IntroductiIntroduction to on to

BiotechnolBiotechnologyogy

BiotechnologyBiotechnologyBiotechnology helps Biotechnology helps to meet our basic to meet our basic needs.needs.

Food, clothing, Food, clothing, shelter, health and shelter, health and safetysafety

BiotechnologyBiotechnologyImprovements by Improvements by using scienceusing science

Science helps in Science helps in production plants, production plants, animals and other animals and other organismsorganisms

BiotechnologyBiotechnologyAlso used in Also used in maintaining a maintaining a good environment good environment that promotes our that promotes our well beingwell being

BiotechnologyBiotechnologyUsing scientific Using scientific processes to get new processes to get new organisms or new organisms or new products from products from organisms.organisms.

BiotechnologyBiotechnologyLarge areaLarge areaIncludes many Includes many approaches and approaches and methods in science methods in science and technologyand technology

Office of Tech Office of Tech Assessment Assessment

DefinitionDefinition Any technique that Any technique that uses living organisms uses living organisms or substances from or substances from those organisms to those organisms to make or modify a make or modify a product, to improve product, to improve plants or animals….plants or animals….

Cont.Cont.Or to develop Or to develop microorganisms for microorganisms for specific uses.specific uses.

Agricultural Agricultural ViewView

All of the applied All of the applied science based science based operations in operations in producing food, producing food, fiber, shelter, and fiber, shelter, and related productsrelated products

Agricultural Agricultural ViewView

Milk productionMilk productionNew horticultural and New horticultural and

ornamental plantsornamental plantsWildlife, aquaculture, Wildlife, aquaculture,

natural resources and natural resources and environmental environmental managementmanagement

MultidisciplinMultidisciplinaryary

Involves many Involves many disciplines or disciplines or branches of learningbranches of learning

Includes all areas of Includes all areas of Life SciencesLife Sciences

Organismic Organismic BiotechBiotech

Working with Working with complete, intact complete, intact organisms or their organisms or their cellscells

Organisms are not Organisms are not genetically changed genetically changed with artificial meanswith artificial means

Organismic Organismic BiotechBiotech

Help the organism live Help the organism live better or be more better or be more productiveproductive

Goal – improve Goal – improve organisms and the organisms and the conditions in which conditions in which they growthey grow

Organismic Organismic BiotechBiotech

Study and use Study and use natural genetic natural genetic variationsvariations

Cloning is an Cloning is an example of example of organismic biotechorganismic biotech

CloningCloningProcess of producing Process of producing

a new organism from a new organism from cells or tissues of cells or tissues of existing organism.existing organism.

1997 cloned sheep – 1997 cloned sheep – “Dolly” in Edinburgh “Dolly” in Edinburgh ScotlandScotland

Molecular Molecular BiotechBiotech

Changing the Changing the genetic make-up of genetic make-up of an organisman organism

Altering the Altering the structure and parts structure and parts of cellsof cells

Complex!Complex!

Molecular Molecular BiotechBiotech

Uses genetic Uses genetic engineering, engineering, molecular mapping molecular mapping and similar and similar processesprocesses

Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineering

Changing the genetic Changing the genetic information in a cellinformation in a cell

Specific trait of one Specific trait of one organism may be organism may be isolated,cut, and isolated,cut, and moved into the cell of moved into the cell of another organismanother organism

TransgenicTransgenicResults of Gen. Eng. Results of Gen. Eng. Are said to be Are said to be “transgenic”“transgenic”

Genetic material in Genetic material in an organism has an organism has been alteredbeen altered

Biotech Biotech examplesexamples

MedicineMedicine AgricultureAgriculture EnvironmentEnvironment ForestryForestry Food and beverage Food and beverage

processingprocessing

MedicineMedicine Some new Some new developments delve developments delve into the hereditary into the hereditary material of humans material of humans known as gene known as gene therapytherapy

MedicineMedicine Therapeutant - product Therapeutant - product

used to maintain health used to maintain health or prevent diseaseor prevent disease

Biopharmaceuticals – Biopharmaceuticals – drug or vaccine drug or vaccine developed through developed through biotechnologybiotechnology

Called designer drugsCalled designer drugs

MedicineMedicine Biopharming – Biopharming –

production of production of pharmaceuticals in pharmaceuticals in cultured organismscultured organisms

Combination of the Combination of the agriculture and agriculture and pharmaceutical pharmaceutical industriesindustries

MedicineMedicine Certain blood – Certain blood – derived products derived products needed in human needed in human medicine can be medicine can be produced in the milk produced in the milk of goatsof goats

EnvironmentEnvironment Any biotechnological Any biotechnological

process that may promote process that may promote a good environmenta good environment

Organisms developed Organisms developed during the gulf war to during the gulf war to “eat” oil“eat” oil

Organism used in gold Organism used in gold mining to “eat” mining to “eat” contaminantscontaminants

EnvironmentaEnvironmentall

Problems naturally Problems naturally solved by solved by microorganisms microorganisms such as bacteria, such as bacteria, fungi break down fungi break down contaminant into a contaminant into a form less harmful or form less harmful or not harmfulnot harmful

Ag and Ag and ForestryForestry

Plant biotechPlant biotech Animal biotechAnimal biotech

Plant biotechPlant biotech Improve plants and the Improve plants and the

products produced from products produced from themthem

Insect and disease Insect and disease resistanceresistance

Engineered to have Engineered to have desired characteristicsdesired characteristics

Plant biotechPlant biotech Corn plant produced Corn plant produced with high levels of with high levels of the amino acid the amino acid LysineLysine

Animal Animal BiotechBiotech

Improve animals or Improve animals or the products they the products they produceproduce

Animals may be used Animals may be used to produce products to produce products that promote human that promote human healthhealth

Animal Animal BiotechBiotech

Increase Increase productivityproductivity

Pigs engineered to Pigs engineered to produce human produce human hemoglobinhemoglobin

Food and Food and BeveragesBeverages

Use of technology in Use of technology in producing and producing and processingprocessing

Some biotech Some biotech principles have been principles have been employed for hundreds employed for hundreds of yearsof years

Yeast in baking breadYeast in baking bread

Food and Bev.Food and Bev. Genetically altered Genetically altered cropscrops

rBGH milkrBGH milk

BiotechnologyBiotechnology Helps meet human Helps meet human

needsneeds Food, clothing and Food, clothing and

sheltershelter Plants and animals are Plants and animals are

used in manufacturing used in manufacturing food, clothing and food, clothing and materials for sheltermaterials for shelter

BiotechnologyBiotechnology Used to make Used to make products more products more useful or desirableuseful or desirable

Ex: conversion of Ex: conversion of milk into cheese or milk into cheese or yogurtyogurt

EfficiencyEfficiency Must keep the cost Must keep the cost of improving of improving products as low as products as low as possiblepossible

Biotech results in Biotech results in greater efficiencygreater efficiency

EfficiencyEfficiency Inoculating legume Inoculating legume

seeds with bacteria seeds with bacteria that allow the plant to that allow the plant to pull nitrogen out of the pull nitrogen out of the air and put it into the air and put it into the soilsoil

Saves the producer the Saves the producer the cost of applying N cost of applying N fertilizerfertilizer

EfficiencyEfficiency Results in trees that Results in trees that grow faster and grow faster and produce wood that is produce wood that is more desirablemore desirable

Greater Greater ProductionProduction

Increases yieldsIncreases yields bST use in cows to bST use in cows to

produce more milkproduce more milk Higher crop yields Higher crop yields

from drought, disease from drought, disease & insect resistant & insect resistant cropscrops

Health Health Promoting Promoting

FoodsFoods Food with unique Food with unique traitstraits

Some contain Some contain therapeutantstherapeutants

Some designed with Some designed with nutrient enrichmentnutrient enrichment

SafetySafety Consumers want foods Consumers want foods

to provide needed to provide needed nutrients and in some nutrients and in some cases, enhanced foodscases, enhanced foods

Do not want side Do not want side effects from those effects from those enhanced foodsenhanced foods

Easy Easy preparationpreparation

Flavr-Savr TomatoFlavr-Savr Tomato Reached the market Reached the market in early 1990’sin early 1990’s

Engineered to have Engineered to have a longer shelf lifea longer shelf life

Flavr-SavrFlavr-Savr No soft spotsNo soft spots No rotten spotsNo rotten spots Tomato resists Tomato resists spoilagespoilage

Synthetic Synthetic biologybiology

Creating lifelike Creating lifelike characteristics characteristics through the use of through the use of chemicalschemicals

Based on creating Based on creating structures similar to structures similar to those found in living those found in living organismsorganisms

Synthetic Synthetic BiologyBiology

Need for synthetic Need for synthetic cells lead to the cells lead to the development of the development of the vesiclevesicle

Vesicle – tiny rounded Vesicle – tiny rounded structure with cell like structure with cell like traitstraits

VesicleVesicle Tiny structures similar Tiny structures similar

to soap bubbles were to soap bubbles were created to serve as created to serve as the cell membranethe cell membrane

Visible only with Visible only with powerful microscopepowerful microscope

VesicleVesicle Once the cell Once the cell membrane has been membrane has been successfully successfully developed, developed, development of the development of the materials with the materials with the cell is initiated.cell is initiated.

Synthetic Synthetic biologybiology

Is important because it Is important because it brings science closer brings science closer to creating life in the to creating life in the lablab

Cells and tissues may Cells and tissues may be developed to treat be developed to treat human injury and human injury and diseasedisease