Eb system view_114

Soedito AdjisoedarmoFakultas Peternakan UnsoedPurwokerto

INTRODUCTION OF SYSTEMINTRODUCTION OF SYSTEM

THE SYSTEMS VIEWTHE SYSTEMS VIEW

The system view is a template for The system view is a template for describing, analysing, and designing all describing, analysing, and designing all aspects of any systemaspects of any system.

We will describe this view in We will describe this view in organisational terms here because this organisational terms here because this is the is the viewpoint of a business manager.viewpoint of a business manager.

Reporting structuresReporting structures, , sequences of sequences of work stepswork steps, , information and material information and material flows between work stepsflows between work steps, , and the and the organisation of dataorganisation of data are modelledare modelled using the systems viewusing the systems view.

What is a System?What is a System?

A system is a set of A system is a set of interrelated components that interrelated components that must work together to must work together to achieve some common achieve some common purpose. purpose.

Even when each component Even when each component is well-designed, efficient, is well-designed, efficient, and simple, the system will and simple, the system will malfunction if the malfunction if the components do not work components do not work togethertogether. .

Further, a change in one Further, a change in one component may affect other component may affect other components..components..

An example of An example of what happens what happens when sys-tem when sys-tem components do components do not work together not work together appears in Figure appears in Figure 1. This house has 1. This house has all the all the components ne-components ne-cessary for a cessary for a func-tioning func-tioning home, but the home, but the rooms, plumbing, rooms, plumbing, electrical wiring, electrical wiring, and other compo-and other compo-nents just do not nents just do not fit together. fit together.

The functional relationships among these The functional relationships among these components are simply not right. For components are simply not right. For example, front steps exist, but not where example, front steps exist, but not where needed.needed.

The process to develop a good The process to develop a good system is called systems analysis and system is called systems analysis and design ( SA & D).design ( SA & D). SA & D process are based on a systems approach to problem solving that is driven by several fundamental principles:

1) You must know what a system is to do before you can specify how a system is to operate.

2) Choosing an appropriate scope for the situation you will analyse greatly influences what you can and cannot do to solve a problem.

SYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT ANDAND

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Introduction of System (Analysis)An organizational framework for

systemsAgriculture and the System

ConceptModel and Planning Methods

SYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT ANDAND

AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Introduction of System (Analysis)An organizational framework for

systemsAgriculture and the System

ConceptModel and Planning Methods

2) Choosing an appropriate scopescope for the situation you will

analyze greatly influences what you can and cannot do to solve a problem.

3) A problem (or system) is actually a set a set of problemsof problems; thus, an appropriate strategy is to recursively break a problem down into smaller and smaller problems, which are

more manageable than the whole problem.

4) The solution of a problem is not usually obvious to all interested parties, so alternative solutionsalternative solutions representing different perspectives should be generated and compared before

a final solution is selected.

5) The problem and your understanding of it continues to continues to

changechange while you are analyzing the problem, so

you should take a staged approach to problem-solving in which you reassess the problem

and your approach to solving it solving it at each stageat each stage; this allows an

incremental commitment to a particular solution, with a go go

or no go decisionor no go decision after each stage.

Function Before Form in Function Before Form in SystemsSystems

System are describe in various, System are describe in various, and necessarily separate ways.and necessarily separate ways.

These different ways concentrate on separate aspects of systemsaspects of systems

(for example, what the system does versus how it operates) or or represent systems in different represent systems in different levels of detail.levels of detail.

Consider a good example of system - a house.

As any architect knows, function precedes form with the design of a new house. Before the house is designed, we must determine how many people will live in it, how each room will be used, the lifestyle of the family, and so on.

These requirements comprise a functional, or functional, or logical, specification for the logical, specification for the house house .

It would be premature to choose the type of materials, color of plumbing fixtures, and other physical characteristics before we determine the purpose of these aspects.

We are often anxious to hurry into building (form) before we determine needs (functions) , but the penalty for violating the violating the functionfunction before form principle is increased costs–

the cost to fix a function specification error grows exponentially as you progress through the systems analysis and design process.

Thus, the requirements of the house (or systems) must be well must be well defined and clearly understooddefined and clearly understood.

Architects use blueprints blueprints and other drawings to depict and communicate the design design specificationsspecifications for these requirements.

A blueprintA blueprint is an abstract an abstract representation of the houserepresentation of the house , which mask many detailed and physical feature of the house.

Scope of SystemsScope of Systems

Often the fatal flaw in conceiving and designing a system centers on choosing an inappropriate system scope, apparently the designer of the house outlined each component separately, keeping the boundaries narrow and manageable; he did not see all the necessary interrelationships among the components.

Turning to a business situation(animal breeding is a (animal breeding is a business)business) , when a sales person sells a cheaper version of a product to underbid a competitor, that sales person has defined defined the limitsthe limits of the system to be this one sale.

However, the cost of handling customer complaints about inadequacy of the product, repeated trips to install repeated trips to install upgradesupgrades, and other possible problems make make this narrow definition of this narrow definition of scope inadequate.scope inadequate.

The system boundary The system boundary indicate the system scope.indicate the system scope.

Defining the boundary is Defining the boundary is crucial to designing any crucial to designing any system or solving any system or solving any problemproblem.

Fore example,Fore example,

we could install more efficient computer equipment that can process recording much faster,

but if the staffs (recorders)(recorders) of the recording center are confused by the equipment or if the human if the human factors of using the factors of using the equipmentequipment

are not also considered as are not also considered as part of the system, any part of the system, any benefit from the new benefit from the new equipment may be lost.equipment may be lost.

Therefore, Therefore, recorders and their recorders and their capabilitiescapabilities should be included should be included within the boundaries of the within the boundaries of the system being considered.system being considered.

Too narrowToo narrow a scope may cause a scope may cause you to miss a really good you to miss a really good solution to a problem. solution to a problem.

To wideTo wide a scope may be too a scope may be too complex to handle. complex to handle.

Choosing an appropriate Choosing an appropriate scope is difficult but crucial scope is difficult but crucial in viewing an organization in viewing an organization as a system.as a system.

AN ORGANIZATIONAL AN ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMSFOR SYSTEMS

Several useful frameworks exist to view how a system fit into the whole organization, and one such framework is illustrated in Figure 3.1

People

OrganizationStructure Technology

Task/Procedure

Figure 31. Fundamental Component of an Figure 31. Fundamental Component of an OrganisationOrganisation

AN ORGANIZATIONAL AN ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMSFOR SYSTEMS

This figure indicates This figure indicates four four general key componentsgeneral key components of of the organization that must the organization that must work in concert of the whole work in concert of the whole organization to be effectiveorganization to be effective,,people, technology, task/ people, technology, task/ procedure, and procedure, and organization structureorganization structure..

The important point is that each time was change characteristics of one or more of these four components, we must consider we must consider compensating changes in the compensating changes in the other. other.

Fore example,Fore example,

when technology - such computer hardware and soft ware- changes, people may have to be trained,

method of works may have to be redesigned, and old reporting relationships may have to be modified.

These change must be considered together, or we or we may find that the may find that the compenseting changes are compenseting changes are infeasibleinfeasible or enacting them enacting them will take too long. will take too long.

The framework raises as interesting question

concerning making changes making changes to organizationsto organizations.

In which of the four In which of the four components to start ?components to start ?

There is no universal answer to this. Issues of organizational

politics can play a role in answering this question.

When technology changes, we must consider compensating

changes in the other components, we can use the we can use the technology change to make technology change to make possible other innovation possible other innovation

in organization.in organization.

Environment Output

Interface

Input Component

Component Storage

Boundary

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems1. Boundary2. Environment3. Inputs4. Outputs5. Component6. Interface7. Storage

Storage

component

component

component

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems

1. Boundary 4. Outputs2. Environment 5. Component3. Inputs 6. Interface 7. Storage



CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

There are seven general system elements.

Boundary Boundary ; the delineation of which elements (such as components and storages) are within the system being studied and which are outside; it is assumed that elements elements within the boundary are more within the boundary are more easily changed and controlled easily changed and controlled than those outsidethan those outside.

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Environment Environment ; everything outside the system; the environment provide assumption, constrain, and inputs to the system.

Inputs Inputs ; the resources (data, data, materials, supplies, energymaterials, supplies, energy) from the environment that are consumed and manipulated within the system.

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Outputs Outputs ; the resources or products (information, reports, documents, information, reports, documents, screen displays, materials) screen displays, materials) ~ provided to the environment by the activities within the system.

Components Components : the activities activities or processesprocesses within the system that transform inputstransform inputs into intermediate forms or that generate system outputs, recursively, components may be considered as the system themselves, in which case they are called subsystems.

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Interface Interface : the place where two components or the system and its environment meet or interact; system need special sub-components at interface to filtered, translate, store, and filtered, translate, store, and correct whatever flow correct whatever flow through the interface.through the interface.

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Storage Storage : holding areas used for the temporary and permanent temporary and permanent storagestorage of information, energy, materials, and so on; storage provides a buffer between system components to allow them to work at different rates or at different times and to allow different to allow different components to share the same components to share the same data.data.

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REVIEWREVIEWQuestionsQuestions ??

Environment Output

Interface

Input Component

Component Storage

Boundary

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems1. Boundary2. Environment3. Inputs4. Outputs5. Component6. Interface7. Storage

Storage

component

component

component





WHAT IS A SYSTEM ?

WHAT IS A SYSTEM ?

FUNCTION BEFORE FORM IN SYSTEMSFUNCTION BEFORE FORM IN SYSTEMSSCOPE OF SYSTEMSCOPE OF SYSTEM

PeoplPeoplee

OrganizationOrganizationStructureStructure TechnologyTechnology

Task/Task/ProcedureProcedure

Fundamental Component of an Organisation

?

WHERE TO GO ?

THAT’S ALLthank youthank you

HERD IMPROVEMENT*

OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES (REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPROVEMENT )

Regardless of whether goals in specific breeds or seed-stock strains are for all-round merit or for specialised trait combinations, the general requisites for genetic improvement continue to be the same. First we must assess what we have genetically in our present animals.


This requires accurate records of performance on a large number of animals of known ancestry.

Second, within seed-stock herds we must discover how we can increase the number of offspring form those individuals which have the desirable genes at the expense of the individuals with the less desirable genes.


This requires accurate records of performance on a large number of animals of known ancestry.

Second, within seed-stock herds we must discover how we can increase the number of offspring form those individuals which have the desirable genes at the expense of the individuals with the less desirable genes.


Third we must optimise combinations of heriditary material from seed-stock herds for commercial production.


Third we must optimise combinations of heriditary material from seed-stock herds for commercial production.

the general requisites for genetic improvement continue to be the same

in specific breeds

seed-stock strains are

for specialised trait combinations,

the general requisites for genetic improvement continue to be the

same

for specialised

trait combinations,

assess what we have genetically in our present animals

increase the number of offspringoptimise combinations of heriditary material

future goals

future goals

potential requirement of the consuming public.

consumer needs

per capita incomes

strong demand for animal protein.

annually 50 to 60 kg of beef, 27 to 32 kg of pork, and the equivalent of 270 kg of milk per capita,

additional meat needs from beef and swine

increased numbers of animals.

Efficiency in production per head

increasing the production per animal.

Milk

OBJECTIVES(REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPROVEMENT )

In developing future goals, animal breeder must continue to seek out the potential requirement of the consuming public.

Insensitivity to consumer needs will be tolerated less and less as competition from substitute for animal products becomes keener and keener.

The expanding United State population, with prediction of 250 millions by 2000, suggests an increase in the demand for food products.

OBJECTIVES(REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPROVEMENT )

In developing future goals, animal breeder must continue to seek out the potential requirement of the consuming public.

Insensitivity to consumer needs will be tolerated less and less as competition from substitute for animal products becomes keener and keener.

The expanding United State population, with prediction of 250 millions by 2000, suggests an increase in the demand for food products.

increased numbers of animals.

increasing the production per animal.

Milk

heavy concentrate feeding is continued

future competition of animals with human for cereal grains and other concentrated foods may be anticipated.

future competition of animals with human for cereal grains and other concentrated

foods may be anticipated.

selecting animals under conditions where the

nutritional regimes have included liberal feeding of

concentrates

surplus of cereal

Secondary increase would come from the increasing animal numbers.

Present milk production levels per cow cannot be maintained unless heavy concentrate feeding is continued.

Hence, future competition of animals with human for cereal grains and other concentrated foods may be anticipated.

Secondary increase would come from the increasing animal numbers.

Present milk production levels per cow cannot be maintained unless heavy concentrate feeding is continued.

Hence, future competition of animals with human for cereal grains and other concentrated foods may be anticipated.

future competition of animals with human for cereal grains and other

concentrated foods may be anticipated.

selecting animals under conditions where the

nutritional regimes have included liberal feeding of

concentrates

surplus of cereal

do best on high roughage

best genotype for utilising rations

dairy cattle and beef cattle

livestock industry

market

quality products

recompense the producer for the

extra quality

special effort in breeding and production costs

AGRICULTURE AND THE SYSTEM AGRICULTURE AND THE SYSTEM

CONCEPTCONCEPT

Agricultural Production and Agricultural Production and The System ConceptThe System Concept

Many books are essentially about man's search for efficiencyefficiency inin the the

control of agricultural control of agricultural productionproduction.

Most of the world's food and fibre is produced on farms ( under under

farming systemsfarming systems)

FARMS(farming systems)


worl

d's

food

and

fib

re

worl

d's

food

and

fib

re overall supply of food to the human population

overall supply of food to the human population

level of the individual farm or individualregion.

level of the individual farm or individualregion.

FAR

MS

(farm

ing s

yst

em

s)FA

RM

S(f

arm

ing s

yst

em

s)

large ecological framework

large ecological framework

exploited the naturalEnviron-ment.

exploited the naturalEnviron-ment.

specialised farming systemsspecialised farming systems

FAR

MS

(farm

ing s

yst

em

s)FA

RM

S(f

arm

ing s

yst

em

s)bio-economic complex

bio-economic complex

controlled by man to achieve his

economic objectives

controlled by man to achieve his

economic objectives

FAR

MS

(farm

ing

syst

em

s)FA

RM

S(f

arm

ing

syst

em



controlled by man to achieve his economic

objectives


objectives

increasing world population


FAR

MS

(farm

ing

syst

em

s)FA

RM

S(f

arm

ing

syst

em




objectives


objectives



more specialised and consequently more biologically unstable



FAR

MS

(farm

ing

syst

em

s)FA

RM

S(f

arm

ing

syst

em

s)

increasing world

population

increasing world

population





industrial products.

severe biological problems




Many chemical inputs are not easily not easily destroyeddestroyed and

accumulate in food accumulate in food chainschains affecting species

which were no their original targets.

Many chemical inputs are not easily not easily destroyeddestroyed and

accumulate in food accumulate in food chainschains affecting species

which were no their original targets.



industrial products.

in the techno-logically

advanced countries

in the techno-logically

advanced countries

in the developping countries -----------

in the developping countries -----------

Disparities in the availability of food and

fibre

On the individual farm, production

processes

On the individual farm, production

processes

systems standpoint.systems standpoint.

complexbiological nature

and their influence is essentially

dynamic

Economic

Seasonalpattern

demanddemand

supplysupply

Seasonalpattern

demanddemand

supplysupply

liquid milk

management decisions taken to

breed cows

natural pasture growth cycles

Economic

Pri

ces

+ p

rod

uct

ion

Pri

ces

+ p

rod

uct

ion

For all stages-Selecting the systemOf feeding, housing, genotype, health care system operates

When and How ?Sell or keep ?

Sell or Keep ?

When and How to mate ?

When and How to mate ?When to cull ?

How to market output ?



Productionprocess

ProductionprocessProduction

processProduction

process

Productionprocess

Productionprocess

In the management of farming systems it can be expected that an understanding of

the links between the various components the production process will be at least as important as a knowledge

of the separate components themselves.

MODEL AND PLANNING METHODS

The agriculture scientist has employed a variety of mathematical models to explain the operation and organisation of farming processes and to enable predictions to be made about their behaviour. Many such models have been developed and here it is only necessary to record some important illustrative examples.



Productionprocess

ProductionprocessProduction

processProduction

process

Productionprocess

Productionprocess

Mathematical modelMathematical modelExplanation

pred

ictio

n

The model of Crowther and Yates (19..) was of very simple nature and yet had a useful impact on agricultural policy in UK during World War II. The model took form:

Y=Y0 +d(1-1O-kx)

It purpose was to predict the yield (Y) of a crop for different levels of fertiliser application (x), assuming Y0 is the yield with no fertiliser and d is the respond limit.

Y=Y0 +d(1-1O-kx)

A second simple model, which has had a wide influence on agricultural practice, was

developed by Kleiber (19..) to estimate the maintenance

energy requirement (E) of an animal in relation to its live

weight (W) and constant (S):

E= SW E= SW 0.750.75

Mathematical modelMathematical model

had important roles in the

development of agricultural

practice



practice

their simplicity can be

somewhat misleading

their simplicity can be

somewhat misleading

Y=YY=Y0 0 +d(1-1O+d(1-1O-kx-kx))...... .......... ....

E= SW E= SW 0.750.75

..... ........... ......




practice



practice

policy determination

and in production

theory


and in production

theory




practice



practice


and in production

theory


and in production

theory

progress in planning farming

systems

progress in planning farming

systems


biological and economic detailbiological and economic detail

the programming techniquethe programming technique p

recis

e a

pp

roach

to

decis

ion

makin

gp

recis

e a

pp

roach

to

decis

ion

makin

g

defi

ned

pro

ble

md

efi

ned

pro

ble

m

Mathematical model

Mathematical model

biological and economic detailbiological and

economic detail

the programming technique

the programming techniqueM

anag

emen

t p

rob

lem

Man

agem

ent

pro

ble

m

tim

e-d

epen

den

tti

me-

dep

end

ent

un

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ain

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ship

su

nce

rtai

n

rela

tio

nsh

ips

op

tim

al s

olu

tio

no

pti

mal

so

luti

on

Mathema-tical modelMathema-tical model




syste

ms a

naly

sis

syste

ms a

naly

sis

the model can be as complex as realistic


Mathema-tical modelMathema-tical model




syste

ms a

naly

sis

syste

ms a

naly

sis



purely

biologicalpurely

biological

bio-economic

bio-economic

Math

em

a-

tica

l m

odel

Math

em

a-

tica

l m

odel

the model can be as

complex as realistic

the model can be as

complex as realistic

purely

biologicalpurely

biological

bio-economic

bio-economic

descri

pti

ve,

an

aly

tical or

con

str

ucti

ve

descri

pti

ve,

an

aly

tical or

con

str

ucti

ve

System researchSystem research

In this terms, the model may be either purely biological or bio-economic in character and the objective of systems research may be descriptive, analytical or constructive.

In this terms, the model may be either purely biological or bio-economic in character and the objective of systems research may be descriptive, analytical or constructive.

Systems analysis

Systems synthesis

structure and functioning of a system

the design and control of the new system

SystemApproach/Research

Systems analysisSystems analysis

Systems synthesisSystems

synthesis

depending on observation

of the system

depending on observation

of the system

involving the use of

established relationships to construct a

system and examine its behaviour

involving the use of

established relationships to construct a

system and examine its behaviour



Systems analysisSystems analysis

Systems synthesisSystems

synthesis

Both, however, are dependent upon the development of an adequate model.

Both, however, are dependent upon the development of an adequate model.



Systems analysis

Systems synthesis

upon the Development of

an adequate model.


dictated by dictated by the the purpose of purpose of the investi the investi gation and gation and the kind of the kind of problems problems to be to be solvedsolved

The justification for model

building must be that

experimentation with the

model is more feasible and

efficient than

experimentation with and

observation of the real

situation.

The justification for model

building must be that

experimentation with the

model is more feasible and

efficient than

experimentation with and

observation of the real

situation.

ANIMALBREEDING

Hig

h q

uality

worl

d's

food

other forms of natural variation

observed over some considerable length of time

in different localities if

being subject to climatic

In many cases the real

system may prove too

complex to permit

suitable analysis from

direct observation.

In many cases the real

system may prove too

complex to permit

suitable analysis from

direct observation.

REALSYSTEM

OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION

SUITABLEANALYSIS

TOO

COMPLEX

TOO

COMPLEX

REALSYSTEM

OBSERVATION

So many factors

may act in union

and interact

So many factors

may act in union

and interact

cause

som

e

disturb

ance

of the n

atura

l

order

Anim

al p

rote

in w

orl

d's

food

monitored and interfered by man


BREEDINGANIMAL

no monitoring is taking place.

FARMS(farming systems)ANIMAL

BREEDING Management

Experimentation with a computer model

model building

Anim

al p

rote

in w

orl

d's

food

Experimentation with a computer model

model building

the availability of computer time and the skill of the model building

take place in a homogeneous or, perfectly controlled environment.

Vp=Vg+Ve

OBSERVATION

Experimentation

modelling cannot exist without some information based on experimentation and observation of real life situations

REALSYSTEMREAL

SYSTEM

modelling cannot exist without some information based on

experimentation and observation of real life

situations

improved efficiency imparted to subsequent

real-life experimentation.

Areas of interest can be pin-point, and relevant

treatment ranges

established.


cannot be restricted to any single presently-defined discipline

improved efficiency imparted to subsequent real-life experimentation.


a corporate effort by a team of specialists in separate discipline

cannot be restricted to any single presently-defined discipline


a corporate effort by a team of specialists in separate disciplinean engineer and a

computer programmer all working under the direction of a group leader.

PROBLEMS IN SIMULATING FARM SYSTEMS

It will clear by now that the essence of the systems concept is to describe a situation with many interacting elements where, to be understood, any individual element in the system must be viewed in the context of the whole.

PROBLEMS IN SIMULATING FARM SYSTEMS

It will clear by now that the essence of the systems concept is to describe a situation with many interacting elements where, to be understood, any individual element in the system must be viewed in the context of the whole.

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HAL-HAL YANG PERLU MENDAPAT PERHATIANPopulasi ternak saat ini. Kemampuan produksi untuk jangka pendek dan panjang dalam mencukupi permintaan dalam negeri. Masalah yang berkaitan dengan pelestarian plasmanutfah ternak asli Indonesia Issue pemotongan hewan besar betina yang bertandukPeningkatan pendapatan peternak dan devisa yang akan diperoleh

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tdescribe a situation with many interacting elements

important implications for model construction



Productionprocess

Productionprocess

Productionprocess

modelExplanation

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OUTPUT

A subsystem whose functioning greatly influences the output criteria from the model should usually relative finer detail than one whose functioning has little effect on model output.

A subsystem whose functioning greatly influences the output criteria from the model should usually relative finer detail than one whose functioning has little effect on model output.

In this situation, the provision of data for model building is likely to prove a major problem.

Generally the model will represent a marked degree of simplification and the relationships required in its construction will not always correspond either with the true relationships or with those directly available from research.

In this situation, the provision of data for model building is likely to prove a major problem.

Generally the model will represent a marked degree of simplification and the relationships required in its construction will not always correspond either with the true relationships or with those directly available from research.

Some modification of research result will often be required. Even worse, few or no data may be available for some components of the model.

In this situation is occasionally possible to generate the infor mation using the rest of the model structure.

CONTROL BY MANAGEMENT

Broadly, farming systems may be classified into two types related to the degree of control that can be exercised over the production environment.


Broadly, farming systems may be classified into two types related to the degree of control that can be exercised over the production environment.

First, there are those systems where little direct control is possible.

Generally the would be considered to be the more extensive type of farm organisation, characterised by low capital investment per unit of land.

First, there are those systems where little direct control is possible.

Generally the would be considered to be the more extensive type of farm organisation, characterised by low capital investment per unit of land.


In such systems, control is mainly through a restricted range of management strategies such as adjusting the stocking rates, selling or buying stock, or perhaps modifying the soil environment by fertiliser application or crop rotation. By these means, the performance of the crop or of livestock can be controlled to some extent.


In such systems, control is mainly through a restricted range of management strategies such as adjusting the stocking rates, selling or buying stock, or perhaps modifying the soil environment by fertiliser application or crop rotation. By these means, the performance of the crop or of livestock can be controlled to some extent.

The second type of farming system is represented by production methods that attempt to reduce environment uncertainty by providing relatively large capital inputs.

The second type of farming system is represented by production methods that attempt to reduce environment uncertainty by providing relatively large capital inputs.

CONCLUSION

The few studies included in these covers can in no sense indicate the full scope for applying systems analysis to solving problems in agricultural management.

Rather, it is hoped that what presented will be suggestive of the wide and so far un-exploited scope.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

It is fairly safe prediction that during the 1970s a great deal of attention will be turned towards analysis of agricultural systems as systems. It is anticipated that the present collection may help to light the way to an early and profitable attack on a wide front of the pressing problems in modern agricultural management.

Eb system view_114

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