bk bstb sbktìn+ bf tbg sb =nig g=f`gr ib

g'ubrin g i`'1gs =grt`'`=g'`nkbs+ s`k ub bffn `ki`'grg fg ni`5`'g'`2k ib fns

8g b,=ubstns 'nn tbgs bkbrgfbs&

Mnk 0gsb bk fn gktbr`nr sb bs=b'`5`'2 ub bf f`0rn bstgrg 'n=ubstn =nr

bksg8ns 8 grt'ufns '`bkt5`'ns ib 'nfg0nrginrbs ib i`5brbktbs =grtbs ibfukin+ u`bkbs g0nrigrgk bf tbg bf vgfnr ib fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs ib

`khnrjgm`k9 ibsib ins =rb`sgs =r`brn+ ub fn vgf`nsn ib i`'1gs 5ubktbs

kn sb gntg 'nk bf usn '`bkt5`'n ub fb =ubig igr ukn u ntrn `kvbst`ginr9

sbukin+ ub su vgfnr kn sb f``tg g uk 'g=n ib 'nkn'``bktn bs=b'5`'n&

G =grt`r ib fn gktbr`nr+ fns 'nfg0nrginrbs =rbsbktgrgk sus gkus'r`tns(=r`brn uk rbsubk+ 8 bk 'gsn ib sbr g'b=tgin+ uk 'g=tufn =grg 5nrgr

=grtb ibf f`0rn)+ 0gsgins bk fns bk5nubs tb2r`'ns ib sus =rn=`gs i`s'`=f`kgs

'`bkt5`'gs+ bk fns ub gkgf`3grgk 8n rb5fb,`nkgrgk sn0rb bf vgfnr ib fgs

5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k& Bk 'nk'rbtn+ fns n0Hbt`vns ibf f`0rn snk


9/22

g) rb5fb,`nkgr+ ibsib i`5brbktbs bk5nubs '`bkt5 'ns+ sn0rb fg `=nrtgk'`g

ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k+ ;s gff; ib fn ub =ubig

=rn=nr'`nkgr gfukg `kvbst`g'`2k bk =grt`'ufgr9

0) g=nrtgr g fg 'nukìgi '`bkt5`'g+ b `ktbrbsgins bk fgs 5ubktbs ib

`k5nrg'`2k+ fgs rb5fb,`nkbs 8 gk;f`s`s ib i`5brbktbs `kvbst`ginrbs+ g

k`vbf `ktbrkg'`nkgf+ g'br'g ibf vgfnr ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib

`k5nrg'`2k9

') =rn=nr'`nkgr bfbbktns tb2r`'ns 8 =r;'t`'ns (b,=br`bk'`gs bk bf usn ib

5ubktbs =r`gr`gs) ub =ns`0`f`tbk kubvgs i`s'us`nkbs sn0rb bf vgfnr ib

fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k9 8

i) vgfnrgr fg rùb3g ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib in'ubktg'`2k&

Mg0b bk'`nkgr ub gukub fns trg0gHns rb'`0ìns 5ubrnk uftì`s'`=f`kgr`ns

(=ubs =grtbk ib i`5brbktbs n0Hbt`vns '`bkt5`'ns)+ 'nk5fu8bk bk ukg `sg

ìbg bf usn ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k bs g8nr g fns

rbsuftgins '`bkt5`'ns ub sb =ubigk n0tbkbr bk uk 'gsn bs=b'5`'n&

Fns rbu`s`tns ub sb =ì`brnk =grg =nibr =grt`'`=gr 'nn 'ngutnr ib bstb

f`0rn 5ubrnk ins =r`brn+ 'nkn'br u snk fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib

`k5nrg'`2k9 8 sbukin+ 1g0br usgin 'nn `kvbst`ginr 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib

`k5nrg'`2k&

!ns ngutnrbs

G 'nkt`kug'`2k sb =rbsbktg ukg tg0fg bk fg ub sb `ki`'gk fns kn0rbs ib fns

'ngutnrbs+ gs 'nn fns ttufns ib sus 'g=tufns 8 bf =gs ib =rn'bibk'`g (snk

fns sbfb''`nkgins ib uk tntgf ib ? =nstufgktbs ib kubvb =gsbs)&

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs _U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k 4 6ns2 Jgrt#k Curtgin .:nnri`kginr= ; _+"`kg .


10/22

Knjerb Y"tufn _g"sF`'& J Mnk'b='`2k 7gfnn $gns Bf n'ubktn ib Gr'1`vn 8 su

ut`fìgi 'nn 5ubktb ib `k5nrg'`2k

=r`gr`g bf =gtr`nk`n in'ubktgf

'nksbrvgin bk fns Gr'1`vns

C`st2r`'ns

Bs=g6g

r& Mbfsn Jgrtkb3 Jus`6n

F`'& Ns'gr Jg8g Mnr3n

Fgs =brsnkgs 'nn 5ubktb ib

`k5nrg'`2k =r`gr`g

J,`'n

J& bk M& GfbHgkirn B& N0rb2k

fvgrb3

Fg gktrn=nfng sn'`gf 8 sus 5ubktbs

=r`gr`gs

J,`'n

r& Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs !k g'br'g`bktn b=`stbnf2`'n g

fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs 8 su usn bk fg

1`stnr`g

J,`'n

Jtrg& $nsgf`kig I;3ub3 Grrn8n Fgs 1bbrntb'gs bk fg

'nk5ùrg'`2k ib =nft`'gs =:0f`'gs

J,`'n

F`'& 7gtr`'`g $u3 $`vbrg Fg igk3g 8 bf '`kb b,`'gkn 'nn

5ubktbs =r`gr`gs

J,`'n

Jtrn& "b=tgf $grb3 $b8bs

Jtrg& $nsgf`kig I;3ub3 Grrn8n

Bf suHbtn '`bkt5`'n bk fg

'nkstru''`2k ibf 'nkn'``bktn

J,`'n

rg& Ebf`kig Grtbgg Mgst`ffn Bf 0nrrginr ibf @k5nrb sn0rb fg

rbnrgk`3g'`2k ib fg bs'ubfg

=r;'t`'g gkb,g g fg knrgf ib=rn5bsnrbs ibf Bstgin ib Ng,g'gK

(-? ib sb=t`b0rb ib -.-)+ ukg

5ubktb =r`gr`g =grg fg 1`stnr`g ib fg

biu'g'`2k bk J,`'nK

J,`'n

Jtrg& $nsgr`n F2=g3 7rb3 Bf vgfnr ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib

`k5nrg'`2k =grfgbktgr`g =grg bf

bstui`n ib fg trgks`'`2k `f tgr bk

Bs=g6g

Bs=g6g

rg& J`r`g G3bvbin Cbrkgkib3

7brb3

7nft`'gs =:0f`'gs b tb'knfn`g+

`knvgn b 5nktbs =r ;r`gs U g

ibn'rgt`3gn in 'nk1b'`bktn b

g ksurbk'`g

Ergs`f

rg& M& Bkbìg Jgrg *u`kib f

Ynrr`Hn

Bf f`0rn 'nn 5ubktb ib `k5nrg'`2k

=r`gr`g

Mu0g

rg& @rg Fbt`'`g Jnrbkn Lut`rrb3 !g bksb8gk'g n&)bt`vg9 ukg rbv`stg J,`'n

> `&f`ntbmg +s`mg ib Inmujbktgm`k 0 OOOinmujbktgf`stgsnr" ; p+"`kg -O


11/22

biumgt`vg bk J2(`mn -D.4-.>rg& Jgrg Fu`sg Jgubigkn

Jgrtkb3

@=g'tn 'ugf`tgt`vn ib fgs 5ubktbs ib

`k5nrg'`2k =r`gr gs ib '`bk'`gs

ib fg sgfui bk fg `kvbst`g'`2k

'`bkt5`'g 8 bk fg =r;'t`'g 'fk`'g ib

fg Jbi`'`kg Egsgig bk Bvìbk'`gs

Bs=g6g

r& Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs

J& bk B& Jgrg Mnk'b='`2k Fbgf

Lgr'g

Bktrb fg 'r2k`'g 8 fg 1`stnr`g+ ukg

rbv`s`2k ibsib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs

8 su i`vufg'`2k

J,`'n

]nerb bf fèrn

Bf f`0rn bst; i`vììn bk ins =grtbs ('gig ukg 'nk s`btb 'g=tufns)& Fg =r`brg

sb t`tufg ]n&rb fgs hubktbs pr`jgr gs+ snk tb,tns sn0rb tnin tb2r`'ns& Bf

n0Hbt`vn bs =nkbr sn0rb fg bsg ib i`s'us`2k bf usn ib gfukgs 5ubktbs

=r`gr`gs 'u;fbs snk+ =nr u snk 'nksìbrgigs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs+ u

g=nrtgk+ '2n sb usgk+ bt'tbrg&

@k`'`g bstb g=grtgin J Mnk'b='`2k 7gfnn $gns (Bs=g6g) 'nk bf 'g=tufnt`tufgin Bf Inmujbktn ib Grmc`vn y su ut`fìgi mnjn hubktb ib `khnrjgm`k

pr`jgr`g1 bf pgtr`jnk`n inmujbktgf mnksbrvgin bk fns Grmc`vns C`str`mns&

Bstb tb,tn bs 5ukigbktgf =grg bktrgr bk gtbr`g& Mnn fg `sg gutnrg kns

`ki`'g fg Gr'1`vst 'g bktbkiìg 'nn t'k`'g =grg fg nrgk`3g'`2k 8

'nksbrvg'`2k ib fns gr'1`vns+ t`bkb su nr`bk bk bf s`fn R@R+ gukub su

'nksnf ig'`2k 'nn '`bk'`g 8 i`s'`=f`kg `kib=bki`bktb bs 0gstgktb ;srb'`bktb bk bf t`b=nK& Gkgf`3g fgs 'grg'tbrst`'gs b `ktbrbsbs '`bkt5`'ns ub

=ubib sus'`tgr fg in'ubktg'`2k ib=ns`tgig bk fns Gr'1`vns C`st2r`'nsK&

bs=us ib tnin+ fns gr'1`vns 1`st2r`'ns sùbk s`bkin fg 0gsb =r`k'`=gf bk

inkib sb rbgf`3gk `kvbst`g'`nkbs 1`stnr`nr;5`'gs&

Bk bf sbukin 'g=tufn+ !gs pbrsnkgs mnjn hubktb ib `khnrjgm`k pr`jgr`g+

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs _U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k 4 6ns2 Jgrt#k Curtgin .:nnri`kginr= ; _+"`kg --


12/22

Mbfsn Jgrtkb3 Jus`6n 8 Ns'gr Jg8g Mnr3n (J,`'n) g5`rgk ub fgs

sn'`bigibs+ fns ru=ns sn'`gfbs+ fns `kvbst`ginrbs+ fgs fkbgs tb;t`'gs

'g0`gk+ sb g'tugf 3gk 8 sb rbib5`kbk gf =gsn ibf t`b=n9 kn gs fns

'nk'b=tns ib 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k& X\S Gf `kiggr bk tnrkn g fg

ib5`k`'`2k rbs=b't`vg+ Xfns gutnrbs bk'nktrgrnkS ub 1g8 g0`bigi bk fg

ib5`k`'`2k+ n bk su ib5b'tn i`st`ktgs g'b='`nkbs bk su ibs'r`='`2k+ usn 8

g=f`'g'`2kK& ]`k iuig ub fg fb'turg ib bstb 'g=tufn brrgi`'gr; gfukgs

'nk'b='`nkbs brr2kbgs sn0rb fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k&

Bf tbr'br 'g=tufn+ !g gktrnpnfn"#g snm`gf y sus hubktbs pr`jgr`gs+ ib

GfbHgkirn Biukin N0rb2k fvgrb3 (J,`'n)+ bs bf rbsuftgin ib ukg

`kvbst`g'`2k g'u'`nsg ibsib fg gktrn=nfng sn'`gf& Mnn f `sn g5`rg

fg gktrn=nfng 'ufturgf (s`fn R@R) sb trgks5nr2 bk gktrn=nfng sn'`gf

(s`fn RR)+ rg'`gs g fg btninfng ib `kvbst`g'`2k 0gsgig bk fg ut`f`3g'`2k

ib trgi`'`nkbs nrgfbs 8 bs'r`tgs& Bk ntrgs =gfg0rgs+ bi`gktb bf usn ib ins

5ubktbs =r`gr`gs fg `k5nrg'`2k nrgf ib fns `ktbrgktbs ib ukg 'nukìgi

=grg bktbkibr su =gsgin 8 su =rbsbktb+ g=n8gig i`'1g `k5nrg'`2k bk fgs5ubktbs bs'r`tgs+ fns in'ubktnsK& Mg0b bk'`nkgr ub su tb,tn 'nkt`bkb

ukg `kvbst`g'`2k ib 'g=n ub 0`bk =nirg 1g0br sìn `k'fuìg bk fg

sbukig =grtb ib bstb f`0rn9 s`k b0grn+ bf nt`vn ib 1g0brfn `k'fuìn bk

bstg =r`brg =grtb n0bib'b g ub bf gutnr kn s2fn rbgf`3g ukg `kvbst`g'`2k

b,1gust`vg 0gsgig bk 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs+ s`kn ub+ gib;s+ =rbsbktg ukg

sbr`b ib rb5fb,`nkbs ub `rgk bk tnrkn g fg tbnrg ub ut`f 3g& 7nr ntrg =grtb+kns n5rb'b uk ibs'u0r``bktn Bk `s bstui`ns 1`st2r`'ns 8 gktrn=nf2`'ns+

ibs'u0r fg 5ùrg ib uk gktb'bsnr ib Jgf`kn%s` 5rg8 Ebrkgri`kn ib

]g1g:k u`bk+ =grg rb'n= fgr su C`stnr`g ib fgs mnsgs ib fg Eubvg Bspg8g+

'nk'`0`2 8 g=f`'2 g0gs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs 'nn tnin ib `kvbst`g'`2k&

]us `k5nrgktbs fb g=nrtgrnk kn snfgbktb su 'nkn'``bktn ib fgs

trgi`'`nkbs `kibkgs+ s`kn ub =uin g''bibr g '2i`'bs 8 sus gfukns ibf

> `&f`ntbmg +s`mg ib Inmujbktgm`k 0 OOOinmujbktgf`stgsnr" ; p+"`kg -?


13/22

Mnfb`n ib ]gkt`gn Yfgtbfnf'n rb=rniuHbrnk i`0uHns+ g'n=g6gins ib tb,tns

bk fgtk+ 'gstbffgkn 8 k;1ugtf& ]us 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs 5ubrnk+ =ubs+ fg

`k5nrg'`2k nrgf 8 fg `k5nrg'`2k bs'r`tgK& Bstn+ s`k iuig+ bkrùb'b bstb

g=grtgin+ 8 'nk5`rg fg g=f`g trg8b'tnr`g bk `kvbst`g'`2k ub t`bkb bf r&

N0rb2k&

Bf 'ugrtn 'g=tufn+ $k gmbrmgj`bktn bp`stbjnf"`mn g fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs y

su usn bk fg c`stnr`g+ ib Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs (J,`'n) bs uk gk;f`s`s

rb5fb,`vn sn0rb fn ub snk 8 s`k`5`'gk fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs bk 1`stnr`g+ tgktn

bk `kvbst`g'`2k 'nn bk bf g=rbki`3gHb 8 fg bksb6gk3g ib stg 'nn

i`s'`=f`kg bs'nfgr& Mnn sb `ki`'g bk bf =r`br =;rrg5n ib bstb 'g=tufn G

i`5brbk'`g ibf 'nkn'``bktn 5`fns25`'n+ =nr bHb=fn+ bk inkib fgs 5ubktbs

=r`gr`gs snk tb,tns ub 5ubrnk bs'r`tns 'nk fg =rb'`sg `ktbk'`nkgfìgi ib

nstrgr 8n ibnstrgr tgf n 'ugf tbs`s+ 8 ub+ bk 'nksb'ubk'`g+ sb =ubib

ib0gt`r g =grt`r ib i`'1ns tb,tns 'nn 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs9 bk bf 1`st2r`'n Ubk

'g0`nU fgs 5ubktbs ub ffggns =r`gr`gs kn 5ubrnk bs'r`tgs 'nk bsb 5`kK&

b g1 fg `=nrtgk'`g ib 'n=rbkibr fg `rgig b=`stbnf2`'gK ub sb igkn snfgbktb bk fg `kvbst`g'`2k 1`st2r`'g g =grt`r ib fg ut`f`3g'`2k ib 5ubktbs

=r`gr`gs+ s`kn tg0`k bk fg bksb6gk3g ib fg 1`stnr`g&

Bk bf u`ktn 'g=tufn+ !gs cbjbrntbmgs bk fg mnkh`"urgm`k ib pnf#t`mgs

p%&f`mgs+ $nsgf`kig I;3ub3 Grrn8n (J,`'n) rb5fb,`nkg sn0rb bf =n'n vgfnr

ub sb fb 1g igin g fgs 1bbrntb'gs bk J,`'n& `'b ub kn sb fbs 1gvgfnrgin bk su Hustg i`bks`2k+ =nr fn ub rbu`brbk ib g''`nkbs =grg

rbs'gtgrfgs ibf nfvìn 8 ib fg sn0rg ib fns gr'1`vns ub 1g 'gin sn0rb

bffgs9 bf trgtn ub sb fbs 1g igin s` kn 1g sìn k`n 1g sìn kufn& "ubstrg

bnr`g 1`st2r`'g 8 kubstrn =gsgin s`b=rb 1gk bstgin bk =bf`rn

'nkstgktbK& P grbg fg `=nrtgk'`g ib fgs 1bbrntb'gs rbsìb bk ub

kutrbk ib 'nkn'``bktn bf =rbsbktb+ gf ffbvgrsb g 'g0n ukg rbv`s`2k

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs _U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k 4 6ns2 Jgrt#k Curtgin .:nnri`kginr= ; _+"`kg ->


14/22

'nkstru't`vg ib fns =rn'bsns ub sb 1g'bk v`bktbs bk fns 1b'1ns sn'`gfbs

ibf =gsgin& Gs``sn+ sb 'nkst`tu8bk bk ukg =fgtg5nrg n0Hbt`vg ub =rnvbb

`k5nrg'`2k ub bs n=nrtukn gkgf`3gr =grg bk'gu3gr+ =nr bHb=fn+ =nft`'gs

=:0f`'gs 'nk =rns=b't`vgK& Bstb 'g=tufn =nkb bf ibin bk fg ffggK gf nstrgr

fn ub ib'gns gf `k`'`n tnins =nibns bstgr ib g'ubrin bk bf vgfnr ib fgs

5ubktbs ib `k5nrg'`2k9 s`k b0grn+ tbkirgns ub 'ubst nkgrkns bk u

rbsìb i`'1n vgfnr 8 '2n fn ffbvgns g 'g0n&

Bf sb,tn 'g=tufn+ !g igk'g y bf m`kb jb(`mgkn mnjn hubktbs pr`jgr`gs+ bs ib

7gtr`'`g $u3 $`vbrg (J,`'n)& Bk f fg gutnrg ubstrg ukg 5ubktb =n'n

bstui`gig+ =ubs s` 0`bk bs '`brtn ub bf '`kb 'nn tgf bs 'nkstgktbbktb

ut`f`3gin+ fg igk3g ub sb ffbvg g 'g0n bk fgs =bf'ufgs kn sb vgfnrg bk su

Hustg i`bks`2k& N`tìg =nr fns bstui`nsns ib g0ns 'g=ns+ fg igk3g bk

bf '`kb 1g ubigin 'nn uk sn=nrtb ibf i`s'ursn n bf fbkugHb

'`kbgtnr;5`'n+ ub n0bib'g g fns `ktbrbsbs ib fg =n'g Uib fg ìbnfng

ibf Bstgin 8 gf br'ginU bk ub sb 5`fgrnk fgs =bf'ufgs 8 ib fg `kiustr`g

'`kbgtnr;5`'gK& G bstn fg `kvbst`ginrg grbg b=bki`bkin ib fgs=rbuktgs ub fbs 1ggns+ fgs bs'bkgs ib 0g`fb n igk3g kns i`'bk gfn+ bs

bsg in0fb `ktbr=rbtg'`2k g fg ub bst; suHbtg =nrub gf 'n=rbkibrfgs fgs

rb`ktbr=rbtgnsK& Bstn kns ffbvg g vgr`gs rb5fb,`nkbs+ bktrb bffgs =nibns

ibstg'gr ins =r`brn+ ub fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs kn t`bkbk ukg snfg fb'turg+

8g ub fg `k5nrg'`2k ub =nigns n0tbkbr ib bffgs ib=bkib U'nn i`'b

7gtr`'`g $u`3U ib fgs =rbuktgs ub fbs 1ggns9 8 sbukin+ ub bskb'bsgr`n rbv`sgr fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs trgi`'`nkgfbsK ub usgns+ 8 vbr u

;s kns =ubibk ib'`r 8+ sn0rb tnin+ u ntrgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs bst;k

'nktbkìgs bk bffgs&

Bf :ft`n 'g=tufn ib bstg =r`brg =grtb sb t`tufg Bf su)btn m`bkt#h`mn bk fg

mnkstrumm`k ibf mnknm`j`bktn+ ib "b=tgf $grb3 $b8bs 8 $nsgf`kig

> `&f`ntbmg +s`mg ib Inmujbktgm`k 0 OOOinmujbktgf`stgsnr" ; p+"`kg -


15/22

I;3ub3 Grrn8n (J,`'n)& Bk su rbsubk fns gutnrbs kns i`'bk ub su tb,tn

t`bkb 'nn n0Hbt`vn 'bktrgf bstg0fb'br ukg =fgtg5nrg tb2r`'g ub sustbktb fg

=grt '`=g'`2k ibf suHbtn 'nn bktb '`bkt5`'n bk fg 'nkstru''`2k ibf

'nkn'``bktn bk fgs '`bk'`gs sn'`gfbs& Bk fns i`vbrsns n0Hbt`vns bs=b'5`'ns

sb =uktugf`3g bf mjn ib fg 'nkstru''`2k tb2r`'g gf+ -) bstg0fb'br uk

gkig`gHb tb2r`'n4btninf2`'n `ki`s=bksg0fb =grg s`tugrsb bk bf tbrrbkn ib

fg `kvbst`g'`2k+ ?) 'n4'nk5`urgr 1b'1ns sn'`gfbs sus'b=t`0fbs ib sbr

`kvbst`gins+ >) gsu`r ukg g't`tui btninf2`'g 'nktb,tugf 3gig =grg

0us'gr n bk'nktrgr `k5nrg'`2k rbs=b'tn gf t2=`'n g0nrigin+ ) bk'gu3gr

trg0gHns 'nfg0nrgt`vns 8 ) 'n4'nkstru`r bf 'nkn'``bktnK& ]`k iuig ub bstb

tb,tn '`brrg 'nk 0rn'1b ib nrn fg =grtb tb2r`'g ib bstb g=grtgin& ]u fb'turg

kns =br`tb =grt`'`=gr ib fgs rb5fb,`nkbs tb2r`'gs ub kns =rbsbktgk fns

gutnrbs 8+ g =grt`r ib bffn+ 'nkstru`r kubstrgs =rn=`gs rb5fb,`nkbs bk tnrkn g fg

`kvbst`g'`2k bk '`bk'`gs sn'`gfbs&

Fg sbukig =grtb ibf f`0rn sb t`tufg $sn ib hubktbs pr`jgr`gs& Bk 'gig ukn ib

fns s`btb 'g=tufns ub fg 'nk5nrgk fns gutnrbs kns 1g0fgk ib fns rbsuftginsib sus `kvbst`g'`nkbs+ =rniu'tn ib 1g0br ut`f`3gin 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs bk

i`5brbktbs 'nktb,tns&

Bf =r`br 'g=tufn sb t`tufg Bf &nrrginr ibf *@khnrjb sn&rb fg rbnr"gk`'gm`k

ib fg bsmubfg pr+mt`mg gkb(g g fg knrjgf ib prnhbsnrbs ibf Bstgin ib

,g(gmg- ./? ib sbpt`bj&rb ib /75/=9 ukg hubktb pr`jgr`g pgrg fg c`stnr`g ibfg biumgm`k bk J2(`mn-& Bk f Ebf`kig Grtbgg Mgst`ffn (J,`'n) gkgf`3g

i`'1n `k5nrb 'u8n 0nrrginr+ bs'r`tn ib =u6n 8 fbtrg =nr $0sgbk+ sb

gkt`bkb `ki`tnK& Gib;s+ sb =rbsbktgk 'nn gkb,ns trbs 5nHgs ibf

in'ubktn nr``kgf ub kns =br`tb g=rn,`grkns g fg gkbrg bk ub 5ub

'nkstru`ig bstg `=nrtgktb 5ubktb =r`gr`g ib fg 1`stnr`g ib fg biu'g'`2k bk

J,`'nK& Bstb 'g=tufn bs ib sug `=nrtgk'`g =grg fg 1`stnr`g ib fg

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs _U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k 4 6ns2 Jgrt#k Curtgin .:nnri`kginr= ; _+"`kg -


16/22

biu'g'`2k bk J,`'n =nr ins nt`vns =r`brn+ =nrub kns ubstrg uk

in'ubktn 1`st2r`'n `ki`tn sn0rb ukn ib fns 5ukiginrbs ib fgs knrgfbs bk

J,`'n9 sbukin+ =nrub kns ig g 'nkn'br fg gkbrg bk ub sb rbnrgk`32

ukg bs'ubfg gkb,g g fg knrgf g 5`kgfbs ibf s`fn R@R&

Bf sbukin 'g=tufn sb t`tufg Bf vgfnr ib fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs ib `khnrjgm`k

pgrfgjbktgr`g pgrg bf bstui`n ib fg trgks`m`k j`f`tgr bk Bspg8g+ ib $nsgr`n

F2=g3 7rb3 (Bs=g6g)& Fg gutnrg kns i`'b ub ibsib fg =brs=b't`vg ib fgs

M`bk'`gs ib fg n'ubktg'`2k 'nn t'k`'g ub gu,`f`g bk fg 0:subig ib

fns in'ubktns =grfgbktgr`ns+ igin bf `=g'tn in'ubktgf ub 1g

=rniu'ìn @ktbrkbt bk fns =rn'bsns ib rb'n=`fg'`2k in'ubktgf+ bk fgs

=;`kgs %b0 ibf Mnkrbsn 8 ibf ]bkgin g trgvs ib fns 0us'ginrbs ib

`k`'`gt`vgs b `ktbrvbk'`nkbs+ sb 1gk fn'gf`3gin fgs 'nksìbrgigs 5ubktbs

=r`gr`gs ib `k5nrg'`2k =grfgbktgr`g =grg bf bstui`n ib fg trgks`'`2k `f`tgr

bk fg Fb`sfgturg Mnkst tu8bktb (-.DD4-.D.) 8 fg @ Fb`sfgturg ib fg

ibn'rg'`g (-.D.4-.?)& `'1gs 5ubktbs snk fgs =u0f`'g'`nkbs n5`'`gfbs ib

fgs Mnrtbs Lbkbrgfbs `gr`ns ib sbs`nkbs ibf 7fbkn ib fgs M;grgs+ ib fgsMn`s`nkbs ib b5bksg+ gs 'nn fns Enfbt`kbs N5`'`gfbs ib fgs Mnrtbs

LbkbrgfbsK& Bf 'g=tufn ub kns =rbsbktg $nsgr`n bs ib vbrigibrn `ktbrs kn

s2fn =grg 'n=rbkibr bstg =grtb ib fg 1`stnr`g ib Bs=g6g+ s`kn tg0`k =grg

vgfnrgr fg rùb3g ib fgs 5ubktbs ib `k5nrg'`2k 8 ibf =g=bf ub Hubgk fns

g'tugfbs bi`ns ib `k5nrg'`2k bk fg rbi&

Bf tbr'br 'g=tufn sb t`tufg _nf#t`mgs p%&f`mgs bj tbmknfn"`g9 `knvg `&f`ntbmg +s`mg ib Inmujbktgm`k 0 OOOinmujbktgf`stgsnr" ; p+"`kg -/


17/22

fg =rniu''`2k ib 'nkn'``bktn kubvn kn sb i ib 5nrg g'rt`'g+ s`kn g =grt`r

ib fg rb5fb,`2k kb'bsgr`g& b g1 ub 1g0fb ib fg kb'bsìgi ib fg

`=fbbktg'`2k ib =nft`'gs =:0f`'gs ub 'nktbkgk bf usn ib tb'knfngs b

`kknvg'`2k 'nn vb1'ufns =grg bf g''bsn g fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib

`k5nrg'`2k& Q kbssb 'nktb,tn ub g `=fbbktgn ib =nft`'gs =:0f`'gs

knrtbgigs =bfg `kstrubktgf 3gn ig tb'knfn`g b ig `knvgn 'nn

vb'ufns =grg g b5bt`vgn in g'bssn b ig =rniun ib 5nktbs =r`;r`gs

rbvbfg4sb 'ru'`g`s+ bs=b'`gfbktb 'nksìbrgkin4sb g =rbsbrvgn+

=rniun b g ibs'nkst`tu`n ig b2r`g b ins i`5brbktbs n0Hbtns g sbrb

gkgf`sgins+ b u g`r kn ugf n nf1gr sb`2t`'n sb 5g3 =rbsbktb+ kg

`ktbr'nkb,n ins s0nfns+ sug rb'nkstrun b ibsbkvnfv`bktn ib knvns

s`kns+ =rnvn'gkin uigkgs sn'`g`s b5bt`vgsK&

Bf 'ugrtn 'g=tufn+ Bf f`&rn mnjn hubktb ib `khnrjgm`k pr`jgr`g+ ib Bkbìg

Jgrg *u`kib`f Ynrr`Hn (Mu0g)+ bs s`k fugr g iuigs uk vgf`nsn g=nrtb g fg

vgfnrg'`2k ib ukg ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ;s ut`f`3gigs bf f`0rn (8g sbg

`=rbsn n bk su vbrs`2k bfb'tr2k`'g)& Bf gk;f`s`s b,1gust`vn 8 fg rb5fb,`2k ub1g'b fg gutnrg bst;k bk'g`kgins gf usn ib bstg 5ubktb ib `k5nrg'`2k

=r`gr`g+ =grt`'ufgr`3gkin bk fg f`tbrgturg in'bktb 0;s`'g& Bf n0Hbt`vn ib bstg

=rn=ubstg+ kns i`'b Bkbìg+ 'nks`stb bk gkgf`3gr fns bfbbktns ub

'grg'tbr`3gk gf f`0rn+ 1g'`bkin bs=b'`gf k5gs`s bk fg i`'ntng f`0rn `=rbsn

f`0rn bfb'tr2k`'n 8 su ut`f`3g'`2k bk bf =rn'bsn in'bktb biu'gt`vnK& Gukgin g

stb+ fg gutnrg b`tb g=rb'`g'`nkbs sn0rb fns rbu`s`tns ub ib0b 'nktbkbruk f`0rn 'ugkin 5ukb 'nn gtbr`gf iì;'t`'n ib g'ubrin 'nk fgs i`5brbktbs

;rbgs ibf 'nkn'``bktnK& Bktrb fns tnins ub ut`f`3g Bkbìg =grg ffbvgr g

'g0n su `kvbst`g'`2k sb bk'ubktrgk bf gk;f`s`s in'ubktgf bk fg rbv`s`2k ib

fg 0`0f`nrg5g sn0rb bf tbg+ bf tnin 1`st2r`'n4f2`'n 8 bf gkgft`'n s`ktt`'n

bk fg b,=ns`'`2k ib fgs ìbgs9 gib;s+ ib fg t'k`'g ib fg bktrbv`stg g0`brtg

sb`bstgkigr`3gig =grg g0nrigr 'r tbr`ns sn0rb fgs vgfnrg'`nkbs ub

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs _U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k 4 6ns2 Jgrt#k Curtgin .:nnri`kginr= ; _+"`kg -D


18/22

rbgf 3gk g'gi`'ns ib fgs M`bk'`gs ]n'`gfbs 8 Cugkst`'gs9 ib fgs

M`bk'`gs B'nk2`'gs 8 B=rbsgr`gfbs 8 ib fgs M`bk'`gs Grn=b'ugr`gs sn0rb

fgs =rb'`s`nkbs g 'nksìbrgr bk fg bfg0nrg'`2k ib bstb t`=n ib in'ubktn 'nk

`kib=bkibk'`g ibf 5nrgtn ub fn sustbktbK& Bkbìg kns i`'b ub 'nn

rbsuftgin 'n:k bk fgs trbs ;rbgs ib 'nkn'``bktn sb =fgktbg fg `=nrtgk'`g

ib fg 'nrrbs=nkibk'`g bktrb fns 'g=tufns ib fns tb,tns 8 fns n0Hbt`vns ib fns

=rnrggs gkgft`'ns ib fgs gs`kgturgs+ bf k`vbf ib g'tugfìgi bk fg rgg ib

fg '`bk'`g ib ub sb trgtb+ gs 'nn fg rbfg'`2k ib =rbuktgs gf 5`kgf ib 'gig

'g=tufn 8 ib fg 0`0f`nrg5g 'nksuftgig ub g=n8b fns 'nktbkìnsK&

Bf u`ktn 'g=tufn+ sb t`tufg !g bksb8gk'g n&)bt`vg9 ukg rbv`stg biumgt`vg bk

J2(`mn /7M54/75+ ib @rg Fbt`'`g Jnrbkn Lut`rrb3 (J,`'n)& Bk f+ fg rg&

Jnrbkn kns ig 'ubktg ib =grtb ib ukg `kvbst`g'`2k ub bs ib sug

`=nrtgk'`g =grg 'n=rbkibr =grtb ib fg 1`stnr`g ib fg biu'g'`2k bk J,`'n&

Bk su `ktrniu''`2k kns i`'b Bf in'ubktn ub bf fb'tnr t`bkb bk sus gkns

bs uk gvgk'b ib fg `kvbst`g'`2k ub rbgf`3n bk bf @kst`tutn ]u=br`nr ib

M`bk'`gs ib fg Biu'g'`2k ibf Bstgin ib J,`'n+ bstg `kvbst`g'`2k 'u8giurg'`2k bs ib trbs g6ns+ bst; v`k'ufgig g fns trg0gHns ub fg =rbsì`brnk+ fns

'ugfbs sb `ks'r`0bk ibktrn ib fg 1`stnr`g ib fg 'ufturg bs'r`tg+ bk =grt`'ufgr ib

fg =rbksg =big2`'gK& Gs+ fn ub kns ig g 'nkn'br bk bstb gvgk'b ib

`kvbst`g'`2k bs =r`brgbktb uk g'br'g`bktn gf bstgin ibf 'nkn'``bktn

ib fns trg0gHns sn0rb =rbksg biu'gt`vg+ bk sbukin fugr s`t:n gf fb'tnr bk bf

g0`bktb 'ufturgf ib fg 'ùigi ib J,`'n g 5`kgfbs ibf s`fn R@R+ X\S+ bf tbr'brg=grtgin sb rb5`brb ib gkbrg =grt`'ufgr gf =rn8b'tn 'ufturgf4biu'gt`vn ib

Jùbf *ub3gig bf bi`tnr4=rn=`btgr`n ib fg rbv`stg ub sb gkgf 3g+ !g

bksb8gk'g n&)bt`vgK&

Bf sb,tn 'g=tufn sb t`tufg @jpgmtn mugf`tgt`vn ib fgs hubktbs ib `khnrjgm`k

pr`jgr`gs ib m`bkm`gs ib fg sgfui bk fg `kvbst`"gm`k m`bkt#h`mg y bk fg pr+mt`mg

> `&f`ntbmg +s`mg ib Inmujbktgm`k 0 OOOinmujbktgf`stgsnr" ; p+"`kg -


19/22

mf#k`mg ib fg Jbi`m`kg gsgig bk Bvìbkm`gs+ ib Jgrg Fu`sg Jgubigkn

Jgrtkb3 (Bs=g6g)& Fg gutnrg kns i`'b ub bf bstui`n ibf nr`bk 8

'grg'tbrst`'gs ib fg `k5nrg'`2k 8 'nuk`'g'`2k '`bkt5`'g bk bi`'`kg 8 sus

5ubktbs 5ubrnk trgtgins =nr F2=b3 7`6brn 8 Ybrrgig + ibsib fg =brs=b't`vg ib

ukg fgrg b,=br`bk'`g ibi`'gig g fg bksb6gk3g 8 fg `kvbst`g'`2k bk sus

rbs=b't`vgs i`s'`=f`kgs+ C`stnr`g ib fg Jbi`'`kg 8 n'ubktg'`2k Ji`'gK& !k

g6n gktbs+ kns i`'b Jgrg Fu`sg+ bf Bvìbk'b4Egsbi Jbi`'`kb Tnr`k

Lrnu=+ 'n=ubstn =nr `ktbrk`stgs 8 b=ìb`2fnns ib fg J'Jgstbr !k`vbrs`t8

=u0f`'g X\S bf =r`br grt'ufn sn0rb uk kubvn bk5nub =grg bksb6gr fg

=r;'t`'g ib fg Jbi`'`kg Egsgig bk Bvìbk'`gs (JEB)K& G =grt`r ib bffn+ bf

n0Hbt`vn ub =brsùb fg gutnrg bs ibs'r`0`r X\S fgs 5ubktbs sbfb''`nkgigs ib

'`bk'`gs ib fg sgfui sb:k fns 'r`tbr`ns ib fns =rnntnrbs ib fg JEB+ 8

tg0`k+ =nkbr bk vgfnr bf `=g'tn 'ugf`tgt`vn ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs n kn

5`ftrgigs+ 'rt`'gbktb =rbbvgfugigs+ bk bf ibsgrrnffn ib uk kubvn t`=n ib

5ubktbs sb'ukigr`gs n 5`ftrgigs bs=b'`gfbktb rbfbvgktbs =grg bf bHbr'`'`n ibf

kubvn =grgi`g bk fg `kvbst`g'`2k 8 fg =r;'t`'g 'fk`'gK& Bstb tb,tn 5nrtgfb'b

bf vgfnr ib fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib fg `k5nrg'`2k 8 'nk5`rg ub stgs

=ubibk sbr rbv`sgigs ukg 8 ntrg vb3 =grg =rn5uki`3gr bk bf 'nkn'``bktn ub

sb =uin 1g0br n0tbkìn ib bffgs bk ukg 'nksuftg gktbr`nr&

7nr :ft`n+ bf 'g=tufn 'nk bf ub tbr`kg bstb sbukin g=grtgin+ 8 'nk bf

ub 5`kgf`3g bf f`0rn+ sb ffgg Bktrb fg mrk`mg y fg c`stnr`g9 ukg rbv`s`k

ibsib fgs hubktbs pr`jgr`gs y su i`vuf"gm`k+ ib Ans Jgrtk Curtgin Lgfvbs

8 Jgrg Mnk'b='`2k Fbgf Lgr'g (J,`'n)& Bf 'g=tufn bst; i`vììn bk ins

=grtbs bk fg =r`brg+ fns gutnrbs rb5fb,`nkgk sn0rb fg i`5brbk'`g ub b,`stb

bktrb fg 'r2k`'g 8 fg 1`stnr`g 'nn i`s'`=f`kg '`bkt5`'g9 bk fg sbukig+ g =grt`r

ib fg i`5brbk'`g'`2k gktbs b,=ubstg+ ubstrgk fn ub 1gk rbgf`3gin 8 sùbk

rbgf 3gkin =grg i`vufgr fg 1`stnr`g bk *ubrtgrn (J,`'n) =u0f 'gk

Bf vgfnr ib fgs Hubktbs _U@JGU@G] ib @khnrjgm`k 4 6ns2 Jgrt#k Curtgin .:nnri`kginr= ; _+"`kg -.


20/22

sbgkgfbktb grt'ufns 1`st2r`'ns 0gsgins bk 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs& Mnk bffn

ubstrgk fg =ns`0`fìgi ib g'br'gr fgs 5ubktbs =r`gr`gs g fns fb'tnrbs ib

1`stnr`g& Fb'tnrbs ub U1g8 ub ib'`rfnU kn snk bs=b'`gf`stgs bk 1`stnr`g+ s`kn

=brsnkgs g fgs ub fbs ustg fbbr sn0rb fg 1`stnr`g ib su 'ùigi& Fg

`=nrtgk'`g ib bstb tb,tn =nirg rbsu`rsb bk fn knvbinsn ib su trg0gHn+ 8g

ub fg g8nrg ib 1`stnr`ginrbs (n `kvbst`ginrbs ub ut`f 3gk 5ubktbs

=r`gr`gs ib gr'1`vns 1`st2r`'ns) subfbk i`r``r fns rbsuftgins ib sus

`kvbst`g'`nkbs g bs=b'`gf stgs9 s`k b0grn+ gf =u0f`'gr bk =br`2i`'ns

5ubktbs =r`gr`gs ib gkbrg 'ntì`gkg+ sb n5rb'bk g fns fb'tnrbs ins 'nsgs

=nr uk fgin+ fg 1`stnr`g `sg9 =nr ntrn+ fg 5ubktb =r`gr`g9 bffn+ kns =grb'b+

bkrùb'b su vgfnr gktb fg `rgig ibf kn bs=b'`gf`stg&

]2fn kns rbstg grgib'br g fg


21/22

I#MR$BKY# IB GUM%@ ' ]R RY@!@IGI M#$# (RBKYB

IB @K(#U$GM@K _U@$GU@G) B! _GYU@$#K@# I#MR$BKYG!

M#K]BU&GI# BK !#] GUM%@] %@]YU@M#]

J Mnk'b='`2k 7gfnn $gns (Bs=g6g)

*+ @ktrniu`,k

7nibns ib'`r ub fg Gr'1`vst 'g bktbki`ig 'nn t'k`'g =grg fg

nrgk`3g'`2k 8 'nksbrvg'`2k ib fns gr'1`vns+ t`bkb su nr`bk bk bf s`fn R@R+gukub su 'nksnf`ig'`2k 'nn '`bk'`g 8 i`s'`=f`kg `kib=bki`bktb bs 0gstgktb

;s rb'`bktb bk bf t`b=n& ]u kbs`s g=grb'b f`gig g fg =u0f`'g'`2k bk

-. ibf Jgkugf ib fns 1nfgkibsbs ]gubf Juffbr+ An1gk Gir`gkk


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'nkn'ìgs+ 'u8n ibs'u0r``bktn bk fgs b,'gvg'`nkbs ib Ybff Cgr`r`+ $gs4

]1grg n "`==ur+ bvìbk'`g fg b,`stbk'`g ib gr'1`vns bk =gfg'`ns 8 tb=fns

ib fg Gkt`bigi 'nk in'ubktg'`2k ib 'gr;'tbr fbgf+ gi`k`strgt`vn n

5`kgk'`brn& Gs+ vbns '2n ibsib bf nbktn `sn bk ub sb =rniu'b bf

kg'``bktn ib fg nrgk`3g'`2k sn'`gf ibf sbr 1ugkn+ bf in'ubktn ib

gr'1`vn sb 'nkv`brtb bk tbst`nk`n ib su g't`vìgi+ kt`gbktb rbfg'`nkgig

'nk fg bvnfu'`2k ib fgs sn'`bigibs 8 ib fgs `kst`tu'`nkbs ub fgs 'nk5nrgk

bk fns i`5brbktbs nbktns 1`st2r`'ns 8 ub snk bf rb5fbHn ib fgs g't`vìgibs

8 5uk'`nkbs ibsb=b6gigs =nr stgs&

"n n0stgktb+ 'nkv`bkb =uktugf`3gr ub sb:k fg 'nk'b='`2k gr'1`vst 'g

nibrkg+ fg rbuk`2k ib uk 'nkHuktn ib in'ubktns =nr s `sns kn sb

'nksìbrg 'r`tbr`n su5`'`bktb =grg ub =ubig sbr ib5`kìn 'nn uk Gr'1`vn+

s`kn ub bs `=rbs'`ki`0fb ub bsb 'nkHuktn in'ubktgf sb bk'ubktrb

ib0ìgbktb nrgk`3gin+ 'nksbrvgin 8 =ubstn g i`s=ns`'`2k ib fgs =brsnkgs

`ktbrbsgigs =grg su ut`f 3g'`2k 'nk 5`kbs `k5nrgt`vns+ gi`k`strgt`vns+

'ufturgfbs n `kvbst`ginrbs&

Bstb 'g=tufn =rbtbkib b,=nkbr '2n bf 'nkn'``bktn ibf =gtr`nk`n

in'ubktgf 'nksbrvgin bk kubstrns gr'1`vns 8 fg 'n=rbks`2k ib sus

=grt`'ufgrìgibs+ 5nrgs ib g''bsn+ gs 'nn ib fgs n=nrtukìgibs ib

`kvbst`g'`2k ub kns n5rb'b su 'nksuftg 8 bstui`n+ ib0bk sbr 'nkn'ìgs ib

5nrg `kb,'usg0fb =nr tnin `kvbst`ginr ub =rbtbkig gvgk3gr bk fgn0tbk'`2k ib 'nkn'``bktn 1`st2r`'n ib uk nin 5ìbi`kn 8 gib'ugigbktb

5ukigbktgin&

Bk fgs sù`bktbs =;`kgs+ sb rbgf 3gr; uk gk;f s`s bkbrgf sn0rb fgs

'grg'tbrst`'gs b `ktbrbsbs '`bkt5`'ns ub =ubib sus'`tgr fg in'ubktg'`2k

ib=ns`tgig bk fns Gr'1`vns C`st2r`'ns+ =grg fn 'ugf+ `k`'`gfbktb sb rbgf`3g

> `&f`ntbmg +s`mg ib Inmujbktgm`k 0 OOOinmujbktgf`stgsnr" ; p+"`kg ??

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