EASY Japanesedl.booktolearn.com/ebooks2/foreignlanguages/... · Who is this book for? Easy Japanese...

EASYJapanese

LearntoSpeakJapaneseQuickly!

EASYJapanese

EmikoKonomi

AboutTuttleStory“BookstoSpantheEastandWest”

OurcoremissionatTuttlePublishingistocreatebookswhichbringpeopletogetheronepageatatime.Tuttlewasfoundedin1832inthesmallNewEnglandtownofRutland,Vermont(USA).Ourfundamentalvaluesremainasstrongtodayastheywerethen—topublishbest-in-classbooksinformingtheEnglish-speakingworldaboutthecountriesandpeoplesofAsia.TheworldhasbecomeasmallerplacetodayandAsia’seconomic,culturalandpoliticalinfluencehasexpanded,yettheneedformeaningfuldialogueandinformationaboutthisdiverseregionhasneverbeengreater.Since1948,Tuttlehasbeenaleaderinpublishingbooksonthecultures,arts,cuisines,languagesandliteraturesofAsia.OurauthorsandphotographershavewonnumerousawardsandTuttlehaspublishedthousandsofbooksonsubjectsrangingfrommartialartstopapercrafts.WewelcomeyoutoexplorethewealthofinformationavailableonAsiaatwww.tuttlepublishing.com.

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Contents

INTRODUCTIONLESSON1GreetingsandEverydayExpressions

LESSON2MeetingPeopleDialogue1:HowDoYouDo?CulturalNote:IntroductionDialogue2:AreYouAmerican?GrammarNote:ThePhraseParticleMoCulturalNote:ForeignWordsinJapaneseCulturalNote:Aizuchi:HowtobeaGoodListenerDialogue3:IntroducingyourselfDialogue4:WhoisThatPerson?CulturalNote:Senpai-Kōhai“Senior-Junior”Relationship

LESSON3ScheduleandDailyActivitiesDialogue1:TakingaBusTourCulturalNote:TheJapaneseSenseofTimeDialogue2:PracticingJapaneseCulturalNote:VirtueofAmbiguityDialogue3:It’sLunchTimeDialogue4:TextingSomeone

LESSON4EatingandDrinkingDialogue1:VisitinganIzaka-yarestaurantCulturalNote:EatingoutCulturalNote:DrinkingDialogue2:AtaRamenShopDialogue3:TraditionalJapaneseCuisineCulturalNote:TeaDialogue4:MyFavoriteFoods

LESSON5WhereisIt?Dialogue1:GoingShoppingDialogue2:DrivinginTownCulturalNote:Konbini(ConvenienceStore)Dialogue3:IntheDepartmentStoreCulturalNote:Depa-chika(DepartmentBasement)Dialogue4:TakingaBreakinaCafé

LESSON6LeisureActivitiesandHobbiesDialogue1:InvitationtoKabukiCulturalNote:Dō道—aSpiritualPathtoMasteryDialogue2:VacationsCulturalNote:ReligionsinJapanDialogue3:GoingSightseeingDialogue4:AtaNomi-kai(After-workDrinking)CulturalNote:AfterWorkParties

LESSON7GettingAroundDialogue1:CommutingCulturalNote:TakingTrainsDialogue2:MeetingatHachiko,theDogStatueCulturalNote:ApologyFirstDialogue3:TakingaTaxiDialogue4:GoingtotheAirport

LESSON8FamilyandPersonalHistoryDialogue1:BirthdayCulturalNote:Hanami“Flower-ViewingPicnic”CulturalNote:JapaneseCalendarandBirthdayCelebrationsDialogue2:PersonalHistoryDialogue3:FamilyDialogue4:Marriage

LESSON9OpinionsandFeelingsDialogue1:AGoodIdeaDialogue2:BeingSickDialogue3:EmotionsDialogue4:PolitenessCulturalNote:PolitenessinJapaneseCultureCulturalNote:Gift-Giving

LESSON10Do’sandDon’tsDialogue1:PleaseenteryourpasswordDialogue2:NoSmokingCulturalNote:TheVirtueofHoldingBackDialogue3:RecyclingCulturalNote:TheConceptofMottainaiandRecyclinginJapanDialogue4:Clothing

ENGLISH-JAPANESEDICTIONARYJAPANESE-ENGLISHDICTIONARY

Introduction

Whoisthisbookfor?EasyJapanese is designed for beginnerswhowant to learn basic Japanese inorder to travel, work or live in Japan. Besides helping you build a workingfoundation in the language and to develop a knowledge of the culture, anadditional goal of this book is to enable readers to become lifelong Japaneselearners.

Thisbasiclevelself-studybookincludesmanyelementarysentencepatterns(thesecorrespondto theJapaneseLanguageProficiencyTestLevels5and4—see www.jlpt.jp/e/). The vocabulary and situations have been specificallytailored for adults and can be used in everyday conversations, whether inprofessionalsettingsorwhensocializingwithJapanesefriends.Explanationsarekeptveryconcisesoastoonlycoverthekeypoints.Themainfocusisonoralcommunication.

Whatwillyoulearn?Afterfinishingthisbookyouwillbeabletohandlemosteverydayinteractions,avoid social blunders, answer the most frequently asked questions aboutyourself, and communicate well with native speakers. The topics, grammarpatterns,andvocabularyinthisbookareselectedonthebasisofpracticalityandfrequencyofuse.

Howisthebookstructured?This book is divided into ten lessons. Except for Lesson 1, which introducesgreetingsandcommonexpressions,eachlessonconsistsoffourbriefdialogues,eachone followedbyavocabulary list,grammarandculturalnotes,drills andexercises,andreviewquestions.Makesureyoucananswerthereviewquestionscorrectlybeforemovingontothenextlessonaseachlessonbuildsontopofthepreviousone.Forthisreason,itisimperativethatyouprogressinorderandnotskiplessonsorpartsoflessons.

ReadingandwritingJapaneseModern Japanese iswrittenusingacombinationofkanji (charactersborrowed

http://www.jlpt.jp/e/

fromChina)alongwithhiraganaandkatakana(twoindependentalphabetswith46letters,eachrepresentingaJapanesesound).WhileauthenticJapanesescriptis included in the dialogues and vocabulary lists, no reading or writinginstruction is included.Thereareotherbooksyoucanbuy to learn thewritingsystem, for example Japanese Hiragana and Katakana for Beginners andJapaneseKanjiforBeginners.

JapanesepronunicationJapanesewordsandsentencesarepresentedinphoneticromanizedform(thatis,using theRomanalphabet to represent Japanesepronunciation).Dialoguesandvocabulary lists are also presented in authentic Japanese script along withromanization. Romanization is not meant to be an accurate representation ofJapanese pronunciation but rather just a convenient tool for reference. BeparticularlymindfulnottopronounceromanizedJapaneseasifyouwerereadingEnglishbut try to learn thecorrectJapanesewayofpronuncing thewordsandsentences.

It is highly recommended that you listen to the audio recordings of all thedialogues, vocabulary lists and practice drills so you can learn to mimic thenative speaker pronunciations. When using the audio, try not to look at thewritten scripts. For many of us, visual input will interfere with accuratelyperceivingtheaudioinput.Youshouldrefertothewrittenscriptsonlywhenyouneedhelpwithparticularpartsoftheaudio.Afterpeekingatthescript,gobacktotheaudioagain.

Howshouldyouusethisbook?Dialogues:Thedialoguespresent frequentlyusedexchanges that arepartof alonger conversation. It is important tomemorize these to the pointwhere youcanrecite themautomaticallyandnaturallywithout referring to the text,whileintegrating body language.You can expand each dialogue by adding elementsbefore and after it to create a longer conversation, or change parts of thedialoguetofitdifferentcontexts.Eitherway,eachdialogueservesasabasistoexploreotherpossibilities.PatternPractices:Eachdialoguehasatleasttwodrillsthattargetkeygrammarpatterns and vocabulary. These are meant to develop quick and automaticformation skills. The recommended procedure for these drill practices is to 1)listen to the two model exchanges and understand what changes to make inrespondingtothecues.andonlylookatthescriptsforthemodelanswersifyou

1.2.3.4.

arenotsurewhattodo.2)Listentothefirstcue,insertyourresponseduringthefollowingpause,listentothemodelanswer,andrepeatthemodelanswerduringthe second pause. 3) Repeat this procedure for the following cues. It isrecommendedthatyouloopbacktothebeginningofthedrillfrequently.Alwaysgive yourself a chance to respond to the cues before you listen to the modelanswer.Besurethatyouunderstandthemeaningofwhatyouaresaying,andnotmerelyrepeatingthesounds.Exercises:Twoadditionaltypesofexercisesfollowthedrills.Thefirstis“SayitinJapanese”,whichisatranslationactivity.Theotheris“RolePlay”,inwhichlearnerscanfreelyrespondtoeachotherwithinthegivencontextandexpandthesuggested interchange into a longer interaction. For this exercise, learners areencouragedtoperformtherolesasnaturallyaspossiblewhileintegratingbodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.Reviewquestions:Byansweringthereviewquestionsattheendofeachlesson,youwillbeabletoassessyourunderstandingofthechapterbeforemovingontothenextone.Ifyouareunsureoftheanswers,simplyreferbacktothegrammarnotesinthatchapter.

PracticeusingwhatyoulearnMakeacleardistinctionbetweenknowingthematerialandusingthematerialinactual real-life conversations. You may learn the grammar and vocabularyquickly,but it takespracticetodeveloptheskills tospeakJapaneseinreal-lifesituations.Youshouldaimtobeabletoverballyrespondtoanativespeakerinaculturallyappropriateway.Forthisreason,thebookcontainsdrillsandexercisesfororalpractice.AudiorecordingsareprovidedalsotoallowyoutopracticeonyourownwithoutaJapanesespeakerbeingpresent.

JapanesesyllablesAJapanesesyllableisconstructedinoneofthefollowingfourways.

onevowelalonecanbeasyllable(a,i,u,e,o)oneconsonant+onevowel(62possiblecombinations)oneconsonantalone(n,t,s,k,p)oneconsonant+y+onevowel(33combinations)

Allsyllableshavethesamespokendurationorbeatlength.ThepronunciationofthelettersaresimilartoEnglish.

TheJapaneseVowels

a likethe“a”indark asa“morning”i likethe“i”inpit,slightly

longerinu“dog”

u likethe“u”inpull ureshī“happy”e likethe“é”incafé Eigo“English”o likethe“o”inbowl oishī“delicious”

LongVowelsTherearefivelongvowelsinJapanese:aa,ii,uu,ee,andoo.Theyare“long”intermsofspokenduration,e.g.,“aa”istwiceaslongas“a”.aa long“aa”writtenasā,pronouncedlike

“Ah!”rāmen“ramen”

ii long“ii”writtenasī,likethe“ee”inkeep

bīru“beer”

uu long“uu”writtenasū,likethe“oo”incoop

kyū“nine”

ee long“ee”writtenasē,likethe“ere”inwhere

mēru“email,text”

oo long“oo”writtenasō,likethe“ow”inbowl

dō“how”

TheJapaneseConsonantsMostconsonantsarepronouncedsimilartoEnglish.b likethe“b”inbook bangohan“dinner”ch likethe“ch”inchocolate chotto“alittle”d likethe“d”inday denwa“phone”f likethe“f”infood fuyu“winter”g likethe“g”ingift gohan“rice”h likethe“h”inhope ha“leaf”j likethe“j”injog jikan“hour”k likethe“k”inking kitte“stamps”m likethe“m”inmat miseru“toshow”n likethe“n”innut,

attheendoftheword,closerto“ng”asinnatsu“summer”ringo“apple”

thingp likethe“p”inpet purezento“present”r like“r”incar(notrolled)betweentheEnglish

“r”,“l”and“d”,raigetsu“nextmonth”

s likethe“s”insoot suru“todo”sh likethe“sh”inshook shoku-gyō“profession”t likethe“t”intip tenki“weather”ts likethe“ts”inhits tsuma“wife”w likethe“w”inwatt watashitachi“we”y likethe“y”inyou yon“four”z likethe“z”inzoo zutsū“headache”

LongConsonantsTheconsonantst,s,k,andpcanalsobelong.Theyshouldbepronouncedlikeso:kk like“kk”in“bookkeeper” yukkuri“slowly”tt like“tt”in“flat-top” wakatta“Iunderstand”pp like“pp”in“top-

performing”ippai“tobefull”

ss like“ss”in“misstatement”

zasshi“magazine”

When these consonants constitute an entire syllablewithout a vowel, they arenotpronouncedbuttakeafullsyllablelength.

threesyllables:ki-t-te “stamps”foursyllables:ma-s-su-gu “straight”fivesyllables:sho-p-pi-n-gu “shopping”

Theconsonantncanalsotakeupanentiresyllablebyitself,asinsho-p-pi-N-guabove.Inthisbook,nwithanapostrophe—n’—isusedwherethereisaneedtodistinguishasyllabicn.Comparethefollowing:

kinen “commemoration” threesyllables

ki-ne-N

kin’en “nosmoking” four ki-N-e-N

syllables(Thesyllabicnisindicatedbythecapitalhere.)

PitchAccentJapanesespeechhasariseandfallinpitch,changingfromsyllabletosyllableinordertodistinguishmeaning.Forexample,thereisafall inpitchinhai“yes”,whilethereisariseinhai“ash”,distinguishingthesetwowords.Thisiscalledpitchaccent,andthiscanberepresentedusingcapitallettersasfollows:

HA-i“yes”ascomparedtoha-I“ash”Ontheotherhand,inEnglishadifferenceinvolume,i.e.,loudvssoftservesthisfunction. This is called stress accent. Compare the following (the capitalindicatestheloudersyllable).

INsult(noun)ascomparedtoinSULT(verb)

AllJapanesewordshaveoneofthefollowingthreepitchpatterns:Falling: JAa“wellthen”

DŌmo“thanks”Rising: maTA“again”

saYONARA“goodbye”oHAYŌ“goodmorning”

RisingthenFalling:

aRIgatō“thanks”suMIMASEn“sorry”

Ifawordhasonlyonesyllable,afallorariseoccurswiththefollowingword.HAdesu.“It’satooth.”haDEsu.“It’saleaf.”

In the rest of this book, pitch accent is not provided in either romanizationorJapanesescripts.Pleaserefertotheaudioforcorrectpitch.

Anoteontheculturalsignificanceofpitchisinorder.AsyoulearnJapanese,pay attention to pitch at the sentence level aswell as theword level.A slightchangeinpitchmayindicateasubtlebutsignificantchangeinmeaningormood.Itisobservedinmany,ifnotall,languagesthatspeakerstendtoraisetheirpitchwhentalkingtobabiesorwhentryingtosoundgentle.Japaneseisnoexception.Talking in a high pitch is generally associated with politeness in Japanese.Women tend to talk in a higher pitch, but regardless of the gender, sales andcustomer service personnel, receptionists, waiters, etc., speak with an overall

1.b)

2.3.4.5.6.

7.8.9.

higherpitch.Justtobesafe,bow,smile,andtalkgently.

ReviewQuestionsa) Whatisromanization?

What shouldyoubecautiousof regarding romanizationwhen studyingJapanesepronunciation?

Whatisrecommendedwhenusingdialogues?HowshouldoneusethePatternPracticeDrills?HowmanyvowelsarethereinJapanese?Whatarethefivelongconsonants?a) How many syllables are in kin’en “no smoking”? b) How about hai“yes”?Whatarethepitchaccentsandstressaccents?WhatthreepitchaccentpatternsarethereinJapanese?WhenspeakingJapanese,whatisthesignificanceofpitch?

LESSON1

GreetingsandEverydayExpressionsAjourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep千里の道も一歩からSenrinomichimoip-pokara

Inthislesson,greetingsandsomecommonexpressionsareintroduced.Tolearneachitemandpronounceitlikeanativespeaker,usetheaccompanyingaudio.

GreetingsOhayō おはよう GoodmorningOhayōgozaimasu おはようございます Goodmorning(polite)Kon’nichiwa こんにちは HelloKon’ban’wa こんばんは Goodevening

Gozaimasuindicatespolitenessandformality.Peoplewhoknoweachotherwell(e.g.,familymembers,goodfriends)canusejustOhayō.Youshouldneverusethe short form with your superiors (e.g., customer, teacher, supervisor).Kon’nichiwa and kon’ban’wa cover both formal and informal situations.Kon’nichiwaandkon’ban’waarenotusedamongfamilymembersbutOhayōis.

AddressingSomeoneandRespondingSatō-san 佐藤さん Mr/s.SatoSatō-sensei 佐藤先生 Prof./Dr.Satohai はい that’sright;I’mhere;here

youare

The ending -san is a title indicating deference that is usually attached to aperson’sgivennameorafamilyname,andevensomejobtitles.Neverattachittoyourownnameor thenamesofpeople inyourgroupwhenspeakingaboutyourselforyougroup.

The ending -sensei is a title that can be attached to teachers, professors,

doctors, lawyers or someone elsewho is a “master” in their field (generally averyseniorperson).Youshouldnotuse-santorefertopeopleintheseroles.

Haimeans“that’sright”,“present”(inrollcall),or“hereyouare”(handingsomethingover).

RequestingandOfferingOnegai-shimasu お願いします Icordiallyrequest…Dōzo どうぞ goahead;helpyourself

Onegai-shimasu isapoliteexpressionasking forhelpor requesting for thingsand actions. It is also equivalent to “Thank you in advance” for a requestedfavor. Dōzo is used to offer things or invite people to go ahead and helpthemselves.

ThankingandApologizingA(a) あ（あ） oh;ahDōmo どうも thankyou;I’msorryArigatō ありがとう thankyouArigatōgozaimasu ありがとうございます thankyou(polite)Arigatōgozaimashita ありがとうございまし

たthankyouforwhatyou’vedone

Ie,i’ie(formal),iya(casual)

いえ、いいえ、いや no;that’swrong

Dōitashimashite どういたしまして you’rewelcome;don’tmentionit

Dōmoexpressesgratitudeorapology.Whencombinedwitharigatō(gozaimasu)orsumimasen,itintensifiesthemeaning—“Thankyouverymuch”.

Arigatō (gozaimasu) expresses thanks ingeneral.You shouldneveruse theshortformwithyoursuperiorsbecauseitistoocasual.

Gozaimashita isusedwhen theact iscompletedwhilegozaimasu indicatesthattheactisongoing.

I’ieand itsvariations indicatenegation.Whenusedasa response to“thankyou”oranapology,repeatingittwice—i’ie,i’ie—iscommon.

Sumimasen すみません thankyou;I’msorry

Sumimasendeshita すみませんでした thankyou;I’msorryforwhatI’vedone

Sumimasen expresses apology or gratitude when you are about to trouble orhave troubled someone. It is also commonly used to get attention from oraddresssomeonewhosenameyoudonotknowsuchasstoreclerksorstrangers.Sumimasen deshita expresses apology or gratitude when you have troubledsomeone.

Gomen ごめん sorry;excuseme(casual)Gomennasai ごめんなさい sorry;excuseme(casual,

gentle)Shitsurei-shimasu 失礼します excusemeShitsurei-shimashita 失礼しました excusemeforwhatI’ve

done

Shitsurei-shimasuliterallymeans“I’mgoingtodosomethingrude”andisusedwhenenteringaroom,interruptingsomeone,orleaving.Shitsurei-shimashitaisused forwhatyou’vealreadydone.Gomen andgomennasai are both casual,and therefore should not be usedwith a superior.Gomen nasai is gentle andtypicallyusedbyfemalespeakers.

ExpressionsforEatingandDrinkingItadakimasu いただきます ritualexpressionbefore

eatingGochisō-sama ごちそうさま ritualexpressionafter

eatingGochisō-samadeshita ごちそうさまでした formalversionof

gochisō-sama

Itadakimasuliterallymeans“I’llhumblyacceptit”andisusedbeforeeatingorreceivingagift.Gochisō-sama (deshita) showsgratitude for the foodordrinkone has been offered. Even when alone, Japanese people tend to whisperitadakimasuandgochisō-samabeforeandaftereating.

LeavingandComingBacktoHomeortheOffice

Ittekimasu 行ってきます ritualexpressionwhenleavinghome

Itterasshai 行ってらっしゃい ritualresponsetoittekimasu

Tadaima ただいま ritualexpressionuponcominghome

Okaerinasai お帰りなさい ritualresponsetotadaima

Ittekimasuisusedwhenleavinghomeorsteppingouttheofficeforanerrand.Itimpliesthatyouarecomingbackwithinafewhours.

AcknowledgingHardWorkOtsukare(-sama) おつかれ（さま） thanksforyourworkOtsukare-samadesu おつかれさまです (formal)(ongoing)Otsukare-samadeshita おつかれさまでした (theworkisover)

The above are common greetings between co-workers. They are also used tothankservicepersonneloracknowledgeanyone’shardwork.

Ja(a) じゃ（あ） then;byeJaisusedtofollowuponwhathasbeensaid,toswitchtopic,etc.

Ja,mata じゃ、また seeyouSayonara,sayōnara さよなら、さようなら Goodbye

GoingtoSleepatNightOyasumi おやすみ Goodnight(casual)Oyasuminasai おやすみなさい Goodnight(formal)

SAMPLEDIALOGUESThedialoguesbelowprovidesampleexchanges for thegreetingsandcommonritual expressions introduced above. Practice expressions using the dialoguesalong with appropriate body language rather than by memorizing them inisolation.

Firstlistentotheaccompanyingaudioandpracticeeachlinealoud.Afteryou

can say the phrase naturally, add on another and practice those two linestogether.Imaginethecontext,takearole,thenswitchroles.Practicealternativesfordifferentcontexts.

A: Ohayō. おはよう。 Goodmorning.B: Ohayōgozaimasu. おはようございます。 Goodmorning.

A: Dōzo. どうぞ。 Go ahead. (Please takeit)

B: Ā,dōmo. ああ、どうも。 Oh,thanks.

A: A,sumimasen. あ、すみません！ Oh,sorry!B: Ie,ie. いえ、いえ。 No,no.

A: Shitsurei-shimasu. 失礼します。 Excuseme.B: Hai,dōzo. はい、どうぞ。 Yes,comein.

A: Dōzo. どうぞ。 Please(havesome.)B: Jā,itadakimasu. じゃあ、いただきま

す。Well,thenI’llhavesome.

Gochisō-samadeshita. ごちそうさまでした。 Thankyou(Thatwasdelicious).

A: Ja,shitsurei-shimasu. じゃ、失礼します。 Well then, I’ll go(excuseme).

B: Ā,otsukare-samadeshita.

ああ、お疲れさまでした。

Ah,thanksforthegoodwork.

A: Dōmo shitsurei-shimashita.

どうも失礼しました。 I’msorry.Itwasrudeofme.

B: Ie,ie.Dō いえいえ、どういた No,no.Pleasedon’titashimashite. しまして。 mentionit.

A: Ja,mata. じゃ、また。 Well,seeyou.B: Sayonara. さよなら。 Goodbye.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.

A: Ja,oyasumi. じゃ、おやすみ。 Well,thengoodnight.B: Ā,oyasuminasai. ああ、おやすみなさ

い。Oh,goodnight.

A: Ittekimasu. 行ってきます。 Seeyoulater.B: Itterasshai. 行ってらっしゃい。 Seeyoulater.

A: Tadaima. ただいま。 I’mhome.B: Okaerinasai. おかえりなさい。 Welcomeback.

Otsukare-samadeshita. お疲れさまでした。 Thanksforyourwork.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseFirst, say theJapaneseequivalentof theEnglishphrase, listen to theaudio forthemodelanswer,and then repeat themodel.Work in loops.After finishingafewlines,gobacktotheonesaboveandseeifyoustillrememberthem.Ifyoudo,proceedtothenextfewandrepeatthisprocedureuntilyoucanconfidentlyandnaturallysayallthephrasesinJapanese.

Goodevening.Goodmorning.(toafriend)Goodmorning.(toaboss)Thanks.(toafriend)Thankyou.(toastranger)Youarewelcome!Thankyouverymuch(forwhatyoudid).(toacustomer)I’msorry.(toastranger)I’mverysorry.(toaboss)I’mverysorry(forwhathappened).(toacustomer)Please(helpme).(Thankyouinadvance.)I’llstarteating.Thankyouforthedelicioustreat.(politely)Goodmorning.Seeyoulater.(headingout)Goodbye.I’mback.

17.18.19.20.21.22.23.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.

1.2.

Welcomeback.Goodnight!(toafriend)Goodnight.(politely)Goodwork!(Thankyouforthehardwork)Goodwork.Goodnight.(toaco-worker)Excuseme(forwhatIamabouttodo—toastranger).Excuseme(forwhatIdid—toastranger).

EXERCISE2RolePlayImaginethesituationandrole-playwithapartner,ifpossible,inJapanese.Useappropriategesturesandfacialexpressions.

Greetyourcoworkersinthemorning.Greetaneighborintheafternoon.Offeraseattoavisitor.Acceptagiftfromavisitor.Leaveyourofficetoattendameetingoutside.Say“Thankyou”toadeliveryperson.Handareporttotheassistanttomakecopies.Youarelate.Apologizetoafriend.Atarestaurant,getthewaiter’sattention.Thankacoworkerformakingcopiesforyou.Visittheofficeofasupervisor.Leavetheofficeofasupervisor.Atastore,getasalesclerk’sattentionandaskforhelp.Thankasupervisorfortreatingyoutoamealatarestaurant.Yousteppedonastranger’sfoot.Apologize.Askacoworkertopassadocumenttoyou.Saygoodbyetoacoworkerwhoisabouttogohome.Saygoodbyetocoworkersasyouleavetheofficetogohome.Saygoodnighttofriendsasyoupartafteranightout.Saygoodbyetocoworkersasyouleavetheofficeparty.

REVIEWQUESTIONSWhatisthedifferencebetweenohayōandohayōgozaimasu?What is the difference between arigatō gozaimasu and arigatō

3.4.

b)5.6.

b)7.8.

9.a)b)

gozaimashita?Whichismorepolite,arigatōordōmo?a) Whatisthedifferencebetweengomenandgomennasai?

Whotypicallyusesthelatter?Whatarethreewaystousehai?a) Whendoyouuseā?

Howaboutjā?Whatisthedifferencebetweensayonaraandittekimasu?What is the Japanese equivalent of “Thank you in advance” for the jobyou’vejustrequested?ManyJapaneseequivalentsfor“thankyou”havebeenintroducedsofar.

Howmanycanyoulist?Canyoudescribeatypicalsituationwhereeachcanbeused?

LESSON2

MeetingPeopleCherisheveryencounterasaonce-in-alifetimeopportunity.

一期一会Ichi-goichi-e

Howdoyoudo?MichaelHillhasbeentransferredbyhiscompanytotheJapanofficeinTokyo.HemeetsMs.Satoattheofficeandsheintroducesherself.

Sato: Howdoyoudo?I’mSato.Hajimemashite.Satōdesu.はじめまして。佐藤です。

Michael: You’reMs.Sato?I’mHill.Satō-sandesuka.Hirudesu.佐藤さんですか。ヒルです。

Nicetomeetyou.Dōzoyoroshikuonegai-shimasu.どうぞよろしくお願いします。

Sato: YouspeakJapanesewell!Nihongo,o-jōzudesunē.日本語、お上手ですねえ。

Michael: No,no,(I)still(have)alongwaytogo.Ie,ie,madamadadesu.いえいえ、まだまだです。

VOCABULARYHajimemashite. はじめまして。 Howdoyoudo?Satō 佐藤 Sato—acommonJapanese

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.

familynameXdesu Xです itis/I’m/you’re/theyareX,

etc.ka か question-markerHiru ヒル Hill—afamilynameyoroshiku よろしく ritualexpressionwhen

meetingsomeoneorwhenneedingafavor

Nihongo 日本語 Japanese(o)jōzu (お)上手 goodat

*O is a prefix that is added to certain nouns to indicate politeness. Thisalternativewillbeshowninparentheses()infrontofthenounfromhereon.nē ねえ Particleofempathymada まだ still,(not)yet

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYEigo 英語 Englishheta 下手 badatmeishi 名刺 businesscard

CommonJapaneseSurnamesSatōSuzukiTakahashiTanakaWatanabeItōYamamotoNakamuraKobayashiKatōYoshidaYamadaSasaki

14.15.16.17.18.19.20.

YamaguchiSaitōMatsumotoInoueKimuraHayashiShimizu

GRAMMARNOTE JapaneseSentenceTypesandPredicatesTherearethreetypesofsentences:noun,verb,andadjectivesentences.Nouns,verbs, andadjectivesoccurringat the endof a sentenceare collectivelycalledpredicatesandtheyarethecoreelementofthesentence.Otherelementssuchassubject,object,timeexpression,etc.,arealloptional.Whentheydooccur,theyoccurbefore thepredicate andyoucanorder these rather freely.However, thefollowingisthemostneutralandcommonorder.Togiveextraemphasistoanyitem,placeitinthefrontofthesentence.

Time—Subject—Object—Quantity/Degree—Predicate

Apredicatecancompriseacompletesentencebyitself.UnlikeEnglish,whereasubjectisrequired,thesubjectandotherelementsareusuallynotmentionedinJapaneseiftheyareunderstoodfromthecontext.So,inthedialogueabove,Ms.SatosimplysaysSatōdesu“Satōam”inordertointroduceherself.Shedoesnotmention“I”,whichisobviousfromthecontext.NounpredicatesareexplainedbelowandverbandadjectivepredicateswillbeintroducedinLessons2and3,respectively.

GRAMMARNOTE NounPredicate—Xdesu.“(It)isX.”A noun sentence ends with a noun plus desu (Affirmative) or ja nai desu(Negative).Xdesumeans“isX”andXjanaidesumeans“isnotX”.

Satōdesu. I’mSato.Eigojanaidesu. It’snotEnglish.

Japaneseusesatwo-waytensesystem:PastorNon-past.Non-pastcoversbothpresentand future.ThesenounpredicatesXdesuandX janaidesu areNon-Past,andtheyareintheFormalformasopposedtotheCasualform,whichwill

be introduced later. The Formal (or courteous) form is typically used whenspeakingtosuperiors,peopleyouaremeetingforthefirsttime,orstrangers.Itisasaferformthatshouldbefirstusedbylearners.

GRAMMARNOTE QuestionswithKaandNe(e)Sentenceparticlessuchaskaandne(e)occurafterapredicate.Kaisaquestionmarker.Ne,whenusedwitharisingintonation,checksifyourassumptionisinfact correct. Ne(e) with a falling intonation indicates that you assume theaddressee shares your feelings. It is culturally preferred, probablymore so inJapanthaninothercultures,tofeelthateveryoneinvolvedareinharmony,andtherefore youwill frequently hearnē either at the end of a sentence or all byitself.Comparethefollowing.

Jōzudesuka. Ishegoodatit?Jōzunē. Heisgoodatit,isn’the?Jōzudesune. Heisgoodatit,right?Jōzujanaidesune. Heisnotgoodatit,right?

Aquestioninthenegativeformisalsoused1)toshowsomeuncertainty,and2)topolitelycorrectsomeone.1) Eigodesuka. IsitEnglish?

-Nihongojanaidesuka. Isn’titJapanese?2) Hetadesune. I’mbadatit,right?

-Iya,jōzujanaidesuka. No.Youaregood,aren’tyou?

CULTURALNOTE IntroductionsItisimportanttoknowtheritualexpressionsandusethemwhenmeetingpeopleforthefirsttimeinJapan.Hajimemashite,literallymeaning“forthefirsttime”,andDōzoyoroshikuonegai-shimasu,“pleasetreatmefavorably”,arethemostcommonlyusedexpressionswhenmakingintroductions.Afterapersontellsyouhis/her name, confirm it by asking X-san desu ka “Are you Mr/Ms X?”Repetition may seem unnecessary, but it’s customary to do so duringintroductions.

Inbusiness situations,you’llneed toexchangebusinesscardsormeishi, somakesureyouhaveanamplesupplywithinformationinJapaneseontheback(orgetanativeJapanesespeaker toprovidea translationontheback).Asyou

1.2.3.4.

presentyourcard(Japanesesideup,withbothhandswithpalmsup),bowandturnitsothattheotherpersoncanreadit.Asyoureceivetheotherperson’scard,takeamomenttoread/acknowledgeit.Duringthemeeting,carefullyplacetheirbusiness cards in front of you to refer to.Don’twrite on them or leave thembehind.Ifyouhaveanyquestions—suchashowtoreadtheKanjionthecard,inquiring about the person’s first name (usually the family name precedes thefirst name), the address, division’s name and its function—it’s best to ask forclarificationatthebeginning.

Self-introductions,where a persongets up in front of a group and explainswhohe/sheis,areverycommoninJapan.Thesefollowaformula,whichstartswith hajimemashite, followed by your name (even if it has already beenmentioned) and other information like your hometown, the college you haveattended,andendswithdōzoyoroshikuonegaishimasu.

Shaking hands and other physical contact are not customary in Japan,althoughtheyarebecomingmorecommonthesedays.Remembertobowasyouintroduceyourself,andnodwhenothersbow.Whenindoubt,bow!

PATTERNPRACTICE1Pattern Practices are to train fast oral response, so the correct phrase willinstinctivelycometomindwhenhavingaconversationwithaJapanesespeaker.Usingaudioisessential.DoNOTreadthescriptasyoudodrills.Followingthefirsttwomodelexchanges,respondtoeachcue.Makesureyoudoallfoursteps:

Listentothecue.Insertyourresponse.Listentothemodelresponse.Repeatthemodel.

Cue: Hirudesu.I’mHill.

Response: Hiru-sandesuka.Hajimemashite.Mr.Hill?Howdoyoudo?

Cue: Hondadesu.I’mHonda.

Response: Honda-sandesuka.Hajimemashite.Ms.Honda?Howdoyoudo?

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

4.5.

*Repeat this drill adding your surname plus desu. Dōzo yoroshiku onegai-shimasu.ThenrepeatthedrillwiththeseJapanesesurnames:

Tanakadesu.Yamadadesu.Kimuradesu.Itōdesu.Suzukidesu.Yamamotodesu.Nakamuradesu.Watanabedesu.Sasakidesu.Kobayashidesu.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseYouaremeetingsomeoneforthefirsttime.SaythefollowinginJapanese.

I’m(yourfullname).Nicetomeetyou.AreyouMs.Sato?Howdoyoudo?Hereismycard.Nicetomeetyou.AreyouMr.Ito?Howdoyoudo?I’m(yourfullname).Nicetomeetyou.YouaregoodatEnglish,aren’tyou?MyJapaneseisbad.I’msorry.

EXERCISE2RolePlay

MeetMs.Honda,abusinessassociate,forthefirsttime.Exchangeyourbusinesscards.Confirmhername.You’ve been complimented on your Japanese speaking ability. Respondhumbly.Youhearaco-workerspeakingEnglish.ComplimenthisEnglish.Ask Ms. Sato if Mr. Suzuki, a co-worker, is good at English and if Ms.Sasaki,aboss,isgoodatEnglish.

AreyouAmerican?

MeiWong,atransferstudentfromSeattle,meetsTanakaYūki1,afellowstudentatWasedaUniversity.YukiandMeigreeteachotherfirst,andthenheasksMeiwhereshe’sfrom.

Yuki: AreyouanAmerican?Amerika-jindesuka.アメリカ人ですか。

Mei: Me?Yes,Iam.Watashidesuka.Hai,sōdesu.私ですか?はい、そうです。

Yuki: Areyouafreshman?Ichi-nen-seidesuka.一年生ですか。

Mei: No,I’mnot.I’majunior.Ie,ichi-nen-seijanaidesu.San-nen-seidesu.いえ、一年生じゃないです。三年生です。

Howaboutyou?Tanaka-sanwa?田中さんは？

Yuki: I’malsoajunior.Bokumosan-nen-seidesu.僕も三年生です。

Mei: Isee.Ā,sōdesuka.ああ、そうですか。

VOCABULARYAmerika-jin アメリカ人 Americanwatashi 私 I,mesō そう so(asin,“Isthatso?”)ichi-nen-sei 一年生 first-yearstudent;

freshmansan-nen-sei 三年生 third-yearstudent;junior

Xjanaidesu Xじゃないです isnotXTanaka-san 田中さん Mr/s.TanakaXwa? Xは？ HowaboutX?boku ぼく I;me(malespeaker)mo も too;eithersō そう sosōdesuka そうですか Isthatso?;Iseeni-nen-sei 二年生 second-yearstudent;

sophomoreyo-nen-sei 四年生 fourth-yearstudent;seniornan-nen-sei 何年生 whatyearstudentgakusei 学生 student

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYCOUNTRIES NATIONALITIES(-JIN) LANGUAGES(-GO)

ForeigncountryGaikoku ForeignerGaikoku-jin/Gaijin

ForeignlanguageGaikoku-go

AustraliaŌsutoraria AustralianŌsutoraria-jin EnglishEigoCambodiaKanbojia CambodiaKanbojia-jin CambodianKanbojia-goCanadaKanada CanadianKanada-jin EnglishEigoChinaChūgoku ChineseChūgoku-jin MandarinChinese

Chūgoku-goFranceFuransu FrenchFuransu-jin FrenchFuransu-goGermanyDoitsu GermanDoitsu-jin GermanDoitsu-goGreatBritainIgirisu BritishIgirisu-jin EnglishEigoIndiaIndo IndianIndo-jin HindiHindu-goIndonesiaIndoneshia IndonesianIndoneshia-jin IndonesianIndoneshia-

goIrelandAirurando IrishAirurando-jin EnglishEigoItalyItaria ItalianItaria-jin ItalianItaria-goJapanNihon JapaneseNihon-jin JapaneseNihon-goKoreaKankoku KoreanKankoku-jin KoreanKankoku-go

MalaysiaMarēshia MalaysianMarēshia-jin MalayMarē-goMyanmarMyanmā BurmeseBiruma-jin BurmeseBiruma-goNewZealandNyūjīrando NewZealander

Nyūjīrando-jinEnglishEigo

PhilippinesFiripin FilipinoFiripin-jin TagalogTagarogu-goRussiaRoshia RussianRoshia-jin RussianRoshia-goScotlandSukottorando ScottishSukottorando-jin EnglishEigoSingaporeShingapōru SingaporeanShingapōru-

jinEnglishEigo

SpainSupein SpanishSupein-jin SpanishSupein-goTaiwanTaiwan TaiwaneseTaiwan-jin MandarinChinese

Chūgoku-goThailandTai ThaiTai-jin ThaiTai-goUSAAmerika AmericanAmerika-jin EnglishEigoVietnamBetonamu VietnameseBetonamu-jin VietnameseBetonamu-

goWhatcountryDokonokuni

WhatnationalityNani-jin WhatlanguageNani-go

GRAMMARNOTE AddressingaPersonInJapanesenameorder,one’ssurnameisfollowedbyhis/hergivenname.So,ifaperson introduceshimself asKimuraYūki,Kimura ishis surname, althoughmanypeopleswitchtheorderwhenspeakingEnglish.

Refertoyourselfwiththemostcommonwatashi“I”.Boku isonlyusedbymalespeakers,andislessformalthanwatashi.

InJapanese,usetheperson’snametorefertooraddressthepersonyouaretalking to, as seen in the dialogue (Tanaka-san wa? “How about you, Mr.Tanaka?”). The Japanese pronoun anata “you” is limited to anonymousaddressees,andisinappropriateifyouknowtheperson’snameortitle.

To decide how to address a person, you need to consider your relationshipwith the person and the circumstances. Surname + san is most common, butsensei “teacher” andother titles are required to address and refer to people insuch positions. Using -san instead of the title can be rude, as is using thesurnamealone.Thegivenname,withorwithout-san, ismore informaland is

usedamongfriendsortorefertothoseinsubordinatepositions.Beconservativeandstartwith“surname-san”ora titlesuchassensei.Ifa

personexpressesapreferenceforhowhe/shewishestobecalled,abidebythat.Another thing tonote is tonotoverusepersonalreferences,which isoneof

the most common errors made by foreigners who are used to using these insentences. Recall that the subject is not mentioned in Japanese when clearlyunderstoodfromthecontext,thusyouwouldsayAmerika-jindesuor literally,“American person am” instead of Watashi wa Amerika-jin desu “I am anAmerican” if it’s obvious that you are talking about yourself. Remember thatJapanese has its ownway of saying things and directly translatingwords andstructuresfromaforeignlanguagerarelyworks.

GRAMMARNOTE AffirmationandNegationHaimeans“whatyousaidisright”andi’iemeans“whatyousaidisincorrect”regardlessofwhetherthesentenceisaffirmativeornegative.Eeandiyaarelessformal versions of hai and i’ie. Note how they work in 2) below, where thequestionisinthenegativeform.1) Gakuseidesuka. Areyouastudent?

-Hai,sōdesu. Yes,Iam.-I’ie,gakuseijanaidesu. No,I’mnot.

2) Gakuseijanaidesune? Youarenotastudent,right?-Hai,gakuseijanaidesu. That’sright.I’mnotastudent.-I’ie,gakuseidesu. No,Iam.

GRAMMARNOTE EchoQuestionsWhileit’scommonforthingsthatareclearfromthecontexttobeleftunsaidinJapanese conversations, sometimes the context may not be understood byeveryoneinvolved.Insuchcases,peopleuseechoquestions(echoingbackallorpart ofwhat has just been said) for clarification. InDialogue 2,Mei uses theechoquestion“Doyoumeanme?”tocheckifYukiisreferringtoher.

While echo questions are not unique to Japanese, they occur a lot morefrequentlyinJapaneseconversations.Thisisbecauseechoquestionsarenotonlyusedforclarification,butalsotoslowdownthepaceofconversationorsoftenthe tone. When an echo question is used for this purpose, an answer is notnecessarilyexpected.

GRAMMARNOTE ThePhraseParticleWaAsmentionedinJapaneseSentenceTypesandPredicatesonpage22,thesubjectandotherelementsof the sentence, allofwhichareoptional, comebefore thepredicate. So, all of the following sentences can be used tomean “I’mbad atEnglish”. The difference is what is already understood from the context andthereforeleftunsaid.

Hetadesu. (I’m)badat(it)Eigo,hetadesu. (I’m)badatEnglish.Watashi,hetadesu. I’mbadat(it).Watashi,Eigo,hetadesu.

I’mbadatEnglish.

Particlewafollowsnounsandimpliesacontrastbetweenthatnounandothersinthe same category. Thus, it may carry the meaning of “at least”.Wa can beattached to the subject noun or other elements (the object noun, timeexpressions,etc.)

Watashiwahetadesu. (Asforme)I’mbadat(it.)(Someoneelsemaybegood.)

Eigowahetadesu. (I’m)bad(atleastin)English.(Imaybegoodatotherthings.)

Whenparticlewaattachestoanounwithaquestionintonation,itmeans“howaboutX?”So,Tanaka-sanwa?means“howaboutMr.Tanaka?”inthedialogue.Refrainfromusing“yes”or“no”toanswer,sinceit’snotayes-noquestion.

A sentence such asTanaka-sanwaNihon-jin desu is usually translated as“TanakaisJapanese”.However,unliketheEnglishtranslation,whereXequalsY(Y is the identity of X—in this case that Tanaka-san is Japanese), theinterpretation of the Japanese sentence is more open and flexible. ConsiderHonda-sanwaAmerikadesu.Thissentencedoesnotmean“Ms.HondaistheU.S.”, but rather thatwhat is under discussion forMs.Honda is theU.S. So,there are numerous possible interpretations depending on the context. Forexample,sheisinAmerica;sheisinchargeofthebusinessoperationswiththeU.S.;hertripistotheU.S.;herfavoritecountryistheU.S.,etc.So,beawareofthecontextandbeimaginative.Now,whatcanSato-sanwaEigodesupossiblymean?

GRAMMARNOTE ThePhraseParticleMoTheparticlemoindicatessimilaritiesandperformstheoppositefunctionofthatperformed by the particlewa. The particlemomeans “too” or “also”with anaffirmativepredicate(nouns,verbsandadjectives)and“either”whenusedwithanegativepredicate. Itcanbeattached toa subject,orotherelements like theobject,timeexpressionsorlocationsthatwillbeintroducedinLesson3.

Satō-sanmohetadesu. Ms.Satoisbadat(it),too.(Someoneelseisbad.)

Eigomojozujanaidesu.

(I’m)notgoodatEnglish,either.(ThereareotherthingsI’mbadat.)

CULTURALNOTE ForeignWordsinJapaneseJapanesehasborrowedwordsandphrasesfromotherlanguages.ThemajorityofJapaneseloanwordsthesedayscomefromEnglish.Whenwordsareborrowed,they go through some changes. First, their pronunciations change to fit theJapanese sound system, i.e.,Mr.Hill becomesHiru-san.Make sure you learnhowyournameispronouncedinJapanese.Second,thesewordsusuallybecomenouns in Japanese, regardless of what they were in their original language.Third, theirmeaning in Japanesemay be different. Fourth, they arewritten inKatakana with a few exceptions using the English alphabet, i.e., “Wi-Fi” inJapaneseisstill“Wi-Fi”.

If the originalwords or phrases are long, they get abbreviated and becomeverydifferentwordsfromtheoriginal(sumahofor“smartphone”).It’scommontoabbreviate two-wordphrasesbytakingthefirst twosyllablesfromeachandcombine them to make four syllable words (pasokon for “personalcomputer”—nisasyllableonitsown).

CULTURALNOTE Aizuchi:HowtobeaGoodListenerWhen you participate in a Japanese conversation you are expected to givefrequent feedback and show that you are engaged and paying attention.Feedback includes nodding, making appropriate facial expressions, and usingshort expressions such asHai,Ā, sōdesuka, and others.All these are calledAizuchi.

You will hear Japanese speakers using hai and see them nodding equallyfrequently.Noddingmeans “I’m listening”, but it doesn’t necessarilymean “I

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

agree.”So,don’tjuststareandlistenwithapokerface.Nod,smile,andsay,“Ā,sōdesuka.”

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Ichi-nen-seidesune.

Youareafreshman,right?Response: Hai,sōdesu.Ichi-nen-seidesu.

Yes,that’sright.I’mafreshman.Cue: Amerika-jindesune.

YouareanAmerican,right?Response: Hai,sōdesu.Amerika-jindesu.

Yes,that’sright.I’manAmerican.

Repeatthedrillsusingthefollowinginformation:Gakuseidesune.Chūgoku-jindesune.Furansu-godesune.Yo-nen-seidesune.Kankokudesune.

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Amerika-jindesuka.

IsheanAmerican?Response: Iya,Amerika-jinjanaidesu.Nihon-jindesu.

No,HeisnotanAmerican.HeisJapanese.Cue: Furansudesuka.

IsitFrance?Response: Iya,Furansujanaidesu.Nihondesu.

No,it’snotFrance.It’sJapan.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Gaikoku-jindesuka.Igirisudesuka.Supein-godesuka.

4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.

2.3.4.5.

Betonamu-jindesuka.Eigodesuka.

EXERCISE3SayitinJapaneseYukihasaskedyouifthatpersonisanAmerican.Answerasfollows:

Yes,sheis.HowaboutMs.Wang?No,sheisnot.SheisaChinese.Isn’tsheaKorean?Yes,sheisanAmerican.Sheisafreshman.DoyoumeanMs.Wang?SheisanAmerican(whileothersmaynotbe).

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Atapartyfornewstudents,approachapersoncalledMs.Satoandintroduceyourself.Findouthernationality.Findoutifsheisastudent.Mentionthatyouareajuniorandthenfindoutifsheis,too.CommentonMs.Sato’sexcellentEnglishskills,andthenaskifsheisgoodatFrench,too.

IntroducingyourselfMichaelattendsabusinessconference.Hechecksinattheregistrationdesk.Staff: Excuseme.Yourname(please)?

Sumimasen.Onamaewa?すみません。お名前は？

Michael: I’mMichaelHill.MaikeruHirudesu.マイケル・ヒルです。

Staff: I’msorry.(Ididn’tcatchit.)Hai?はい？

Michael: I’mMichaelHillfromGoogle.Anō…GūgurunoMaikeruHirudesu.あのう、グーグルのマイケル・ヒルです。

ThestaffhandsoutsomethingtoMichael.Michael: Umm…whatisthis?

Anō…korenandesuka.あのう、これ何ですか。

Staff: Doyoumeanthat(whatyouareholding)?Soredesuka.それですか。

It’stoday’sschedule(program).Kyōnosukejūrudesu.今日のスケジュールです。

Atthereceptionoftheinternationalclub,Meihasbeenaskedtogotothestageandintroduceherself.

Staff: Pleaseintroduceyourself.Jiko-shōkai,onegai-shimasu.自己紹介、お願いします。

Mei: Hello.I’mMeiWang.Hajimemashite.MeiWandesu.はじめまして。メイ・ワンです。

I’manexchangestudentatWasedaUniversity.Waseda-Daigakunoryūgakuseidesu.早稲田大学の留学生です。

I’mfromSeattle,USA.ShusshinwaAmerikanoShiatorudesu.出身はアメリカのシアトルです。

Thankyou(nicemeetingyou).Dōzoyoroshikuonegai-shimasu.どうぞよろしくお願いします。

VOCABULARY

(o)namae お名前 nameMaikeruHiru マイケル・ヒル MichaelHillHai? はい? Excuseme?;Imissedwhatyou’vejust

saidAnō あのう Umm(hesitationnoise)Gūguru グーグル Googlekore これ thisnan 何 whatsore それ that(anobjectorplacenearyou)kyō 今日 todayno の of(SeeNote“ConnectingTwoNouns

withno”)sukejūru スケジュール schedule;programofeventsjikoshōkai 自己紹介 self-introductionMeiWan メイ・ワン MeiWangWaseda 早稲田 Waseda(University)daigaku 大学 universityryūgakusei 留学生 foreignstudentshusshin 出身 hometown;whereyouarefromShiatoru シアトル Seattle

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYEtto えっと Letmesee…(hesitationnoise)kaisha 会社 company(o)shigoto 仕事 workare あれ that(objectorplacethatisfurther

away)dore どれ whichoneashita 明日 tomorrowkinō 昨日 yesterdaydoko どこ where

GRAMMARNOTE ConnectingTwoNounswithnoParticleno connects two nouns tomake a noun phrase. Xno Y is similar tosaying X’s Y, e.g., tomodachi no kaisha, “my friend’s company”. Multiplenounscanbeconnected,butthelastnounisalwaysthemainnoun.Considerthefollowing:

tomodachinokaisha myfriend’scompanykaishanotomodachi afriendfromworkAmerikanotomodachinokaisha

myAmericanfriend’scompany

Amerikanokaishanotomodachi

afriendfromanAmericancompany

The relationship between the main noun and the modifying noun(s) variesgreatlydependingontheirmeaning.Thefollowingaresomeexamples.

Location Nihonnodaigaku collegesinJapanAffiliation GūgurunoHiru Mr.HillfromGooglePossession watashinokaisha mycompanyTime kyōnosukejūru today’sscheduleSubgroup AmerikanoShiatoru Seattle,US,

daigakunoichi-nen-sei collegefreshmanStatus Ichi-nen-seinoWan-

sanMs.Wang,afreshman

Whenthemainnouninthesephrasesisalreadyknownfromthecontext,itcanbe dropped. For example, if you are asking if this isMs. Sato’s cellphone orkētaidenwa,youdon’thavetosay“cellphone”.Justshowittoherandsay:

Kore,Satō-sannodesuka. Isthisyours?-Hai,watashinodesu. -Yes,it’smine.-I’ie,watashinojanaidesu. -No,it’snotmine.

GRAMMARNOTE ReferringtoThingsinJapaneseWhenreferringtothingsinEnglish,atwo-waydistinctionbetweenthis(closetothespeaker)andthat(awayfromthespeaker)ismade.InJapanese,athree-way

distinctionismade:kore thisthing(closetome)orthisthingIjustmentionedsore thatthing(closetoyou)orthatthingwhichwasjust

mentionedare thatthing(awayfrombothofus)orthatthingweboth

knowaboutdore whichone

Therearemoresetsbasedonthesamedistinction.InDialogue4onpage38,thesecondsetkono,sono,ano,anddonoisintroduced.Thedifferencebetweenthetwosetsisthatthefirstisasetofnounsandthesecondisasetofmodifiersthatrequirea followingnounandcannotbeusedalone.Forexample,youcan saykore on its ownbut notkono.Konomust be followed by a noun likekaisha“thiscompany”.NotethatwhentranslatedintoEnglish,bothkoreandkonoaretranslatedas“this”.

kore thiskonokaisha thiscompanykonoNihonnokaisha thisJapanesecompany

Othersetsincludethefollowingandwillappearinlaterlessons.Sōinsōdesucomesfromthislastgroup.

koko,soko,asoko,doko “here,there,overthere,where”kochira,sochira,achira,dochira

“thisdirection”etc.

konnaX,sonnaX,annaX,donnaX

“thiskindofX”etc.

kō,sō,ā,dō “thismanner”etc.

GRAMMARNOTE HesitationNoisesIn general, Japanese conversations tend to favor less direct and lessconfrontationalexchanges.For this reason,hesitationnoisesareverycommon.Without them, a conversationmay sound toomechanical andabrupt. “Beatingaroundthebush”maynotbesuchabadthingwhenspeakingJapanese.Onewaytodoitistousehesitationnoises.Alotofthem!

AnōandettoaretwoofthemostcommonhesitationnoisesinJapanese.Anō

1.2.3.4.5.

isthealmightyhesitationnoisewhileettoindicatesthatyouaresearchingfortherightanswer.So,whenaskedwhatyournameis, forexample,anō is fine,butnotetto.Anōisalsousedtogetattentionfromaperson,butnotetto.

Besideshesitationnoises,youwillalsohearJapanesespeakerselongatingthelastvowelofeachword,orinsertingdesunebetweenchunksofwordstoslowdownspeech.

ImaaanooHonda-sanwaaAmerikadesu.HondaisintheU.S.now.Anohitowadesune,daigakunodesune,tomodachidesu.Sheisafriendfromcollege.

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: DaigakuwaNihondesuka.

IsyouruniversityinJapan?Response: Hai,Nihonnodaigakudesu.

Yes,it’saJapaneseuniversity.Cue: KaishawaAmerikadesuka.

IsyourcompanyinAmerica?Response: Hai,Amerikanokaishadesu.

Yes,it’sanAmericancompany.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.ShigotowaBetonamudesuka.MeishiwaEigodesuka.Hiru-sanwaGūgurudesuka.Wan-sanwaWasedadesuka.Jiko-shōkaiwaNihon-godesuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Kore,kyōnosukejūrudesuka.

Isthistoday’sschedule?Response: Soredesuka.Hai,kyōnodesu.

Doyoumeanthat?Yes,itistoday’s.Cue: Kore,Chūgokunokaishadesuka.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.

1)2)3)4)5)

2.6)7)8)

9)10)

1.2.

IsthisaChinesecompany?Response: Soredesuka.Hai,Chūgokunodesu.

Doyoumeanthat?Yes,it’saChineseone.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation:Kore,Satō-sannomeishidesuka.Kore,ashitanoshigotodesuka.Kore,gaikoku-jinnoNihon-godesuka.Kore,IgirisunoEigodesuka.Kore,Kankoku-jinnonamaedesuka.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapanese

Ask a newmember of the international club the following questions. Usehesitationnoises.

Whatisyourname?Whereareyoufrom?Whatisyourjob?Whereisyourcompany?Areyouastudent?Whatgradeareyou?

You’vebeenaskedtoidentifysomething/someone.Answerasfollows.Doyoumeanthis?It’sMr.Ito’sbusinesscard.Doyoumeanthat?It’sanAmericancompany.Which one do you mean? Do you mean that near you? It’s today’sschedule.ThisisthenameofMs.Suzuki’scompany.Doyoumeanme? I’m an exchange student atWasedaUniversity. I’mfromChina.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Atawelcomepartyofyouroffice,you’vebeenaskedtointroduceyourself.At an event, ask apersonat your table forhis/hername, aswell aswherehe/she is from, which university he/she went to, and what his/her job is.Remembertousehesitationnoisesandhaiifyoudidn’tgetwhathe/shesaid.

3.4.

Ms.Satoiscarryingabigbag.Askwhatisinit.You’vebeenaskedifthisisyourphone.It’snot.YouthinkitmightbeMs.Sato’s.

WhoisthatPerson?Atthereceptionforthenewinternationalstudents,Meispottedsomeone.Mei: Whoisthatperson?

Anohito,daredesuka.あの人、だれですか。

Yuki: Doyoumeanthatwoman?Anoonnanohitodesuka.あの女の人ですか?

Isn’tsheProfessorKimura?Kimura-senseijanaidesuka.木村先生じゃないですか。

Meiwenttofindoutandthencameback.Yuki: Wasshetheprofessor(Kimura)?

Senseideshitaka.先生でしたか。

Mei: No,shewasn’ttheprofessor.Ie,senseijanakattadesu.いえ、先生じゃなかったです。

Michaelistalkingtosomeonehehasmetatthebusinessconference.Michael: Whatdoyoudo(foraliving)?

Oshigotowa?お仕事は？

Woman: IwaswithNTTbefore,butnowI’mwithApple.MaewaNTTdeshitakedo,imawaAppurudesu.前はNTTでしたけど、今はアップルです。

VOCABULARYanoX あのX thatXovertherehito 人 persondare だれ whoonna 女 female;womanKimura 木村 Kimurasensei 先生 teacher;professor;doctorXdeshita Xでした wasXXjanakattadesu X じゃなかったです wasnotXmae 前 before;frontNTT NTT atelecommunication

companykedo けど butima 今 nowAppuru アップル Apple

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYkonoX このX thisXsonoX そのX thatXnearyoudonoX どのX whichXdonata どなた who(polite)otoko 男 man;malesenpai 先輩 seniormember;upper

classmankōhai 後輩 juniormember;lower

classmanjōshi 上司 boss;personinahigher

positiondōryō 同僚 co-worker;colleague(o)tomodachi 友だち friend(o)shiriai 知り合い acquaintancekodomo 子供 child

ko 子 child

GRAMMARNOTE PastFormofNounPredicatesAs seen above,Xdesu andX janai desu are theNon-past form of the nounpredicate.TheirPastversionsareXdeshitaandXjanakattadesu.TheyareallFormal formsandareshownbelow.Makesureyoudonotusedeshita inPastNegativeform.

NounPredicatesAFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

Non-past Xdesu.It’sX. Xjanaidesu.It’snotX.Past Xdeshita.ItwasX. Xjanakattadesu.It

wasn’tX.

ThePastformsarealsousedtoexpressrecollectionofinformation,evenwhenthisinformationisaboutaneventscheduledinthefuture.

Anoshigotowaashitadeshitane.

Thatworkwas(isdue)tomorrow,right?

-Iya,kyōjanakattadesuka. No,wasn’tittoday?

GRAMMARNOTE TheConjunctionKedo“But”Kedo “but” connects two sentences tomake one. The two sentences typicallycontaincontrastingideas.Insomeinstances,thefirstsentencesimplyservesasanintroductionandpreparesthelistenerforthesecondsentence.

KorewaNihon-godesukedo,arewaEigodesu.ThisisinJapanese,butthatisinEnglish.Sumimasenkedo,kore,onegai-shimasu.I’msorrybutpleasegivethistome.Anohitodesukedo,nani-jindesuka.It’saboutthatperson;whatishisnationality?

In some cases, the second sentence is left unexpressed. Either the secondsentenceisclearfromthecontextorthespeakerhesitatestomentionitforsomereason.

MaewaNTTdeshitakedo…IworkedforNTTbefore,but…

1.2.3.4.5.

There are several variations of kedo such as keredo, kedomo, and keredomo,whicharemoreformalthankedo.Analternativeisga,whichismoreformalandiscommoninwritingandformalspeech.

CULTURALNOTE Senpai-Kōhai“Senior-Junior”RelationshipThesenpai-kōhai relationship isastrongmentoringrelationship inmanyareasintheJapanesesocietyincludinginschool,inteamsports,andatwork.Usuallytherelationshipisdeterminedbywhobecameamemberofthegroupfirstratherthanbytheindividual’smeritsandabilities.Ifthepersonyou’reconversingwithdoesnothaveanygroupaffiliation,useage todetermineyourrelativerankingandaddressthepersonappropriately.

Oncesomeoneisyoursenpai,youareexpectedtotreatthepersonassuchfora lifetime. A senpai is also expected to take care of kōhai members for alifetime.This relationshipcanbeoneof themost reliableconnections inone’ssocialnetworklongafteroneleavesthegroup,companyorschool.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Satō-sanwagakuseidesuka.

IsMs.Satoastudent?Response:Maewagakuseideshitakedo,imawagakuseijanaidesu.

Shewasastudentbefore,butsheisnotastudentnow.Cue: Satō-sanwaAppurudesuka.

IsMs.SatowithApple?Response:MaewaAppurudeshitakedo,imawaAppurujanaidesu.

ShewaswithApplebefore,butsheisnotwithApplenow.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Satō-sanwatomodachidesuka.Dōryōwagaikoku-jindesuka.Jōshiwaotokonohitodesuka.Anoryūgakuseiwajōzudesuka.SenpaiwaNihon-gonosenseidesuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Satō-sanwaIgirisu WasSatoinEngland?

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

4.1)2)3)4)

deshitaka.Response: Ie,Igirisujanakattadesu. No,shewasn’t.Cue: JōshiwaNihon-jin

deshitaka.WasyourbossJapanese?

Response: Ie, Nihon-jin ja nakattadesu.

No,shewasn’t.

Repeatthedrillsusingthefollowing:Kinōwashigotodeshitaka.KaishawaNTTdeshitaka.Eigowajōzudeshitaka.ArewaKankokunokaishadeshitaka.Maewatomodachideshitaka.

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedwhatsomethingwas.AnswerinJapanese.

ThatwasaJapanesecompany.TheywerecomputersfromAmericancompanies.Thatwasyesterday’sschedule.Wasn’tthatMr.Honda’ssmartphone?Wasn’titajobinaChinesecomputercompany?

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Someoneisknockingonyourdoor.Askwhoitis.You’vebeentoldthatsomeonewasabsentyesterday.Askwhoitwas.YoucaughtsightofProf.Kimuraataparty.Confirmwithaco-workerifthatpersonisnotProf.Kimura.Youarediscussingsomeone’slanguageability.Mentionthat:

itwasgoodbefore,butitisbadnow;itwasbadbeforebutgoodnow;itwasnotgoodbefore.Itisstillnotgood;itwasnotbadbefore,butitisnow.

REVIEWQUESTIONS

1.b)

2.b)

3.b)c)

4.b)

5.

6.1)2)

7.8.

1)2)3)

9.b)

10.11.

1)2)

12.13.

1)2)

14.

Answerthefollowingquestions.ReviewyouranswersintheGrammarNotes.a) WhatdoesXdesumean?

HowaboutXdeshita?a) WhatistheNon-PastNegativeformoftheNounpredicate?

HowaboutthePastNegative?a) GivetwoexamplesofJapanesehesitationnoises.

Whatisthedifferencebetweenthem?Howaretheyused?

a) WhichisthemainnouninthenounphraseXnoY,XorY?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwonouns?

WhatfourchangesmayhappenwhenawordisborrowedintoJapanesefromanotherlanguage?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?

Satō-sandesuka.Satō-sandesune?

Whatisthedifferencebetweensoreandsono?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?

Satō-san,gakuseidesu.Satō-sanwagakuseidesu.Satō-sanmogakuseidesu.

a) Whatisanechoquestion?Howdoyouuseit?

HowisHai?used?Whatpossiblequestionshavebeenaskedtoelicitthefollowinganswers?

Hai,Nihon-jinjanaidesu.I’ie,Nihon-jindesu.

Howdoyoumakethepoliteversionsofnamaeandshigoto?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing:

Nihon-jinjanakattadesu.Nihon-jinjanakattadesuka.

What should beginner Japanese students be aware of regarding usingpersonalreferences?

Note1SeeGrammarNote:AddressingaPerson

LESSON3

ScheduleandDailyActivitiesStrikewhiletheironishot.(Hurrywhendoinggood.)

善は急げZenwaisoge

TakingaBusTourMei and Yuki are checking the schedule of the bus tours that they reserved.They’replanningtotravelaroundTokyoovertheweekend.

Mei: Whatdayisittoday?Kyōwanan-yōbidesuka.きょうは何曜日ですか。

Yuki: Isn’titTuesday?Ka-yōbijanaidesuka.火曜日じゃないですか。

Mei: Whenarethereservationsfor?Yoyakuwaitsudesuka.予約はいつですか。

Yuki: Theyare(for)9:30onSaturdayandSunday.Do-yōbitoNichi-yōbinoku-ji-handesuyo.土曜日と日曜日の九時半ですよ。

Onthedayofthetour,MeiandYukihavearrivedatthepick-uppointforthebustourstoTokyo…

Mei: Whattimeisitnow?Imanan-jidesuka.今何時ですか。

Yuki: Let’ssee…it’s9:20.Etto…ku-jini-jup-pundesu.えっと、九時二十分です。

Mei: Itwillsoonbetime,won’tit?Mōsugujikandesune.もうすぐ時間ですね。

VOCABULARYnan-yōbi 何曜日 whatdayoftheweekKa-yōbi 火曜日 Tuesdayyoyaku 予約 reservationitsu いつ whenDo-yōbi 土曜日 SaturdayXtoY XとY XandYNichi-yōbi 日曜日 Sundayku-ji 九時 9o’clockhan 半 halfyo よ Itellyou;youknow

(Sentenceparticle)nan-ji 何時 whattimenan-pun 何分 howmanyminutesjup-pun 十分 tenminutesmōsugu もうすぐ soonjikan 時間 time;hours

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYmainichi 毎日 everydayyasumi 休み break;dayoff;holiday;

absencekaigi 会議 meeting;conferenceapo アポ appointmentuchiawase 打ち合わせ (preliminary/organizational)

meetingjugyō 授業 classshiken 試験 examshukudai 宿題 homeworkshimekiri 締め切り deadlineXyaY XやY X,Y,andothersXtokaY XとかY (casual)X,Y,andothersXkaY XかY XorY

GRAMMARNOTE DaysoftheWeekYōbi indicatesdaysof theweek.Thereare threevariationsforeachdayof theweek.ThevariationsforMonday,forexample,areGetsu,Getsu-yō,andGetsu-yōbi.Thelonger,themoreformal.Abbreviationslikethefollowingarealsoverycommon.

Getsu-sui-kin

Monday-Wednesday-Friday

Kā-moku Tuesday-ThursdayDo-nichi Saturday-Sunday

Notethatthequestionwordnan-yōbi“whatdayoftheweek”CANNOTbeusedtoask“whatdayofthemonth”,whichwillbeintroducedlaterinLesson8(Page160).

DaysoftheWeekNichi-yōbi 日曜日 SundayGetsu-yōbi 月曜日 MondayKa-yōbi 火曜日 TuesdaySui-yōbi 水曜日 WednesdayMoku-yōbi 木曜日 ThursdayKin-yōbi 金曜日 FridayDo-yōbi 土曜日 SaturdayNan-yōbi 何曜日 whatdayoftheweek

GRAMMARNOTE JapaneseNumbersandTellingTime

1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829

Japanesenumbersupto100areshownbelow.Notethatnumbersfour,sevenandnine (underlined) have alternating forms: yon, yo and shi for four, nana andshichiforsevenandkyūandkufornine.Theformdependsonwhatiscounted,suchas4o’clockoryo-ji and fourminutesoryon-pun. Japanesenumbers areusually followedbyaclassifier,which indicateswhat iscountedornumbered.Useof“bare”numbers(countingthenumberofpush-ups,etc.)isratherlimited.

NumbersThrough100ichinisanshi/yo/yongorokushichi/nanahachikyū/kujūjū-ichijū-nijū-sanjū-shi/yonjū-gojū-rokujū-shichi/nanajū-hachijū-kyū/kuni-jūni-jū-ichini-jū-nini-jū-sanni-jū-shi/yonni-jū-goni-jū-rokuni-jū-shichi/nanani-jū-hachini-jū-kyū/ku

30405060708090100

san-jūyon-jūgo-jūroku-jūnana-jūhachi-jūkyū-jūhyaku

Recalltheclassifier-nen-seiforgradeinschool.Similarly,-jiistheclassifierforhoursand-fun/-punfornamingandcountingminutes.Notethat-funbecomes-punafterthenumbersone,three,six,tenandthequestionword.

Intellingtime,thehourprecedesminutes.So,9:10isku-jijup-pun.Youcanalsoattachhan“halfanhour”,e.g.,ku-ji-hanfor9:30.Notewhichalternatingforms are used for the numbers four, seven, and ninewhen -ji or -fun/pun isattached.

4:04 yo-jiyon-pun7:07 shichi-jinana-fun9:09 ku-jikyū-fun

Toaskwhat timeit is, ima“now”iscommonlyusedinJapanese,asshowninthedialogue.

ClockTimeHours Minutes

1 ichi-ji ip-pun2 ni-ji ni-fun3 san-ji san-pun4 yo-ji yon-pun5 go-ji go-fun6 roku-ji rop-pun7 shichi-ji nana-fun8 hachi-ji hachi-fun9 ku-ji kyū-fun10 jū-ji jup-pun11 jū-ichi-ji

12 jū-ni-jimidnight rei-ji

GRAMMARNOTE ConnectingMultipleNounsXtoYmeans“XandY”.While“and”inEnglishcanconnectvariouselementsincludingadjectives,verbs,orsentences,theJapaneseparticletoonlycombinesnounsornounphrases.

XyaYanditscasualversionXtokaYmean“X,Y,andothers”,e.g.,Getsu-yōbi tokaSui-yōbi“Monday,Wednesdayandothers”.Theseexpressionsallowyou to list a few samples from a group instead of exhaustively listing allpossibilities in the group, e.g., Eigo ya Furansu-go ya Supein-go “English,French,Spanish,etc”.Theseexpressionsarealsousedtosoftenthestatement.XkaYmeans“XorY”.

Thereisnolimittothenumberofnounsconnectedbytheseparticles,butit’srareforanadultspeakertolistmorethanthreeorfour.Theparticlesmustoccurbetweenallthenounslisted.

GRAMMARNOTE UsingYotoShareNewInformationUnlike the particle ne(e), which indicates shared information, the particle yoindicatesthatthespeakerthinkstheinformationpresentedisnewtothelistener.So, it is oftenused to correct or assure someone. In thedialogue above,YūkipresentsthereservationtimesasnewinformationtoMei.

Sinceyoassumesthelistenerisnotawareoftheinformationpresented,takeextracaretonotewhenandwithwhomyoucansafelyuseit.

CULTURALNOTE TheJapaneseSenseofTimeMany foreigners find that the Japanese sense of time is very meticulous andresolute.MostJapanesealwaysliketoknowexactlyhowthingswillproceed.Aslittleaspossibleislefttochanceinordertoavoidanyunexpectedturnofevents.Travelitinerariesandeventschedulesaremuchmoredetailedforthisreason.It’salsonotasurprisethatpocketplannersarestillverypopularinJapandespitetheabundanceofdigitaldevices.

When meeting someone, most Japanese arrive five minutes before thescheduledtime.ThereisnosuchnotioninJapanas“beingfashionablylate”.Ifyou arrive at ameeting just on time, youmay find you are the last person to

1.2.3.4.5.

arrive. Yes, “on time” is late in Japan. Be sure to adjust your scheduleaccordingly,sincebeinglateinJapanforbusiness-relatedmeetingsisasure-firewaytoloseyourcredibility.Onceadeadlineisset,failingtomakeitisoutofthequestion. If you are likely to be late, inform all involved as soon as possible.Shortnoticeisnotwelcome,butdefinitelybetterthanlast-minutesurprisesornonoticeatall.

It is sometimes difficult to determine a finish time, due to the consensus-baseddecisionmakingprocessinJapan.Besuretofactorthisinandaddmoretime(perhapsamonthorafewweeks) tomakesure theproject isfinishedonschedule.

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: KyōwaGetsu-yōbidesune?

TodayisMonday,right?Response: Iya,Ka-yōbijanaidesuka.

No,isn’titTuesday?Cue: KyōwaMoku-yōbidesune?

TodayisThursday,right?Response: Iya,Kin-yōbijanaidesuka.

No,isn’titFriday?

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:KyōwaNichi-yōbidesune.KyōwaDo-yōbidesune.KyōwaKa-yōbidesune.KyōwaKin-yōbidesune.KyōwaSui-yōbidesune.

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Yoyakuwa,go-jidesune?

Thereservationisatfive,right?Response: Yoyakudesuka.Iyaroku-jidesuyo.

Reservation?No,it’satsix.Cue: Kaigiwayo-jijup-pundesune?

Themeetingisat4:10,right?

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.

2.

3.4.

5.

Response: Kaigidesuka.Iyago-jijup-pundesuyo.Meeting?No,it’sat5:10.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Apowaichi-jidesune.Jugyōwajū-ichi-jidesune.Kaigiwa,hachi-jihandesune.Uchiawasewa,jū-ni-jijū-go-fundesune.Shikenwaku-jitoni-jidesune.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseYouaretalkingaboutlastweek’smeeting.Askthefollowing:

Whenwasit?Whatdayoftheweekwasit?Whattimewasit?Wherewasit?Inwhatlanguagewasitconducted?

Tellaco-worker/fellowstudentabouttheschedule.TheorganizationalmeetingisonTuesdayandThursday.TheexamiseitheronMondayorTuesday.Wasn’tWednesdaythedeadlinefortheEnglishhomework?Chinese,Korean,etc.,classesareheldeveryday.Theappointmentwasfor10:30before,butnowitisfor10:45.

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Youareattheregistrationoffice.AskwhentheJapaneseclassisscheduled.Whoistheinstructor?Whereisitheld?Warnco-workersthatthedeadlineisapproaching.Timeisup.Announceittoyourgroup.YouassumethatyouareoffonSaturday.Confirmitwithaboss.Usingaworldtimezonemaportheworldclockonyoursmartphone,tellafriendwhattimeitisindifferentpartsoftheworld.Using an airline schedule (you can find one online), discuss the departure

times,fordifferentdestinations.

PracticingyourJapaneseMs.SatoisteachingMichaelsomeusefulbusinessJapanesephrases.Sato: Doyouunderstandthis?

Kore,wakarimasuka.これ、わかりますか。

Michael: I’msorry.Idon’tunderstandverymuch.Sumimasen.Amariwakarimasen.すみません。あまりわかりません。

Sato: Then,whydon’twepracticealittlebit?Jā,chottorenshū-shimasenka.じゃあ、ちょっと練習しませんか。

Michael: Yes.Thankyou(inadvance).Hai,onegai-shimasu.はい、お願いします。

Aftersomepractice…Sato: Didyougetit?

Wakarimashitaka.わかりましたか。

Michael: Yes,Igotit(now).Hai,yokuwakarimashita.はい、よくわかりました。

VOCABULARYwakarimasu わかります understandamari あまり (not)verymuchwakarimasen わかりません donotunderstandchotto ちょっと littlerenshū 練習 practice(noun)

renshū-shimasu 練習します practice(verb)renshū-shimasen 練習しません donotpracticewakarimashita わかりました understoodyoku よく well;alot;often

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYzenzen ぜんぜん (not)atallshimasu します dodekimasu できます cando;iscompleted

UsefulVerbshanashimasu 話します talk;speakyomimasu 読みます readkakimasu 書きます writekikimasu 聞きます listen;askmimasu 見ます look;watchtsukaimasu 使います usebenkyō 勉強 study(noun)benkyō-shimasu 勉強します study(verb)denwa-shimasu 電話します callmēru-shimasu メールします sendemailsortext

messagestsuīto-shimasu ツイートします tweet

ITandSocialMediakonpyūtā コンピューター computerpasokon パソコン PC;laptopdenwa 電話 telephonekētai ケータイ cellphonesumaho スマホ smartphoneapuri アプリ applicationtaburetto タブレット tablet

mēru メール email;textmessageRain ライン LineFeisubukku フェイスブック FacebookTsuittā ツイッター TwitterYūchūbu ユーチューブ YouTubeInsuta(guramu) インスタ(グラム) Instagrammanga まんが comicsanime アニメ animationshinbun 新聞 newspaperzasshi 雑誌 magazinehon 本 bookterebi テレビ TVnyūsu ニュース newsNetto ネット Internetgēmu ゲーム gameshashin 写真 photographybideo ビデオ videoeiga 映画 moviedōga 動画 video(onInternet)

GRAMMARNOTE VerbPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicatesPredicates

AJapaneseverbendsin-masu,-masen,–mashitaand-masendeshita.ANon-pastverbreferstoanactthatisperformedregularlyorwillbeperformedinthefuture.ItdoesNOTrefertoanactthatiscurrentlybeingperformed.SeebelowforhowastatementlikeWakarimasu“Iunderstand”ischanged.

Tense Affirmative NegativeNon-past

Wakarimasu. Iunderstand. Wakarimasen. Idon’tunderstand.

Past Wakarimashita. Iunderstood.Wakarimasendeshita.

Ididn’tunderstand.

Negative questions are sometimes used to suggest or invite somone to dosomething.Kore,mimasenka. Won’tyouwatchthis?orWhydon’twewatchthis?Renshū-shimasenka. Won’tyoupractice?orShallwepractice?

When turningdownan invitation, avoid sayingnodirectly. It’sbest to insteadleavethingsambiguousbysayingchottoandsoundhesitantbyspeakingslowlyandelongatingvowels.

Koretsukaimasenka. Wouldyouliketousethis?Accepting:Arigatōgozaimasu.Ja…

Thankyou.Then…

Turningdown:Iyā,chotto… Well,it’sjust…

GRAMMARNOTE CompoundVerbsNoun + shimasu and Noun + dekimasu combinations are compound verbs.Manynounsthatmeanactionssuchasbenkyō“study”appearinthispattern.

Benkyō-shimasu. I’llstudy.Renshū-dekimashita.

Iwasabletopractice.

WhenverbsinEnglishareborrowedintoJapanese,-shimasuisattachedtothemandtheybecomeJapaneseverbs.MakesureyoupronounceittheJapaneseway.

Mēru-shimasuyo. I’llemail(ortext)you.Getto-shimasu. I’llget/obtainit.Kyanseru-shimasu.

I’llcancelit.

GRAMMARNOTE ExpressingFrequencyExpressions such as chotto “little” indicate howmuch, how often, or inwhatmanner something happens. They usually appear right before the verb.Amari“verymuch”andzenzen“atall”combinewithanegativeformofapredicate.

Amariwakarimasen.

Idon’tunderstanditverywell.

Zenzen Idonotspeakitatall.

1.2.3.4.5.

hanashimasen.Yokumeans“well”,“alot”,or“frequently”dependingonthecontext.

Yokuwakarimasu. Iunderstandverywell.Yokutsukaimasu. Iuseitoften.

CULTURALNOTE VirtueofAmbiguityJapanese culture is marked by a preference for ambiguity over precision,particularlyinless-than-favorablesituations.Itisoftentheresultofanefforttoavoidnegativityandsaveface.Forexample,chotto“alittle”isusedtorejectaninvitationratherthanbluntlysaying“No,thankyou.”

Althoughthelanguagemayseemtobeambiguous,whatismeantisusuallyunmistakablyclear.ItisachallengeatfirstfornewlearnersofJapanesetofigureoutwhatisreallymeant,butyou’llsoonfindthatthislinguisticambiguityisafactoflifeinJapanandanintegralpartofmanycustoms.It’sjustthewaythelanguageworks!

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Eigowakarimasuka.

DoyouunderstandEnglish?Response: Eigodesuka.Ie,amariwakarimasen.

English?No,Idon’tunderstand(it)verywell.Cue: Gēmu,shimasuka.

Doyouplaygames?Response: Gēmudesuka.Ie,amarishimasen.

Games?No,Idon’tplayalot.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Manga,yomimasuka.Kētai,tsukaimasuka.Terebi,mimasuka.Chūgoku-gohanashimasuka.Pasokon,dekimasuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE4

1.2.3.4.5.

1.1)2)3)4)5)

2.6)7)8)

9)10)

Cue: Chūgoku-go,wakarimasuka.DoyouunderstandChinese?

Response:Maewayokuwakarimashitakedo,imawazenzenwakarimasen.Iusedtounderstanditwellbefore,butnowIdon’tunderstanditatall.

Cue: Denwa,shimasuka.Doyoumakephonecalls?

Response:Maewayokushimashitakedo,imawazenzenshimasen.Icalledalotbefore,butnowIdon’tcallatall.

Practicethisdrillwiththefollowing:Manga,mimasuka.Supein-gobenkyō-shimasuka.Shinbunyomimasuka.Pasokon,tsukaimasuka.Shigoto,shimasuka.

*Repeatthisdrillbyswitchingmaeandima(PastandNon-past):Imawayokuwakarimasukedo,maewazenzenwakarimasendeshita.NowIunderstanditwell,butIdidn’tunderstandatallbefore.


You’vebeenaskedifyouusesomething.AnswerinJapanese.Yes,Iuseiteveryday.No,Idonotuseitverymuch.Yes,Iuseitalittleeveryday.Iuseditalotbefore,butnowIdon’tuseitatall.Ididn’tuseitverymuchbefore,butnowIuseitalot.

Askaco-workerabouthiscurrentandpastactivities.DoyouwatchTV?DidyouwatchTVyesterday?Doyouplayonlinegames?Didyouplayyesterday?Do you read the newspaper every day? Did you read the newspaperyesterday?Doyouuseacellphone,smartphone,etc.?DoyoustudyJapanesealot?Didyoustudyyesterday?

1.2.3.

4.

5.

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Askaco-workerifshespeaksforeignlanguages.Someonetookyourcellphonebymistake.Politelytellherit’syours.Describe how you get news, whether it’s from watching television,newspaper,oronline.You’ve found an interesting/funny video on YouTube. Invite your co-workerstowatchit.Discusswhatactivitiesyoudoregularlyandwhatyoudidyesterday.

It’sLunchTimeMs.SatoandMichaelwanttohavelunchandtheyneedtochecktherestaurant’sbusinesshours.Sato: Whydon’twehave(lit.,eat)lunch?

Hiru-gohanotabemasenka.昼ご飯を食べませんか。

Michael: Fromwhattimeislunchserved?Ranchiwanan-jikaradesuka.ランチは何時からですか。

Sato: It’sfrom11totwoeveryday.Mainichijū-ichi-jikarani-jimadedesu.毎日１１時から２時までです。

Michael: Whattimedoyougo?Nan-jiniikimasuka.何時に行きますか。

Sato: Igoaround12,butcomebackbyone.Jū-ni-jigoroikimasukedo,ichi-jimadenikaerimasu.十二時ごろ行きますけど、一時までには帰ります。

VOCABULARYgohan ご飯 cookedrice;ameal(o)hiru お昼 noon;lunchtime;lunchhiru-gohan 昼ご飯 lunch

ranchi ランチ lunch(typicallyatarestaurant)

kara から frommade まで untilni に at-goro ごろ aboutikimasu 行きます gomadeni までに bykaerimasu 帰ります return;gohome

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYasa 朝 morningasa-gohan 朝ご飯 breakfastban 晩 evening;nightban-gohan 晩ご飯 dinner

DailyActivitieskimasu 来ます comeikimasu 行きます gokaerimasu 帰ります return;gohometabemasu 食べます eatnomimasu 飲みます drinkhatarakimasu 働きます workyasumimasu 休みます rest;sleep;taketimeoffasobimasu 遊びます playnemasu 寝ます sleepokimasu 起きます wakeup;getupsanpo-shimasu 散歩します goforwalkryōri-shimasu 料理します cooksentaku-shimasu 洗濯します dolaundrysōji-shimasu 掃除します cleankaimono-shimasu 買い物します doshopping

GRAMMARNOTE ObjectofaVerbandParticleoAn object precedes the verb and is marked by particles wa (contrast), mo(addition), o (focus is on the object) or no particle at all, depending on thecontext.

Hiru-gohan tabemasu. I’lleatlunch.Hiru-gohan wa tabemasu. I’lleatlunchatleast(Ididn’t

eatbreakfast)Hiru-gohan mo tabemasu. I’lleatlunch,too.Hiru-gohan o tabemasu. It’slunchthatI’lleat.

Particleotypicallyfollowsquestionwords(what,whom,which,etc.)whilewaor mo doesn’t. This is because question words represent the focus of thesentence.

Naniotabemasuka. Whatwillyoueat?-Koreotabemasu. I’lleatthis.(ThisistheoneI’ll

eat.)Pasokonotsukaimasuka. Isitalaptopthatyouuse?-Iya,pasokonwatsukaimasen. No,Idon’tusealaptop.Sumahootsukaimasu. Iuseasmartphone.

Note that in theanswerabovepasokon takesparticlewa,while sumaho takesparticleo.Thisisbecausesumahoisthefocusitembeingpresentedforthefirsttime.On the other hand,pasokon has alreadybeenmentioned in the questionandtheparticlewahereindicatesthatpasokonisincontrasttosumaho.

When theentiresentencepresentsnew information,whichhasnotyetbeenmentionedintheconversation,theobjecttakesparticleo,aswell.Nemasuka. Areyougoingtobed?-Iya,terebiomimasu. No,I’llwatchTV.Kaigidesuyo. It’sameeting.-Ja,taburettootsukaimasenka?

Thenwhydon’tweusethetablet?

GRAMMARNOTE TimeExpressionsUse a time expression with the particle ni “at” to indicate the time when

something happens or has happened, except when statements include kyō“today”,ashita“tomorrow”,kinō“yesterday”,ima“now”and-goro“about”.

Nichi-yōbinikaerimasu.

I’llreturnonSunday.

Shichi-jigorokaerimasu.

I’llgohomearoundseven.

GRAMMARNOTE TheParticlesni“At”,kara“From”,made“Until”,andmadeni“By”

The particle kara “from” indicates when something starts, the particlemade“until”indicateswhensomethingends,andtheparticlemadeni“by” indicatesthetimelimitwithinwhichsomethinghappens.

San-jinishimasu. I’lldoitatthree.San-jikarashimasu. I’lldoitfromthree.San-jimadeshimasu. I’lldoituntilthree.San-jimadenishimasu. I’lldoitbythree.

Theparticleswa(contrast)andmo(addition)canbeaddedtotheseparticles.Ka-yōbinishimasu.Sui-yōbiniwashimasen.IdoitonTuesday.Idon’tdoitonWednesday.Ka-yōbinishimasu.Sui-yōbinimoshimasu.IdoitonTuesday.IdoitonWednesday,too.

Karaandmadecanbealsousedwithexpressionsotherthantimeexpressions.Wasedamadeonegai-shimasu. ToWaseda,please.(inataxi)Amerikakarakaerimasu. I’llbecomingbackfrom

America.

Note:Desu can directly followkara andmade phrases, e.g.,Kaigi wa san jikarayojimadedesu.“Themeetingisfromthreetofour.”Whenthesephrasesmodifyanothernoun,particlenoisrequiredbetweenthem,e.g.,Amerikakaranoryūgakusei“anexchangestudentfromAmerica”.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Ikimasuyo. I’llgo.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

Response: Nan-jiniikimasuka. Whattimewillyougo?Cue: Ranchiotabemasuyo. I’lleatlunch.Response: Nan-jinitabemasuka. Whattimewillyoueat?

Practicetheabovedrillusingthefollowinginformation:Terebiomimasuyo.Sanpo-shimasuyo.Nihon-goorenshū-shimasuyo.Nemasuyo.Shigotooshimasuyo.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Ranchiwajū-ni-jikaradesu

ka.Islunchservedfrom12?

Response: Ee,jū-ni-jikaraichi-jimadedesu.

Yes,from12toone.

Cue: Kaigiwahachi-jikaradesuka.

Isthemeetingfromeight?

Response: Ee,hachi-jikaraku-jimadedesu.

Yes,fromeighttonine.

Practicetheabovedrillusingthefollowinginformation:Jugyōwaku-jikaradesuka.Yasumiwasan-jikaradesuka.Nyūsuwashichi-jikaradesuka.Renshūwaroku-jihankaradesuka.Uchiawasewaichi-jijū-go-funkaradesuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Go-jiniikimasuka.

Doyougoatfive?Response: Ee,go-jigoroikimasukedo,shichi-jimadenikaerimasu.

Yes,Igoaroundfive,butreturnbyseven.Cue: Getsu-yōbiniikimasuka.

DoyougoonMonday?

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

1.2.3.4.

5.

6.

Response: Hai,Getsu-yōbigoroikimasukedo,Sui-yōbimadenikaerimasu.Yes,IgoaroundMonday,butreturnbyWednesday.

Usethefollowinginformationtopracticetheabovedrill.Ni-jiniikimasuka.Moku-yōbiniikimasuka.Ku-ji-hanniikimasuka.Jū-jiniikimasuka.Ka-yōbiniikimasuka.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedaboutyourdailyactivities.AnswerinJapanese.

Igetupat7:00.Iworkfromninetofive.Ieatluncharound12.Igohomeby7:00.Igoforawalkaround6:30.Isleepfrom11:30to6:00.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Atarestaurant,askaco-workerwhatshewilleat.Askawaiterfromwhattimetowhattimelunchisserved.Aco-workerisgoingtoameeting.Askherwhattimesheisreturning.The tourbus leaves this siteat11.Tell theguide thatyouwillbebackby10:45.A new restaurant has opened. InviteMs. Sato to go either on Saturday orSunday.Discussyourtypicalweekdayscheduleandyourweekend.

TextingSomeoneMichaelistextingsomeone.Sato: DoyoualwaysemailinEnglish?

ItsumoEigodemēru-shimasuka.いつも英語でメールしますか。

Michael: Yes,butIsometimeswriteinJapanese.Ee,demotokidokiNihon-godekakimasu.ええ、でも時々日本語で書きます。

Sato: Whyisthat?Dōshitedesuka.どうしてですか。

Michael: It’sbecauseheisaJapanesefriend.Nihon-jinnotomodachidesukara.日本人の友だちですから。

Sato: Thatexplainsit.Naruhodo.なるほど。

VOCABULARYitsumo いつも alwaysde で bymeansofmēru-shimasu メールします email(verb),textdemo でも but;howevertokidoki 時々 sometimeskakimasu 書きます writedōshite どうして whynaruhodo なるほど thatmakessense;Isee

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYtaitei たいてい usually;mostofthetimetamani たまに everynowandthen;

sometimesnaze なぜ why(formal)nande なんで why(casual)

GRAMMARNOTE TheParticlede“ByMeansOf”Anounfollowedbyparticledeindicateshowsomethingisdone.NotethatthereareanumberofwaysinwhichthismightbetranslatedintoEnglish.

Supūndetabemasu. I’lleatwithaspoon.Takushīdeikimasu. I’llgobyataxi.Nihongodehanashimashita. IspokeinJapanese.

Note:YoucanrequestsomeonetospeakinEnglishbysaying:Sumimasen.Eigodeonegai-shimasu.“Excuseme.InEnglish,please.”

GRAMMARNOTE AskingandExplainingWhyUsingkara“Because”

Inthesequenceof/StatementAkaraStatementB/,StatementArepresentsthecause and Statement B the effect. Kara here means “because” rather than“from”.

Eigo-godesukarawakarimasen.

Becauseit’s(in)English,Idon’tunderstand.

Wakarimasenkarakikimasu.

BecauseIdon’tunderstandit,I’llask.

StatementBcanbeleftunsaidwhenitisunderstoodfromthecontext.Ikimasenka. Youarenotgoing?Ee,Nichi-yōbidesukara. Right.Becauseit’sSunday.

Theclauseparticleskaraandkedo“but”areoppositesofeachother.Comparethefollowing.

Nichi-yōbidesukara,hatarakimasen.

Becauseit’sSunday,I’llnotwork.

Nichi-yōbidesukedo,hatarakimasu.

It’sSunday,butI’llwork.

GRAMMARNOTE AskingQuestionswith“Why”TherearethreeJapanesewordsfor“why”.Dōshiteismostcommon,nazemoreformal,andnandeiscasual.Desukacandirectlyfollowthemiftherestofthesentenceisunderstoodfromthecontext.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

Dōshiteikimasenka. Whydon’tyougo?Dōshitedesuka. Whyisit(thatyouarenotgoing)?

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Itsumomēru-shimasuka.

Doyoualwaysemailhim?Response: Taiteimēru-shimasukedo,tokidokishimasen.

MostofthetimeIdo,butsometimesIdon’t.Cue: ItsumoEigodesuka.

Isitalways(in)English?Response: TaiteiEigodesukedo,tokidokiEigojanaidesu.

Mostofthetime,itis,butsometimes,itisn’t.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Itsumosanpo-shimasuka.ItsumoKa-yōbidesuka.Itsumorenshū-shimasuka.Itsumogo-jimadedesuka.Itsumoranchitabemasuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE9Cue: Nichi-yōbidesune.

It’sSunday,isn’tit?Response: Ee,Nichi-yōbidesukara,shitsurei-shimasu.

Yes,it’sSunday,soexcuseme.(I’llgetgoing.)Cue: Dekimashitane.

It’sdone,isn’tit?Response: Ee,dekimashitakarashitsurei-shimasu.

Yes,it’sdone,soexcuseme.

Repeattheabovedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Go-jidesune.Kaimono-shimasune.Mōsugujikandesune.

4.5.

1.1)2)3)4)5)

2.

6)7)8)9)10)

1.2.3.4.

5.

1.b)

2.b)

Denwadesune.Wakarimasenne.


You’vebeenaskedifyouengageinsomeactivities.AnswerinJapanese.Ioftengoforawalk.Ialwayseatbreakfastbutsometimesdonoteatlunch.Iusuallygetupat7:00,butonweekendsIsleepuntilaround12:00.Iusuallyworkfrom9:00,buteverynowandthenIworkfrom10:00.IstudiedJapaneseallthetimebefore,butnowIdon’tdosoverymuch.

You’ve been asked why you are not going to a gathering. Answer inJapanese.

BecauseI’llbedoingmyhomework.BecauseIwentyesterday.BecauseIamnotafreshman.BecauseIworkuntilsix.BecauseI’llplayvideogames.

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Askaco-workerwhattimeheusuallygetsup.PolitelyaskastoreclerktospeakinEnglish.You’vebeentoldtogohomenow.Askwhy,sinceit’sonly3:00.You’vejustbeengivenanexplanation.Letthepersonknowthatyougotit;itmakessense.Discusswhat languageyouuse todocertainactivities; toemail; tocall; toread;totweet.

REVIEWQUESTIONSAnswerthefollowingquestions.ReviewtheanswersinGrammarNotes.

a) WhatclassifierisusedtoexpressclocktimeinJapanese?Howaboutthedaysoftheweek?

a) HowdoyouaskwhattimeitisinJapanese?Howaboutwhatdayoftheweekitistoday?

3.1)2)3)

4.5.6.7.

b)8.9.

1)2)3)4)

10.1)2)3)4)

11.1)2)

12.13.

1)2)

Howarethefollowingstatementsdifferentfromoneanother?EigotoNihon-goEigoyaNihon-goEigokaNihon-go

WhatfourendingsoftheJapaneseverbswereintroducedinthislesson?WhatactivitydoesaNon-pastverbformreferto?Whatisacompoundverb?a) Givefourexamplesoffrequencyexpressions.

Whereinasentencedotheyusuallyappear?HowistheobjectofaverbindicatedinaJapanesesentence?Howarethefollowingstatementsdifferentfromoneanother?

Shinbunyomimasu.Shinbunwayomimasu.Shinbunmoyomimasu.Shinbunoyomimasu.

Howarethefollowingstatementsdifferentfromoneanother?Go-jinishimasu.Go-jikarashimasu.Go-jimadeshimasu.Go-jimadenishimasu.

Howarethefollowingstatementsdifferentfromoneanother?Kore,kakimasu.Koredekakimasu.

HowdoyouaskforareasoninJapanese?Howarethefollowingstatementsdifferentfromoneanother?

Nichi-yōbikaradesu.Nichi-yōbidesukara.

LESSON4

EatingandDrinkingDifferentstrokesfordifferentfolks(Tenpeople,tencolors)

十人十色Jū-ninto-iro

VisitinganIzaka-yarestaurantMichaelandMs.Satohavedecided togo toanIzaka-ya (restaurantbar) afterwork.Waitress: Hello(Welcometoourbusiness).

Irasshaimase.いらっしゃいませ。

MichaelandMs.Satonodinacknowledgment.Waitress: Howmanypeopleinyourparty?

Nan-mei-samadesuka.何名様ですか。

Michael: Two.Futa-ridesu.二人です。

Waitress: Thisway,please.Kochiraedōzo.こちらへどうぞ。

Whatwouldyouliketoorder?Go-chūmonwa?ご注文は？

Michael: Twobeerstostart,please.Toriaezu,bīruoni-honkudasai.とりあえず、ビールを二本ください。

Sato: Andwhataretoday’srecommendations?Sorekara,kyōnoosusumewa?それから、今日のおすすめは？

Waitress: Theyarethese.Kochiradesu.こちらです。

Sato: Then,twoofthese,please.Ja,koreofuta-tsuonegai-shimasu.じゃ、これを二つお願いします。

Waitress: Certainly.Kashikomarimashita.かしこまりました。

MichaelandMs.Satowaitfortheirdrinks.Thewaitressreturnsshortlyafter.Waitress: Thankyouforwaiting.(Heretheyare.)

Omatase-itashimashita.お待たせいたしました。

MichaelandMs.Satogettheirbeersandtoasteachother.Michael: Then,cheers!

Ja,kanpai!じゃ、乾杯。

Sato: Cheers!Kanpai!乾杯。

Aftereatingtheirdinner,Michaelsignalsthewaitresstogetthecheck.Michael: Excuseme.Check,please.

Sumimasen.Kaikei,onegai-shimasu.すみません。会計お願いします。

VOCABULARYIrasshaimase. いらっしゃいませ。 Welcometoourbusiness.

-mei 名 counterforpeople(formal)

-mei-sama 名様 counterforpeople(formal,polite)

nan-mei-sama 何名様 howmanypeople-ri/nin ~人 counterforpeoplefuta-ri 二人 twopeoplekochira こちら thisway;these(go)chūmon 注文 ordertoriaezu とりあえず tostart;fornowbīru ビール beer-hon 本 counterforlongthingsni-hon 二本 two(longthings)kudasai ください givemepleasesorekara それから andosusume おすすめ recommendation-tsu ～つ unit(classifier)futa-tsu 二つ twounitsKashikomarimashita. かしこまりました。 Willdo;Certainly,

sir/madamOmatase-itashimashita. お待たせいたしまし

た。Thankyouforwaiting.

Kanpai! 乾杯! Cheers!chūmon-shimasu 注文します order(verb)kanpai-shimasu 乾杯します toastsusumemasu すすめます recommend;urgenomimono 飲み物 drinks;beverages

DrinksandBeveragesbīru ビール beernama 生 draftbeer(o)sake 酒 Sakewain ワイン wine

mizu 水 waterocha お茶 greentea(Matcha—

powderedgreentea)kōcha 紅茶 blackteaūron-cha ウーロン茶 oolongteakōhī コーヒー coffeehotto ホット hotcoffee(orderingina

coffeechop)aisukōhī アイスコーヒー icedcoffeejūsu ジュース juicemiruku,gyūnyū ミルク、牛乳 milkkōra コーラ cola

PopularDishes(o)sushi 寿司 sushi(o)sashimi さしみ sashimitempura 天ぷら tempura(o)miso-shiru みそ汁 misosoupyaki-tori 焼き鳥 skeweredchickenBBQyaki-niku 焼き肉 KoreanBBQbeefyaki-soba 焼きそば stir-friednoodlestonkatsu とんかつ porkcutletkara-age 唐揚げ friedchickenedamame 枝豆 edamame(soybeansina

pod)furai フライ deep-frieditemshanbāgu ハンバーグ SalisburySteak

(hamburgerwithoutbuns)sutēki ステーキ steakkarē カレー curry

GRAMMARNOTE CountingPeopleandThingsusingClassifiers

WhencountingitemsinJapanese,numbersarecombinedwithclassifiersthatareconventionally used for the particular nouns being counted. This is similar toEnglish expressions like “ten sheets of paper”, or “a loaf of bread” (not “abread”).

Thereare twonumerical systems inJapanese:oneofChineseorigin,whichwasintroducedinLesson3,andanothersystemofJapaneseorigin,whichonlygoesuptothenumberten.

1hito,2futa,3mi,4yo,5itsu,6mu,7nana,8ya,9kokono,10tō

The classifiers -ri/nin, -mei, and -mei-sama are used to count people. The -riplustheJapanesenumberisusedforthenumberoneandtwo(hito-ri,futa-ri),and-ninisusedforthreeandabovewithChinesenumbers(san-nin,jūichi-nin,hyaku-nin,etc.)Thequestionwordisnan-nin“howmanypeople”.

Theclassifier-mei,usedwithChinesenumbers,isaformalversionand-mei-samaisitspoliteversion(raisingthepersonyou’retalkingto),commonlyusedby service people.Make sure you do not use -mei-sama to refer to your owngroup.

Theclassifier-tsu is themostgenericclassifier,whichcanbeusedforbothtangibleand intangible itemssuchasopinions,meetings, etc. Itmaybea safechoice when you are not sure what classifier to use. The classifier -tsu iscombinedwithJapanesenumeralsandforquantitiesoverten,Chinesenumeralswithoutaclassifierareused:jū-ichi,jū-ni,etc.

Theclassifier-hon iscombinedwithChinesenumeralsandisusedtocountlongcylindricalobjectssuchasbottles,pens,umbrellas,bananas,etc.Notethealternativesfor-hon:-pon forone,six,eight, tenand-bon for threeand“howmany”.

-ri/nin -mei;mei-sama

-tsu -hon/pon/bon

1 hito-ri ichi-mei hito-tsu ip-pon2 futa-ri ni-mei futa-tsu ni-hon3 san-nin san-mei mit-tsu san-bon4 yo-nin yon-mei yot-tsu yon-hon5 go-nin go-mei itsu-tsu go-hon6 roku-nin roku-mei mut-tsu rop-pon7 shichi-nin nana-mei nana-tsu nana-hon

8 hachi-nin hachi-mei yat-tsu hap-pon9 kyū-nin/ku-nin kyū-mei kokono-tsu kyū-hon10 jū-nin jū-mei tō jup-pon/jip-pon11 jū-ichi-nin jū-ichi-mei jū-ichi jū-ip-pon12 nan-nin nan-mei ikutsu/o-ikutsu nan-bon

Othercommonclassifiersinclude-koforrelativelysmallunits,-maiforthinflatobjects, and -satsu for bound volumes such as books and magazines and -hiki/piki/bikiforsmallanimals.

Theclassifier-koisusedforcountingpieces—everythingfrompiecesofcaketoapplestopacketsofsugar.Theclassifier-kooverlapsinmanyrespectswith-tsu. One difference is that -tsu can be used for abstract things like ideas,meetings,oritemsinalist,while-koisusedonlyforconcreteitems.Notethatthe sound changes with certain numbers. The classifier for counting (small)animalslikedogs,cats,insects,fish,etc.is-hiki/piki/biki.Thissoundchangeof/h-p-b/isalsousedwiththeclassifier-hon/pon/bon.

Pieces/lumps Flatobjects Boundvolumes

Smallanimals

1 ik-ko ichi-mai is-satsu ip-piki2 ni-ko ni-mai ni-satsu ni-hiki3 san-ko san-mai san-satsu san-biki4 yon-ko yon-mai yon-satsu yon-hiki5 go-ko go-mai go-satsu go-hiki6 rok-ko roku-mai roku-satsu rop-piki7 nana-ko nana-mai nana-satsu nana-hiki8 hachi-ko/hak-

kohachi-mai has-satsu hap-piki/hachi-hiki

9 kyū-ko kyū-mai kyū-satsu kyū-hiki10 juk-ko jū-mai jus-satsu jup-piki

nan-ko nan-mai nan-satsu nan-biki

ExpressingQuantitiesinJapaneseThere are two kinds of quantity expressions in Japanese. One consists of a

specificnumberandclassifier(san-bon“threebottles”,hito-tsu“oneitem”,etc.)and theother isageneralquantityexpression (chotto “a little”, etc.).Within asentence they usually occur right before the predicate (verb, adjective, ornoun+desu).InJapanese,theamountfollowsthenoun,e.g.,“beerthreebottles”ratherthan“threebottlesofbeer”inEnglish.

Bīruosan-bonkudasai. Three(bottlesof)beer,please.Mizuochottonommashita. Idrankalittlewater.

Aquantityexpressionistypicallynotfollowedbyaparticle,exceptwa“atleast”ormo“somuch”.

Mainichi,bīruoip-ponwanomimasu.

Idrinkatleastonebeereveryday.

Bīruogo-haimonomimashita.

Idrankallfivebeers.

Suppose we want to say “One coffee and two colas, please.” Here is howmultipleitemsandnumbersarelistedinJapanese.

Kōhīohito-tsukudasai. Onecoffee,please.Kōraofuta-tsukudasai. Twocolas,please.Kōhīohito-tsutokōraofuta-tsukudasai.

Onecoffeeandtwocolas,please.

Thereisnolimitonhowmanythingscanbelisted.Ofcourse,ifthelistislong,youshouldslowdownandmakesurethatthepersonyou’respeakingtoyouisfollowingalong.

CULTURALNOTE EatingOutUponenteringarestaurant,youwillbegreetedwithIrasshaimase.Respondbyjust nodding andwait to be seated.Many restaurants display replicas of theirdishesneartheirentranceandprovideillustratedmenus.Ifyouarenotsurewhattoorder,askforrecommendations(osusume).Inmanyramenshopsandcasualrestaurants,mealticketsareboughtatavendingmachine.Ifyouwanttoavoidcertainingredientsatarestaurantorstores,askX,haitteimasuka.“IsXinit?”

Somerestaurantshaveatatamifloor.Removeyourshoesbeforesteppingontatamiandavoidsteppingonthecushions.Wettowelsoroshiboriareprovidedatmostrestaurantstocleanyourhandsbeforeeating.Napkinsarenotprovided

attraditionalrestaurants.Itisgoodmannerstopickupyourbowlofriceormisosoupwheneatingand

hold it in your hand to scoop the rice or soup towards your mouth. It’s badmanners to leavegrainsofrice inyourbowl.Wheneatingfromshareddishes,usetheoppositeendofyourchopsticksorthededicatedservingchopsticks.

Thebillwillbeplacedfacedowneitherasyoureceivethemealorafteryouhavefinishedeating.Itisnotcommontopayatthetable.Youaresupposedtobring your bill to the cashier when leaving. Paying in cash ismost common,althoughmanyrestaurantsalsoacceptcreditcards.ItisnotcustomarytotipinJapan,butservicechargesaresometimesaddedtoyourbill.DonotforgettosayGochisō-samadeshitaasyouleave.

CULTURALNOTE DrinkingDifferentcultureshavedifferentattitudes towardsalcohol. InJapan there isnoequivalentofOpen-ContainerLawsprohibitingcarryinganddrinkingalcoholincertainareas.IngeneralalcoholismorereadilyaccessibleandpublicdrinkingislargelyacceptedinJapan.It’srareforrestaurantsandstorestochecktheIDofyoungercustomers.Alcoholicbeveragescanalsobeboughtatvendingmachinesacrossthecountry.

After-worksocialgatheringsthatinvolvedrinkinghaveanimportantroleinJapanese society. Co-workers often go out together, although this is morecommonamongmen.Entertainingbusinessassociatesoften involvesdrinking.Thesesocialinteractionsshouldbeusedtodeveloppersonalbondsratherthantoconductbusiness.Ontheseoccasions,makesureyoudonotstartdrinkinguntileverybody at the table has a drink and the glasses are raised forkampai. It iscustomarytopourforeachotherratherthantopouryourowndrink,andtokeeprefillingbeforeglassesbecomeempty. It’spolite to liftyourglasswhilebeingservedrather than leaving iton the table tobe filled.Oolong tea isacommonsubstituteforthosewhodonotdrinkalcoholattheseoccasions.

Itisnotuncommontoseepeopleobviouslydrunkatizakayaorinpublic,butthisisacceptedaslongasnooneisbeingbothered.Japanesepeopledrawaclearboundarybetweenwhatisofficialandwhathappenswhiledrinking,andtendtoexcusemisbehaviorwhileunder the influence.However, lawsagainstdrinkinganddrivingmustbestrictlyobserved.

PATTERNPRACTICE1

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.

Cue: Futa-tsudesuka. Doyoumeantwo(units)?Response: Ie,mit-tsudesu. No,Imeanthree.Cue: Ip-pondesuka. Doyoumeanone(bottle)?Response: Ie,ni-hondesu. No,Imeantwo.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Rop-pondesuka.Futa-ridesuka.Itsu-tsudesuka.Tō-desuka.Kyū-maidesuka.Nana-mei-samadesuka.Rok-kodesuka.Ni-jus-satsudesuka.Yat-tsudesuka.Jū-go-nindesuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Bīrudesuka.

Beer?Response: Ee,toriaezubīruoni-honkudasai.

Yes,twobeerstostart,please.Cue: Sashimidesuka.

Sashimi?Response: Ee,toriaezusashimiofuta-tsukudasai.

Yes,twoordersofsashimitostart,please.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation:Osakedesuka.Kōradesuka.Sushidesuka.Namadesuka.Bīrutoedamamedesuka.

EXERCISE1

1.1)2)3)4)

5)

2.6)7)8)9)10)

1.2.3.4.

5.

SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedwhatyouaregoingtoorderatarestaurant.

Twodraftbeers,please.Threebottlesofsaketostart,please.Oneorderofsashimiandtwoordersoftempura,please.Four beers, one oolong tea, three orders of sushi, and two orders ofyakitori,please.Whataretoday’srecommendations?

Youarediscussingsomeitems.Confirmtheirquantities.Doyoumeanfivepiecesofsushi?Doyoumeanthreetickets?Doyoumeantenbooks?Doyoumeanfourmeetings?DoyoumeantwoAmericanwomen?

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Atarestaurant,askyourgroupwhatyouaregoingtoorder.You’vebeenaskedwhatisgoodatthisrestaurant.Recommendcurry.Youarrivedlate.Apologizeandthankyourgroupforwaiting.Drinks are here for everyone.Acknowledge your group’s hardwork todayandsuggestatoast.Youaredoneeating.Askforthecheck.

AtaRamenShopIt’slunchtime.Ms.SatoandMichaelarediscussingwhattoeat.Michael: I’mhungry.

Onakagasukimashita.お腹がすきました。

Sato: Whatwouldyoulike?Nanigai’idesuka.何がいいですか。

Michael: Howaboutramen?Rāmenwadōdesuka.ラーメンはどうですか。

Sato: Soundsgood!(I’dlikethat.)I’idesunē.いいですねえ。

AtaramenshopSato: Look!Here’stheramen.(lit.,Herecomesramen.)

Hora,rāmengakimashitayo.ほら、ラーメンが来ましたよ。

Michael: Wow,thatwasfast.Let’sstart.Wā,hayaidesunē.Itadakimasu.わあ、早いですねえ。いただきます。

…Michael: It’sdelicious.

Oishi’idesunē.おいしいですねえ。

Sato: Aren’tyouhot?Atsukunaidesuka.暑くないですか。

Michael: I’mfine.Daijōbudesu.大丈夫です。

Done.Ah,itwasgood!Gochisō-sama.Ā,oishikatta!ごちそうさま。ああ、おいしかった!

VOCABULARYonaka お腹 stomachga が particleindicatingsubjectsukimasu すきます getempty

onakagasukimasu お腹がすきます gethungryrāmen ラーメン ramendō どう howi’i いい good(notfood)Hora! ほら! Look!Wā! わあ! Whoa!hayai 速い、早い fast;earlyoishi’i おいしい delicious;good(food)atsui 熱い、暑い hotdaijōbu 大丈夫 okay;fineoishikatta おいしかった wasdelicious

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYippai いっぱい full;manyonakagaippai お腹がいっぱい stomachisfull

COMMONADJECTIVEStakai 高い expensive;highyasui 安い cheap;inexpensiveōki’i 大きい bigchi’isai 小さい smallfurui 古い oldatarashi’i 新しい new;freshi’i いい good;okaywarui 悪い badoishi’i おいしい deliciousmazui まずい badtastinghayai 速い、早い fast;earlyosoi 遅い slow;lateatsui 暑い、熱い hotsamui 寒い cold(atmospheric)tsumetai 冷たい cold(tothetouch)

omoshiroi おもしろい interestingtsumaranai つまらない boringyasashi’i やさしい easy;kind-heartedmuzukasi’i むずかしい difficultchikai 近い close;neartōi 遠い far

PopularLunchesIt’s common for co-workers to eat lunch together. Many Japanese bringhomemade box lunches (obentō) to school and work. At restaurants andcompany dining halls (shokudō), relatively cheap lunches are served quickly.Followgroupsofofficeworkersonthestreetaroundlunchtimetofindthebestspotsinthatarea.

(o)bentō (お）弁当 Bento(boxlunch)teishoku 定食 completemealonatrayrāmen ラーメン ramenudon うどん udon(noodles)soba そば soba(buckwheatnoodles)onigiri おにぎり onigiri(riceball)hanbāgā ハンバーガー hamburgerpan パン bread;pastrysando サンド sandwichsarada サラダ saladpiza ピザ pizza

RestaurantsManyrestaurantsinJapanspecializeinonlyonetypeoffoodwhileothersofferabroaderrangeofdishes.

mise 店 shopresutoran レストラン restaurantkafe カフェ caféizakaya 居酒屋 restaurantbar

kissaten 喫茶店 coffeeshopshokudō 食堂 dininghall;diner(small,

casual)famirīresutoran ファミリーレストラン familyrestaurantsushi-ya 寿司屋 sushishoprāmen-ya ラーメン屋 ramenshopsoba-ya そば屋 soba-noodleshop

GRAMMARNOTE SubjectofaSentenceandtheParticlegaThesubjectofasentence,whenstated,isusuallyplacedbeforetheobjectandismarkedbyparticleswa,mo,gaornoparticleatall.

Rāmen kimashita. (The)ramenhascome.Rāmen wa kimashita. Atleasttheramenhascome.Rāmen mo kimashita. (The)ramenhascome,too.Rāmen ga kimashita. Hereistheramen(newinformation)

orIt’stheramenthathascome.

There are certain parallels between particleso (object) andga (subject). Theyboth place a special focus on the noun or the entire sentence, and are usuallyusedwithquestionwords.

Nanigai’idesuka. Whatisgood?-Rāmengai’idesu. Ramenisgood.Satō-sangakimasuka. IsitMs.Satowhoiscoming?-Ie,Tanaka-sangakimasu.Satō-sanwakimasenyo.No,it’sMr.Tanakawhoiscoming.Ms.Satoisnotcoming.

Note that in the answer aboveSatō-san is followed by the particlewa, whileTanaka-sanisfollowedbytheparticlega.ThisisbecauseTanaka-sanisthethecorrectanswertothequestionandthusisthefocus.Satō-sanhasbeenalreadymentioned and the particle wa here indicates that she is being compared toTanaka-san.

Whentheentiresentencepresentsnewinformationthesubjecttakesparticlegaandtheobjecttakeso.Inthedialogueabove,Ms.Satoannouncesthearrivaloframenusingparticlegaforthesubject,ramen.ThewholesentenceRāmengakimashitaispresentedasnewinformation,ratherthanjustRāmen.

GRAMMARNOTE AdjectivePredicatesAll Japanese adjectives end in -i (Non Past) and -katta (Past). To make theNegativeform,change-ito-kunaiforNon-pastandto-kunakattaforPast.Tomakeitformal,adddesu.

Yasuidesu. It’scheap.Yasukunaidesu. It’snotcheap.Yasukattadesu. Itwascheap.Yasukunakattadesu. Itwasnotcheap.

Nounandverbpredicateswereintroducedinlessons2and3.Withtheadjectivepredicates introduced in this lesson you have now seen all three Japanesesentencetypes.Thechartonthenextpageshowsallthebasicpredicateforms.

Theadjectivei’iisanexceptionandhasspecialforms.I’idesu. It’sgood.Yokunaidesu. It’snotgood.Yokattadesu. Itwasgood.Yokunakattadesu. Itwasn’tgood.

Yokattadesunē isacommonresponse togoodnews.Yoku isoneof themost

1.2.3.4.5.

commonly used adverbs and was already introduced in Lesson 3 as in yokuwakarimashita.The-kuformofadjectivesservesasanadverbingeneral.

Yokuwakarimasu. Iunderstanditwell.Ōkikukakimasu. I’llwriteitbig.Atarashikutsukurimasu. I’llremakeit.

The adjectives also modify a noun to make a noun phrase. Unlike nounmodifiers,whichwerediscussedinLesson2,adjectivemodifiersdonotrequireno.Compare:

Nihonnorāmen Japaneseramenoishi’irāmen deliciousramenNihonnooishi’irāmen Japan’sdeliciousramen

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Ōki’idesuka. Isitbig?Response: Ie,ōkikunaidesu.Chi’isai

desu.No,itisn’t.It’ssmall.

Cue: Atsuidesuka. Isithot?Response: Ie,atsukunaidesu.

Tsumetaidesu.No,itisn’t.It’scold(totouch).

Usethefollowinginformationandrepeatthedrills:Takaidesuka.Atarashi’idesuka.Waruidesuka.Hayaidesuka.Mazuidesuka.

*Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowingresponse.Maewaōkikattadesukedo,imawaōkikunaidesu.Itwasbigbefore,butitisnotbignow.

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: Bīrudesuka. Isitbeer?Response: Hai,bīruochūmon-shimashita. Yes,Iorderedbeer.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.

5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.

2.

3.4.

Cue: Satō-sandesuka. IsitMs.Sato’s?Response: Hai,Satō-sangachūmon-

shimashita.Yes,Ms.Satoorderedit.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation:Gakuseidesuka.Rāmendesuka.Hanbāgātokasandodesuka.Otokonohitodesuka.Senseinohiru-gohandesuka.

EXERCISE3SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedaboutarestaurant.

It’sexpensive.Isn’titexpensive?Itwassmallbefore,butnowitisbig.Do you mean the ramen shop? I go there often because their ramen isdelicious.Do youmean the new ramen shop? Iwent there yesterday, but itwas notverygood.

Askthefollowingquestionsaboutthemeetingyesterday.Whocame?Howmanypeoplecame?Whattimedidtheycome?Howmanyobentodidweorder?Andhowmanybottlesofwater?Howwastheobento?Weretheygood?Weretheyexpensive?

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Tell a co-worker that you are hungry. Suggest that you eat lunch now,althoughit’salittleearly.Yourgroupistryingtopickarestaurant.Expressyouropinionthatafamilyrestaurantwouldbegood.Pizzahasbeendeliveredtoyouroffice.Announceittoyourco-workers.Greetaneighborinthemorning.Mention:

1)2)

5.6.

it’shottoday;itwascoldyesterday.

Astrangerhasjustfalleninfrontofyou.React!You’vejustheardgoodnews.React!

TraditionalJapaneseCuisineMichael and Ms. Sato are having dinner at a traditional Japanese restaurant.Foodhasbeenserved.Michael: Whoa,itlooksgood(howappetizing)!

Wā,oishisōdesunē!わあ、おいしそうですねえ！

Sato: ItisatraditionalJapanesedish.Nihonnodentō-tekinaryōridesu.日本の伝統的な料理です。

Michael: Really?(Ididn’tknow)Amazing!Hē.Sugoidesunē.へえ。すごいですねえ！

Whatisthisredone?Konoakainowanandesuka.この赤いのは、何ですか。

Sato: Ohit’savegetable.Ā,sorewayasaidesu.ああ、それは野菜です。

Sato: Doyouwantsomemore?(lit.,Howaboutmore?)Mottoikagadesuka.もっといかがですか。

Michael: Then,justalittlemore…Jamōsukoshidake…じゃ、もうすこしだけ。

VOCABULARY

oishi-sō(na) おいしそう (な) appetizing;lookingdelicious

dentō 伝統 traditiondentō-teki(na) 伝統的 (な) traditionalryōri 料理 dish;cookinghē へえ really?(Ididn’tknow;

I’mintrigued)sugoi すごい amazing;awesomeakai 赤い red(adjective)no の one(pronoun)akaino 赤いの redoneyasai 野菜 vegetablemotto もっと moreikaga いかが how(polite)mō もう moremōhito-tsu もう一つ onemoredake だけ only;limitedtoyūmei(na) 有名 (な) famous

Snacksokashi お菓子 snacks;sweetssuītsu スイーツ sweetspan パン breadkēki ケーキ cakekukkī クッキー cookiechokorēto チョコレート chocolateaisukurīmu アイスクリーム icecreamkudamono くだもの fruitringo りんご applemikan みかん mandarinorangeichigo いちご strawberrybudō ぶどう grapes

banana バナナ banana

Colorsaka/akai 赤 redao/aoi 青 blueki’iro/ki’iroi 黄色 yellowshiro/shiroi 白 whitekuro/kuroi 黒 blackcha’iro/cha’iroi 茶色 brownmidori 緑 greenmurasaki 紫 purplehai’iro 灰色 graykon’iro 紺色 navy,indigoorenji オレンジ orangepinku ピンク pinknaniiro 何色 whatcolor

GRAMMARNOTE Na-NounsThe words kirei “beautiful” and dentō-teki “traditional” belong to a smallergroupofnounsthatarecalledna-nouns.Theyhaveadjective-likemeaningsandformofnouns.Theydonothaveadjectiveendingssuchas-katta-and-ku.Asnouns,theirnegativeformsendin-janaidesu.Whenmodifyinganothernoun,theytakenainsteadofno,unlikeregularnouns.

kireinaNihongo“beautifulJapanese”dentō-tekinaokashi“traditionalsweets”

Todistinguish themfromregularnouns, theyaremarkedwithnaadded in thedictionaries in this book. Note that all na-nouns are intangible, but not allintangiblesarenanouns.

GRAMMARNOTE NounPhrasesandthePronounno=“One”We have so far discussed four ways of extending a noun into a longer nounphraseasfollows.1. NounnoNoun watashino mycellphone

kētai2. Kono+Noun konokētai thiscellphone3. Adjective+

Nounyasuikētai cheapcellphone

4. Na-noun+Noun

kireinakētai beautifulcellphone

More than onemodifier canmodify a noun and the order of themodifiers isratherfree.

konowatashinoatarashi’ikireinakētai“thisbeautifulcheapcellphoneofmine”watashinokonokireinaatarashi’ikētai“thisbeautifulcheapcellphoneofmine”

When themain noun is already known, it can be replaced by the pronounno“one”inthefollowingstructure.

Adjective+Noun:yasuikētai→yasuino“cheapone”Na-noun+Noun:kireinakētai→kireinano“beautifulone”

Notewhathappenswhendifferentmodifiersarecombined.konoatarashi’ikētai → konoatarashi’inothisnewcellphone thisnewonechi’isaikireinakēki → konochi’isaikireina

nobeautifulsmallcake thissmall,beautifulone

Notethatitisrudetousethepronounnotorefertopeople.

GRAMMARNOTE “More”Mottovs.MōBothmō andmottomean “more” in English, but they combinewith differentparts of a sentence. Motto combines with a predicate—verb, adjective,noun+desu—toindicateagreaterdegreethanwhathasbeenmentioned.

Mottobenkyō-shimasu.

I’llstudymore.

mottoyasuino cheaperone

Mottokireidesu. It’sprettier.

Ontheotherhand,mōcombineswithaquantityexpressiontoindicateanaddedamount.NotethatinJapanesemō“more”precedesthequantity.

mōchotto alittlemoremōhito-tsu onemore

Whenyouoffersomething,mottoismorepolite,butwhenyouacceptanoffer,mōsukoshi“alittlemore”ismorepolite.

Mottonomimasenka. Won’tyoudrinkmore?-Ja,mōsukoshiitadakimasu. Wellthen,I’lltakealittle

more.

GRAMMARNOTE ColorsSomecolorshavebothanadjectiveandanounform,asshowninthelistabove.Thusit ispossibletosaybothakadesuandakaidesu tomean“It’s red”.Thenegativeformsareakajanaidesuandakakunaidesurespectively.Thecorrectonetouselargelydependsontheconvention.Itisprobablysafetoassumethenoun versions indicate classification and the adjective versions indicatecharacteristics(akaforredwinesandaoforthegreentrafficlight,forexample.)The colorwordsborrowed fromother languages such ashowaito “white” andpinku“pink”arenounsinJapanese.

CULTURALNOTE TeaTea is the most common beverage in Japan. Various types of tea are widelyavailablebutgreenteaisthemostcommon.Ochausuallyreferstogreenteaandistobeenjoyedwithoutsugarormilk.

Teaiscommonlyservedtovisitorsathomesorinoffices.Itiscomplimentaryatrestaurants.Manytypesoftea,hotorcold,arealsosoldinplasticbottlesandcansatstoresandvendingmachines.

Powdered green tea, matcha, is the central element of the refined teaceremony at which a host serves guests tea in a ritualizedmanner within theconfined space of a tearoom. The emphasis is on etiquette, hospitality, andspirituality.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Chi’isaipasokonwaikagadesuka.

Howwouldyoulikeasmalllaptop?Response: Ā,chi’isainogai’idesune.

Oh,asmallonewouldbegood.Cue: Dentō-tekinaryōriwaikagadesuka.

Howwouldyoulikeatraditionaldish?Response: Ā,dentō-tekinanogai’idesune.

Oh,atraditionalonewouldbegood.

Repeattheabovedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Yasainopizawaikagadesuka.Yūmeinamisewaikagadesuka.Ichigonokēkiwaikagadesuka.Konokireinaokashiwaikagadesuka.Amerikanoōki’ikaishawaikagadesuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Osake,mottoikagadesuka.

Howaboutmoresake?Response: Osakedesuka.Ja,mōsukoshidake.

Sake?Then,justalittlemore.Cue: Kēki,mottoikagadesuka.

Howaboutmorecake?Response: Kēkidesuka.Ja,mōsukoshidake.

Cake?Then,justalittlemore.

Repeattheabovedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Ocha,mottoikagadesuka.Gohan,mottoikagadesuka.Okashi,mottoikagadesuka.Mikan,mottoikagadesuka.Kudamono,mottoikagadesuka.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapaneseYouhavefoundsomethingunusualinyourdish.

Whatisthisredthing(one)?Whatisthissmallblackthing?Isthiswhiteoneavegetable?Isthisyellowoneafruit?Isthispurpleoneagrape?

Atastore,requestthefollowingitems.Thatblueone,please.Onemorepieceofthiscake,please.Acheaperone,please.Threegreenonesandtwobrownones,please.Moretraditionalones,please.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Adishhasbeenserved.Exclaimhowappetizingitlooks.You’vebeenservedanunusualdish.Exclaimhowbeautifulitisandaskifitisatraditionaldish.Asahost,urgeyourgueststoeatanddrinkmore.Asaguest,bepoliteandrespond.Discuss certain schools, restaurants, and companies. (big/small, old/new,expensive/cheap, famous, beautiful, close/far, difficult/easy,interesting/boring,etc.)A friend got a perfect score on a test. Express that you are completelyimpressed.

MyFavoriteFoodsSato: Whatkindoffooddoyoulike?

Donnatabemonogasukidesuka.どんな食べ物が好きですか。

Michael: IlikeJapanesefood.

Washokugasukidesu.和食が好きです。

Sato: Doyoumakethemoften?Yokutsukurimasuka.よく作りますか。

Michael: Well…sometimes.Mā,tokidoki.まあ、時々。

Sato: Areyouokaywithchopsticks?Ohashiwadaijōbudesuka.お箸は大丈夫ですか。

Michael: Yes.Ee.ええ。

VOCABULARYdon’na どんな whatkindtabemono 食べ物 foodsuki(na) 好き likeWashoku 和食 Japanesefoodtsukurimasu 作ります makemā まあ well;Iguess(non-

committal)tokidoki 時々 sometimes(o)hashi (お)箸 chopsticksdaijōbu(na) 大丈夫 (な) okay;finekaimasu 買います buykirai(na) きらい (な) dislikedame(na) だめ (な) nogood;brokenYōshoku 洋食 WesternfoodChūka 中華 ChinesefoodFurenchi フレンチ Frenchfood

Itarian イタリアン Italianesunikku エスニック ethnicfood

Forothernon-Japanesefood,add-ryōritothecountryname,askankoku-ryōri“Koreanfood”.

Tablewaresupūn スプーン spoonfōku フォーク forknaifu ナイフ knifeosara お皿 plate;dishchawan 茶碗 ricebowl;teacupowan お椀 smallbowl(forsoup)donburi 丼 bowl;bowlofricewith

foodontopkoppu コップ glass;cupkappu カップ cup(tea,coffee)

MoreFoodniku 肉 meatsakana 魚 fishgyū-niku 牛肉 beefbuta-niku 豚肉 porktori-niku 鶏肉 chickenyasai 野菜 vegetabletamago 卵、玉子 eggnori のり seaweedebi えび shrimpsake 鮭 salmon

Condimentsshōyu しょうゆ soysaucemiso みそ miso

shio 塩 saltkoshō こしょう peppersatō 砂糖 sugar

GRAMMARNOTE DoubleSubjectStructuresA Japanese sentence can havemore than one subject phrase. This is called adouble-subjectsentence.Considerthefollowingsentences.

Watashiwa [ohashiwadaijōbudesu.]

I’mfinewithchopsticks.

Furansuwa [kēkigaoisi’idesu.] Francehasgoodcake.Satō-sanwa [Eigomojōzudesu.] Ms.SatoisgoodatEnglish,

too.

Ineachofthesesentences,thebracketedportiondescribesanattributeorsomefact about themain subject outside of the bracket. Both of the subject nouns(inside and outside of the brackets) can take the particles ga,wa,mo, or noparticleatall,withashiftinmeaning(ga=newinformation,wa=contrast,mo=addition,ornoparticle=neutral).

Specialnoteshouldbetakenofnounssuchassuki“like”,andkirai“dislike”,andagroupofverbssuchaswakarimasu“understand”anddekimasu“cando”,which indicate a state rather than an action in Japanese. Therefore, particle o(object-marker)isimpossiblewiththesepredicates.

Honda-sanwaEigogadekimasu.

Ms.HondacanspeakEnglish.

Kodomowayasaiwakiraidesu.

Childrendonotlikevegetables.(Theymaylikeotherthings.)

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Tabemasuyo. I’mgoingtoeat.Response: Naniotabemasu

ka.Whatareyougoingtoeat?

Cue: Sukidesu. Ilikeit.Response: Nanigasukidesu

ka.Whatdoyoulike?

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.

Repeattheaboveexerciseusingthefollowinginformation.Kaimasu.Wakarimasu.Benkyō-shimasu.Jōzudesu.Dekimasu.

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Sushi,yokutabemasunē.

Youeatsushialot,don’tyou!Response: Ee,watashiwasushigasukidesukara.

Yes,becauseIlikesushi.Cue: Gēmu,yokushimasunē.

Youplayalotofgames,don’tyou!Response: Ee,watashiwagēmugasukidesukara.

Yes,becauseIlikegames.

Repeattheaboveexerciseusingthefollowinginformation.Bīru,yokunomimasunē.Sanpo,yokushimasunē.Manga,yokuyomimasunē.Chūka,yokutsukurimasunē.Obentō,yokukaimasunē.

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedaboutwhatkindoffoodyoulike.

IlikeChinesefood.AndIlikeJapanesefoodaswell.Ilikemeat.Iofteneatsteak,hamburgers,yaki-niku,etc.IliketraditionalJapanesedishes.However,IlikeFrenchcuisinemore.Ilikefruitandvegetables.Fishisokay.Idon’thateit,butIdon’teatitverymuch.

EXERCISE8RolePlay

1.2.3.

4.5.

1.b)

2.3.

1)2)

4.1)2)3)4)

5.b)

6.7.

b)8.9.

1)2)3)b)

10.11.12.

Askaco-workerwhatkindof1)food;2)color;3)movieshelikes.Askaco-workerifhemakesdinner.Atarestaurant,askawaiterfor1)chopsticks;2)morewater;3) twomoreforks.Atthedinnertable,asksomeonetopassthesaltandpepper.You’vebeenaskedhowthefoodwas.Giveanon-committal(wishywashy)response.

REVIEWQUESTIONSa) HowdoyoucountpeopleinJapanese?

Howaboutbooks,tickets,dogs,meetings,apples,andbottlesofdrinks?WhereinaJapanesesentencedoquantityexpressionsusuallyoccur?Whatisthedifferencebetweenthefollowing?

Sato-sanomimashita.Sato-sangamimashita.

Whatisthedifferenceamongthefollowing?Pizakimashita.Pizawakimashita.Pizamokimashita.Pizagakimashita.

a) WhatendingsdoJapaneseadjectiveshave?Whatisthedifference?

Howistheadjectivei’idifferentfromotheradjectives?a) Whatarena-nouns?

Howaretheydifferentfromregularnouns?Describefourwaystoextendanounintoalongernounphrase.a) HowdoyousaythefollowinginJapanese?

AmericancompanybigcompanyfamouscompanyHowcanyouavoidrepeating“company”inthesephrases?

Whatisthedifferencebetweenmōandmotto?Describethedouble-subjectsentencestructure.Whatkindsofpredicateoccurinadouble-subjectsentence?

LESSON5

Whereisit?WheninRome,doasRomansdo(Lit:Whenenterthevillage,obeythevillage)

郷に入っては郷に従えGouniittewagounishitagae

GoingShoppingMeiisabouttogoshopping(kaimono)withstudentsoftheInternationalClub.Sheisinchargeoflockingtheroom.Mei: Whereiseveryone?

Minnawadokodesuka.みんなはどこですか。

Yuki: Theyareinthelobby.Robīniimasu.ロビーにいます。

Mei: Huh?Whereisthekey?Are?Kagi,dokodesuka.あれ? かぎ、どこですか.

Yuki: Isn’titonthedesk?Tsuykuenoueniarimasenka.机の上にありませんか。

Mei: Oh,hereitis!Good!A,arimashita!Yokatta!あ、ありました。よかった。

VOCABULARYminna みんな everyonedoko どこ where

robī ロビー lobbyni に at;inimasu います be;exist(animate)Are? あれ？ Huh?(That’sstrange)kagi かぎ key;locktsukue 机 deskue 上 toparimasu あります isthere;exist(inanimate)arimasen ありません isnottherearimashita ありました wasthere

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYminasan みなさん everyone(polite)koko ここ heresoko そこ therenearyouasoko あそこ overthere

LocationWordsue 上 thetop;aboveshita 下 under;belowmae 前 front;aheadushiro 後ろ back;behindnaka 中 insidesoto 外 outsidemigi 右 righthidari 左 leftaida 間 betweentonari 隣 neighboring;nexttoyoko 横 sidetemae 手前 thissidesaki 先 aheadmukō 向こう theotherside;overthere

soba そば near:inthevicinity

FurnitureandAppliancestēburu テーブル tabletsukue 机 deskisu いす chairsofā ソファー sofabeddo ベッド bedkyabinetto キャビネット cabinethondana 本棚 bookshelfhikidashi 引き出し drawerhako 箱 boxpurintā プリンター printerkopī コピー photocopier(photo

copyingmachine)reizōko 冷蔵庫 refrigeratorsentaku-ki 洗濯機 washersōji-ki 掃除機 vacuumcleanereakon エアコン airconditioner

GRAMMARNOTE ParticleniindicatingLocationInLesson2,itwasexplainedthatparticleniindicatesthetimewhensomethinghappens.Inthislessontwomoreusesoftheparticleareintroduced:thelocationofwhere someone/something is currently at, and the locationwhere an actionends(goal).

Withtheverbsimasuorarimasuandtheirvariations,theparticleniindicateswheresomething/someoneislocated.

Nihonniimasu. HeisinJapan.(person/animal)Nihonniarimasu. ItisinJapan.(thing)

Withmotionverbssuchas ikimasu“go”andkimasu “come” andother verbs,theparticleniindicatesthelocationtheactionisdirectedtowards.

Amerikaniikimasu. I’llgotoAmerica.

Satō-sannimēru-shimasu.

I’llemailMs.Sato.

Kaishanidenwashimasu.

I’llcallmyoffice.

Amerikanikaerimasu. I’llgobacktotheUS.

Recallthatwaandmoreplacetheparticlegaforthesubjectorparticleofortheobject respectively.However,wa andmo are added to other particles (de,ni,kara,made,etc.)

Amerikanimoarimasu. TheyareinAmerica,too.Amerikaniwaikimasen.

IwillnotbegoingtoAmerica.(lit.,AsforAmerica,Iwillnotgo.)

GRAMMARNOTE Arimasu,Imasu=“Thereis”,“Have”,“Exists”BothXarimasuandXimasumean“thereisX”,“Xexists”,or“IhaveX”.Thedifferenceisthatarimasuisusedforinanimateobjects,plants,ideas,andevents,whileimasuisusedforlivingthings,suchaspeopleandanimals.Evenbacteriaandghostsareimasu.Livefishintheoceanareimasuwhiledeadfishsoldinamarket are arimasu. Mechanical factory robots are arimasu while humanoidrobotswithartificialintelligencearemorelikelyimasu.Nowyougettheidea.

Therearetwonegativeformsforarimasu:arimasenandnaidesu.Thelatterislessformal.Forthenegativeformsofnounandadjectivepredicates,arimasenand arimasen deshita can substituted for nai desu and nakatta desurespectively.Thesealternativessoundalittlemoreelegant.

Sushijanaidesu.→Sushijaarimasen. It’snotsushi.Sushijanakattadesu.→Sushijaarimasendeshita.

Itwasn’tsushi.

Takakunaidesu.→Takakuarimasen. It’snotexpensive.Takakunakattadesu.→Takakuarimasendeshita.

Itwasn’texpensive.

Thechartbelowshowsalltheformsincludingthesealternatives.Present/FutureTense PastTenseAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative

VerbpredicateArimasu. Naidesu. Arimashita. Nakattadesu.

Itisthere. Itisnotthere(casual).Arimasen.Itisnotthere.

Itwasthere. Itwasnotthere(casual).Arimasendeshita.Itwasnotthere.

Nounpredicate

Sushidesu.Itissushi.

Sushijanaidesu.Itisnotsushi(casual).Sushijaarimasen.Itisnotsushi.

Sushideshita.Itwassushi.

Sushinjanakattadesu.Itwasnotsushi(casual).Sushinjaarimasendeshita.Itwasnotsushi.

AdjectivePredicate

Takaidesu.Itisexpensive.

Takakunaidesu.Itisnotexpensive(casual).Takakuarimasen.Itisnotexpensive.

Takakattadesu.Itwasexpensive.

Takakunakattadesu.Itwasnotexpensive(casual).Takakuarimasendeshita.Itwasnotexpensive.

Animportantwarningisinorder.Donotconfusethefollowingsentences.Kagijaarimasen/naidesu.

It’snotakey.(Identity)

Kaigiwaarimasen/naidesu.

Thereisnokey.(Existence)

Also note that as seen earlier, X desu can replace any predicate that isunderstoodfromthecontext.Thus,itcommonlyreplacesniarimasu/imasu.

Kagiwadokoniarimasuka.

Whereisthekey?

Tsukuenouedesuyo. It’sonthedesk.

GRAMMARNOTE LocationWordsThelocationwordsaboveareallnounsandtakethestructureofXnoYwhencombined with another noun. Recall that in X no Y, Y is the main noun.Compare:

maenobiru thebuildinginfrontbirunomae thefrontofthebuilding;infrontofthe

building

Theselocationwords,unlikeothernouns,cancombinewithdegreeexpressions.sukoshimigi alittletotherightmottomae moretothefrontmōshukoshisaki alittlefurtherahead

Therearethreeko-so-a-dosetsforlocations:koko“here”,kocchi“thisside;thisdirection”,andkochira“thisarea;thisdirection”.Thekochirasetisoftenusedasmorepoliteequivalentsofthekokoseries.

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: Ueniarimasuka. Isitontop?Response: Ie,shitaniarimasuyo. No,it’sunderneath.Cue: Resutorannomaeni

arimasuka.Isitinfrontoftherestaurant?

Response: Ie,resutorannoushironiarimasuyo.

No,it’satthebackoftherestaurant.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation:

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.

Miginiarimasuka.Nakaniarimasuka.Kaishanoushironiarimasuka.Tsukuenohidariniarimasuka.Daigakunosotoniarimasuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Satō-sanwakaisha

desuka.IsMs.Satointheoffice?

Response: Hai,kaishaniimasu. Yes,sheisintheoffice.Cue: Konpyūtāwatonari

desuka.Isthecomputerinthe(room)nextdoor?

Response: Hai,tonariniarimasu.

Yes,itisinthe(room)nextdoor.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation.KaishawaTaiwandesuka.Minnawamukōdesuka.Tomodachiwaushirodesuka.Senseinohonwaasokodesuka.Minnanoobentōwahakononakadesuka.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedwheresomeoneis.

SheisbesideMs.Sato.SheisbetweenMs.SatoandMr.Tanaka.Shewasinthebackbefore,butnowsheisnotthere.Sheisinthecoffeeshopontheleft.Sheisinfrontofthecoffeeshop.

You’vebeenaskedwherethekeyis.Isn’titinthebox?Isn’titintheboxonthedesk?Isn’titundertheboxonthedesk?Isn’titinthedrawerofthatdeskoverthere?

5.

1.2.3.

4.

5.

Isn’titnexttotheTV?

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Askatourguidewhereeveryoneis.Youmisplacedyourcellphone.Askaco-workerifshehasseenit.You’ve heard the name of a Japanese city. Find out where in Japan it islocated.Discusswithaco-workerwhatpiecesoffurnitureandappliancesyouhaveandhowtheyarearrangedinyourroom.Youseeastrangersittingnexttoasenpai.Askaco-workerwhothatis.

DrivinginTownOnabusinesstripMs.SatodriveswhileMichaelcheckstheGPS.Sato: Wheremighttheparkinglotbe?

Chūsha-jōwadonohendeshōka.駐車場はどの辺でしょうか。

Michael: You(should)turnrightatthenextintersection.Tsuginokōsatendemiginimagarimasu.次の交差点で右に曲がります。

Theyapproachtheparkingstructure.Sato: Hereweare,right?

Kokodesune?ここですね?

Michael: Hey,watchout!Thisistheexit,right?Theentranceisontheoppositeside.Aabunai!Kokowadeguchideshō.Iriguchiwahantai-gawadesuyo.あ、危ない！ここは出口でしょう。入り口は反対側ですよ。

VOCABULARY

chūshajō 駐車場 parkinglothen 辺 areatsugi 次 nextkōsaten 交差点 intersectionde で atmagarimasu 曲がります maketurnabunai 危ない dangerousdeguchi 出口 exitiriguchi 入り口 entrancehantai 反対 opposite-gawa 側 sidehantai-gawa 反対側 oppositeside

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYkuruma 車 carunten-shimasu 運転します drive(verb)tomemasu 止めます park(verb)norimasu 乗ります geton(avehicle)watarimasu 渡ります crossGī-pī-esu, GPS GPSKā-nabi(carnavigation) カーナビ

chizu 地図 maperiamappu エリアマップ areamap

BuildingsandStructuresinTownmichi 道 street;roadbiru(modern), ビル、 buildingtatemono 建物

kōban 交番 policeboxan’nai-jo 案内所 informationboothtaishikan 大使館 embassyryōjikan 領事館 consulate

ie 家 houseapāto アパート apartmentmanshon マンション condominiumryō 寮 dormitorydepāto デパート departmentstoresūpā スーパー supermarketmōru モール shoppingmallkonbini コンビニ conveniencestoreeki 駅 stationeki-biru 駅ビル stationbuildingginkō 銀行 bankbyōin 病院 hospitalkōen 公園 parkgakkō 学校 schooltoshokan 図書館 libraryeigakan 映画館 movietheatersābisueria サービスエリア serviceareagasorinsutando ガソリンスタンド gasstationsingō 信号 trafficlightkado 角 cornerhashi 橋 bridgeōdan-hodō 横断歩道 pedestriancrossinghodō-kyō 歩道橋 pedestrianbridge

GRAMMARNOTE XdeshōtoIndicateProbablityDeshō isatentativeformofdesuandindicatesprobabilityorthelikelihoodofsomething happening. It replaces desu and can occur after an adjective or anoun.

Oishi’ideshō. It’sprobablytasty.Nihon-jindeshō. She’sprobablyaJapanese.

When the particle ka is added to deshō, it becomes even less sure. For thisreason,deshōkasoundsmorepolitethandesukainaskingquestions.Notethe

fallingintonationonka.Dokodeshōka. Wheremightitbe?

Whendeshōisusedwithaquestionintonation,itindicatesthatthespeakerfeelssomething is self-evident and the other person would certainly agree. In thedialogue,Michaelthinksit’sunmistakablyclearthatitisanexitandalertsMs.SatotoitbysayingDeguchideshō?Youcanalsousedeshō?alonetothiseffectwhenthetopicisclear.

Ā,oishi’idesu! Oh,it’sdelicious!-Deshō? Isn’tit?(Iknewyouwouldsayso.)

GRAMMARNOTE ParticledeIndicatingLocationofActivityAplacenounfollowedbyparticledeindicatesthelocationwheresomeactivitytakesplace.Dependingonthecontext,itcanbetranslatedas“in”,“at”,or“on”inEnglish.

Kōsatendemagarimasu. We’llturnattheintersection.Amerikadebenkyō-shimashita.

IstudiedinAmerica.

Notethatbothnianddecanfollowalocationnounbutthereisacleardifferencebetween them. The particleni indicates the location of existence or the pointtowardswhichanactionisdirected.Ontheotherhand,theparticledeindicatesabroaderareawhereanactionoccurs.

Kōsatendemiginimagarimasu.I’llturnrightattheintersection.

Whenanactivitysuchasameetingisheldsomewhere,thelocationismarkedbytheparticlederatherthannibecauseitisanactivity.Comparethefollowing.

Kaigiwakaishadearimasu.Themeetingis(held)inthecompany.Konpyūtāwakaishaniarimasu.Thecomputeris(located)inthecompany.

The particleswa andmo can be added to particle de to indicate contrast oraddition.

Nihondewaohashio InJapan,weusechopsticks.

1.2.3.4.5.

tsukaimasu.Chūgokudemoohashiotsukaimasu.

InChina,theyusechopsticks,too.

CULTURALNOTE Konbini“ConvenienceStore”ConveniencestoresareeverywhereinJapanandtrulyconvenient.Youcanfinda large range of hot and cold meals, snacks, alcoholic and non-alcoholicbeverages, and other goods for sale 24 hours a day seven days a week.Conveniencestoresareknownforthehighqualityoftheirfood.Theyalsoofferservices suchasATMaccess, copying, faxing,digitalphotodeveloping, ticketreservations, bill pay, and delivery drop-off/pick-up.Many convenience storesalsoofferasmalleat-inarea,acleanrestroom,andWi-Fiservicefreeofcharge.However,makesureyoubuyalittlesomethingasacourtesytothestore,whenyouuseWi-Fiorthetoilet.

Some convenience stores do not accept credit cards unless your purchaseexceedsacertainamount.However,theyacceptdigitaltrainfarepassessuchas“Suica” and “PASMO”. These digital cards can be purchased from vendingmachinesandpre-loadedandre-loadedasneeded.

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Ikimasuka. Willyougo?Response: Hai,asokoni

ikimasu.Yes,I’llgothere.

Cue: Magarimasuka. Willyoubuyit?Response: Hai,asokode

magarimasu.Yes,I’llbuyitthere.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation:Kaimasuka.Arimasuka.Tabemasuka.Imasuka.Benkyō-shimasuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE4

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

Cue: Arewairiguchidesuka.Isthatanentrance?

Response: Yokuwakarimasenkedo,iriguchideshō.I’mnotsure,butitprobablyis.

Cue: Arewadepātodesuka.Isthatadepartmentstore?

Response: Yokuwakarimasenkedo,depātodeshō.I’mnotsure,butitprobablyis.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation:Arewachūshajōdesuka.Arewakōendesuka.Arewagakkōdesuka.Arewataishikandesuka.Arewaekidesuka.

EXERCISE3SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedwheresomethingislocated.AnswerinJapanese.

Station?It’salittlefurtherahead.Theentrancetothemall?It’sontheotherside.Amap?It’sprobablyattheentranceofthisbuilding.Apark?It’sprobablybehindthelibrary.Aconveniencestore?It’sinfrontofthatbrownbuilding,right?(Youshouldknowit.)

You’vebeenaskedhowtogettoadestination.Youtakethisstreet.Youturnleftatthenextcorner.Youcrossthebridge.Thenyougototheright.Youparkbehindthebuilding.Theentranceisontheright.You turn left at the next traffic light. You’ll see it right there. (Suguwakarimasu.)

EXERCISE4RolePlay

1.1)2)3)4)5)

2.

3.

1)2)3)4)

4.5.

Stopastrangerandpolitelyaskifthefollowingareinthisarea:agasstation;ATM;hospital;policebox;informationbooth

Astrangerhasmistakenanexitforanentrance.Warnhimthatitistheexit.Theentranceisoverthere.You’vebeenaskedaboutarestaurant.Mentionthatyouarenotsure,butitisprobably:

expensive;notexpensive;asushishop;notasushishop.

Apedestrianisnotawareofanapproachingcar.Warnhim.Usingamap,explainhowtogettoadestination.

IntheDepartmentStoreMeiwantstogotothefourthfloorbutcannotfindtheelevator.Sheasksashopclerkforhelp.Mei: Um,wherewouldtheelevatorbe?

Anō…Erebētāwadochiradeshōka.あのう、エレベーターは、どちらでしょうか。

Clerk: Elevator?It’soverthere.It’srightnearthestairs.Erebētādesuka.Achiranigozaimasu.Kaidannosugusobadesu.エレベーターですか。あちらにございます。階段のすぐそばです。

Mei: Sorry.Canyousay(that)slowlyonemoretime?Sumimasen.Mōichi-doyukkuri,onegai-shimasu.すみません。もう一度ゆっくりお願いします。

Intheelevator…Mei: Excuseme.Fourthfloor,please.

Sumimasen.Yon-kai,onegai-shimasu.すみません。四階、お願いします。

VOCABULARYerebētā エレベーター elevatorgozaimasu ございます exist*Gozaimasu isapoliteversionofarimasu,which is typicallyusedbyservicepeople.

kaidan 階段 staircasesugu すぐ soonsoba そば nearbyichi-do 一度 onetimemōichi-do もう一度 onemoretimeyukkuri ゆっくり slowly;inarelaxed

manner*Yukkuri-shimasumeans “relax and enjoy the time”.Dōzogo-yukkurimeans“Please take your time and enjoy”, which you may often hear from servicepeople.

yon-kai 四階 4thfloor;fourfloors

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYesukarētā エスカレーター escalatortoire トイレ toiletchika 地下 basementsābisukauntā サービスカウンター servicecounter

DepartmentStoreItemskutsu 靴 shoeskasa 傘 umbrellakaban かばん baghandobaggu ハンドバッグ handbag

fuku 服 clotheskimono 着物 kimononekutai ネクタイ necktiekeshō-hin 化粧品 cosmeticsomocha おもちゃ toykagu 家具 furnituremegane めがね glasses,spectaclestokei 時計 watch;clockbunbōgu 文房具 stationeryakusesarī アクセサリー accessories

GRAMMARNOTE MoreClassifiers-kai,-do/-kaiThe classifier for floors of a building is -kai/-gai階 and the classifiers forcounting the number of times are -do and -kai回 (recallMō ichi-do onegai-shimasu. “One more time, please.”) Note the difference between these twoquestions:

Nan-kaiarimasuka. “Howmanyfloorsarethere?”Nan-kainiarimasuka. “Onwhichfloorisit?”

floors times/occasions1 ik-kai ichi-do ik-kai2 ni-kai ni-do ni-kai3 san-kai/san-gai san-do san-kai4 yon-kai yon-do yon-kai5 go-kai go-do go-kai6 rok-kai roku-do rok-kai7 nana-kai nana-do nana-kai8 hachi-kai/hak-kai hachi-do hachi-kai/hak-kai9 kyū-kai kyū-do kyū-kai10 juk-kai/jikkai jū-do juk-kai/jikkai11 nan-kai nan-do nan-kai

CULTURALNOTE Depa-chika“TheBasementofaDepartment

1.2.3.4.5.

Store”Japanese department stores (depāto) provide a one-stop shopping experienceofferingawiderangeofhighqualitygoodsfromwell-knownbrands.Pricesaregenerallyhigher,butcustomerserviceisunparalleled.

Depa-chika refers to the basement floor of a department store and is agourmet heavenof fine-quality foods, fresh foods, ready-to-eat dishes, sweets,delicacies and beverages from around Japan and the world, all of which areenticingly displayed. It caters to all shoppers, providing themwith take-awaylunchesordinners,souvenirsandgifts,ordishestocelebratespecialoccasions.Mostdepartmentstoresopenaround10a.m.andstayopenuntil8.Late in theday,storesslashpricestomoveperishableitems.Naturallydepa-chikaismostcrowdedaroundthattime.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Erebētāwadochiradeshōka.

Wheremighttheelevatorbe?Response: Erebētādesuka.Iriguchinosugusobadesu.

Elevator?It’srightneartheentrance.Cue: Kaidanwadochiradeshōka.

Wheremightthestairsbe?Response: Kaidandesuka.Iriguchinosugusobadesu.

Stairs?Theyarerightneartheentrance.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Esukarētāwadochiradeshōka.Toirewadochiradeshōka.Sābisukauntāwadochiradeshōka.Shokudōwadochiradeshōka.Ekiwadochiradeshōka.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Kasatokabanwaik-kaidesuka.

Areumbrellasandbagsonthe1stfloor?Response: Kasawaik-kaidesukedo,kabanwani-kaidesu.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.

2.1)2)3)

3.1)2)3)

4.

Umbrellasareonthe1stfloor,butbagsareonthe2ndfloor.Cue: Meganetoomochawarok-kaidesuka.

Areglassesandtoysonthe6thfloor?Response:Meganewarok-kaidesukedo,omochawanana-kaidesu.

Glassesareonthe6thfloors,buttoysareonthe7thfloors.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Kutsutokasawani-kaidesuka.Handobaggutokasawayon-kaidesuka.Tokeitomeganewago-kaidesuka.Omochatokaguwahachi-kaidesuka.Kimonotofukuwasan-gaidesuka.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapanesePolitelyaskthefollowingattheinformationdeskinadepartmentstore.

Whereisthecustomerservicecounter?Wherearethebags,handbags,etc.?Onwhatflooristhewomen’sclothinglocated?Atwhattimedoyouclosetoday?(Untilwhattimeisittoday?)AretheremapsinEnglish?

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Youdidn’tgetthedirectionssomeonehasjustprovidedyou.Politelyrequestthatsherepeatitslowlyonemoretime.Theelevatordoorhasjustopened.Askifitisgoing:

up;down;tothetenthfloor.

Suggestthatyoutake(gobymeansof)anelevator;escalator;stairs.

You’vebeenaskedifthisisyourfirsttimeinJapan.Mentionthatyoucameheretwicebefore.

5.

1)2)3)

Usingafloormapofthefollowingtoaskandanswerwhereyoucanfindthegoodsyouarelookingfor.

adepartmentstore;asupermarket;aconveniencestore

TakingaBreakinaCaféMichaelandMs.Satohavebeenoutonbusinessallday.Theydecidetotakeabreakatanearbycafé.Michael: Exhausted,aren’twe?

Tsukaremashitane.疲れましたね。

Sato: Let’sjusttakeabreak.Chottokyūkei-shimashō.ちょっと休憩しましょう。

Astheyenterthecafé,theylookforaplacetosit.Michael: Whereshallwesit?

Dokonisuwarimashōka.どこにすわりましょうか。

Sato: You’dlikenearthewindow,right?Madonosobagai’ideshō.窓のそばがいいでしょう。

Michael: Right.Sōdesune.そうですね。

VOCABULARYtsukaremasu 疲れます becometiredkyūkei 休憩 (short)breakkyūkei-shimasu 休憩します takeabreak

•

•

kyūkei-shimashō 休憩しましょう Let’stakeabreaksuwarimasu 座ります sitmado 窓 window

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYdoa ドア doorseki 席 seatbenchi ベンチ bench

GRAMMARNOTE Verb–mashō=“Let’sDoSomething”V-mashōcanreplaceV-masuandmeans“let’sdoX”or“whydon’tIdoX”.Itisusedtomakeasuggestionoroffertodosomething.

Yasumimashō. Let’stakeabreak.Yasumimashōka. Shallwetakeabreak?

Note that the question form -mashōka typically has a falling intonation. It ismorepolitethan-mashōalonebecausetheaddresseecansaynotothequestion.Verbssuchasarimasu,dekimasu,andwakarimasudonotoccurinthe-mashōformbecausetheyallindicatesomethingbeyondone’scontrol.

Asfor thedoerof theaction in thispattern, thespeaker isalways included,buttheaddresseemightnotbeincluded,dependingonthecontext.

Watashigashimashō. Whydon’tIdoit?

Now,howdoyourespondtoasuggestionoranoffermadetoyou?Whenyou’rerespondingtoasuggestion:Toagree -Sōshimashō. Let’sdothat.Todisagree -Iya,chotto…. No,just….Whensomeonehasofferedtodosomethingforyou:Toacceptit -Hai,onegai-

shimasu.Yes,please.

Toturnitdown -Ie,daijōbudesu. Nothankyou(I’mfine.)

Warning:Makesureyoudonotconfusedeshō“probably”andV-mashō.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Yasumimasenka.

Whydon’twetakeabreak?Response: Sōdesune.Yasumimashō.

Right.Let’stakeabreak.Cue: Kokonisuwarimasenka.

Whydon’twesithere?Response Sōdesune.Kokonisuwarimashō.

Right.Let’ssithere.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Depātodekaimasenka.Kurumaninorimasenka.Hashiowatarimasenka.Chūshajōnitomemasenka.Erebētādeikimasenka.

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Kasaokaimashō.

Let’sbuyanumbrella.Response: Dokodekaimashōka.

Whereshallwebuyit?Cue: Ohirugohanotabemashō.

Let’shavelunch.Response: Dokodetabemashōka.

Whereshallwehaveit?

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation.Chottoyasumimashō.Chizuomimashō.Michiowatarimashō.Kōhīonomimashō.Yukkurihanashimashō.

1.2.3.4.

5.

1.

2.1)2)3)4)

3.4.5.

1)2)

1.2.

b)3.

b)4.

1)2)3)

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseYouarediscussingweekendplans.Suggestthefollowing.

Let’swatchStarWarsonemoretime.Let’sshopatadepartmentstore.Let’sdoourJapanesehomework,thenlet’seatdinneratthenewrestaurant.Whydon’twemakeareservationforthetablenearthewindow?Whydon’tIcallnow?Let’s have an organizational meeting at an izakaya. Why don’t I emailSenpai?

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Your group has been working hard. Acknowledge this and suggest thateveryonetakeabreak.Youandafriendarepickingseatsonatourbus.Suggestthatyousit:

morefront;furtherback;nearthedoor;ontherightside.

Atarestaurant,askyourgroupwhatfoodanddrinksyoushouldorder.Yourbosscannotattendameeting.Volunteertogoinherplace.Aco-workerwantstopracticeEnglish.Offertotalk:

inEnglish;moreslowly.

REVIEWQUESTIONSWhatisthedifferencebetweenarimasu,imasu,andgozaimasu?a) Whatdoesdeshōmean?

Whataboutwhenithasarisingintonation?a) Whatdoesverb-mashōmean?

Whoisalwaysincludedasadoeroftheaction?Whatparticleismostappropriateinthefollowingblanks?

Satō-sanwaAmerika____imasu.Yon-kaimadeErebētā___ikimashō.Mainichigakkō___ikimasu.

4)5)

5.b)

Koko___suwarimashō.Soto___hanashimashōka.

a) Howarefloorscountedornamed?Howaboutthenumberoftimes?

LESSON6

LeisureActivitiesandHobbiesLikingshowswhereyourtalentlies(Whatyoulike,you’lldowell)

好きこそものの上手なれSukikosomononojouzunare

InvitationtoKabukiYuki and Mei have been friends for a couple of months, and are nowcomfortabletalkingwitheachothercasually.HeasksMeiaboutherplansforthenextday.Yuki: Willyoubebusytomorrow?

Ashitaisogashi’i?あした忙しい？

Mei: Notparticularly.U’un,betsuni.ううん、別に。

Yuki: AreyouinterestedinthingslikeKabuki?Kabukitokakyōmiaru?歌舞伎とか、興味ある？

Mei: Yes.It’sa(partof)traditionalJapaneseculture,isn’tit?Un,Nihonnodentō-bunkadeshō.うん。日本の伝統文化でしょう。

Yūki:Thenwillyougo?Ja,iku?じゃ、行く？

Mei: Okay.Okkē.オッケー。

AftertheshowYuki: Howwasit?Wasitinteresting?

Dōdatta?Omoshirokatta?どうだった？おもしろかった？

Mei: Yes,itwasthebest.Un,saikōdatta.うん、最高だった。

VOCABULARYisogashi’i 忙しい busybetsuni 別に notparticularly,notreallyKabuki 歌舞伎 Kabukikyōmi 興味 interest;curiosityaru ある exist(plainformof

arimasu)bunka 文化 culturedentō-bunka 伝統文化 traditionalcultureOkkē オッケー OKdō どう howdatta だった was(informalformof

deshita)omoshiroi おもしろい interestingomoshirokatta おもしろかった wasinterestingsaikō 最高 best

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYtsumaranai つまらない boringtanoshi’i 楽しい enjoyable;funima-ichi いまいち notquite;notquite

satisfactorysankyū サンキュー Thankyoubaibai バイバイ bye

TraditionalCulturalActivitiesPerformingArtsKabuki 歌舞伎 all-menKabukitheaterNō 能 NohtheaterBunraku 文楽 puppetrytheater

MartialArtsKendō 剣道 JapanesefencingKyūdō 弓道 JapanesearcheryJūdō 柔道 JudoAikidō 合気道 AikidoKarate 空手 KarateSumō 相撲 Japanesewrestling

AestheticArtsSa-dō 茶道 teaceremonyKa-dō 華道 Japaneseflower

arrangementSho-dō 書道 Japanesecalligraphy

GRAMMARNOTE SpeechStylesJapanesepeople speak indifferent speech stylesdependingon the relationshipbetween the speaker and addressee, the settingwhere the conversationoccurs,the topicof the conversation, andother elements.The styles arenot binaryorclearly divided, but rather span a spectrum ranging from very careful to verycasual.

Differentlinguisticfeaturescollectivelycontributetoanoverallimpressionofhowcasualorcarefulthespeechis.Features CarefulStyle CasualStylePredicateform Formal InformalWordsandexpressions Polite PlainorcolloquialContractions,abbreviations,Inversions,etc. Less More

Pronunciation MoreenunciatedPitch,pace Higherpitch,slower Lowerpitch,fasterBodylanguage Stiff Relaxed

Westartedthisbookwiththecarefulstylebecauseitissociallylessrisky.Thisisthe style typically observed between people who have just met, betweenstrangers, and inbusiness situations.On theotherhand, casual speech style isused in informal settingswhen the speaker is conversingwith people close tohim such as a friend, familymember, child, orhimself.Speech styles indicatethe social andpsychologicaldistancebetweenspeakers.However, thedistancecanchangeevenduring thecourseofaconversationbetween thesamepairofspeakers.Eachshiftcarriessomelinguisticandsocialmeaning.Maturespeakerswillswitchstylesappropriatelyinafullrangeoflinguisticarenas.

Inthischapter,weintroducethemostprominentfeatureofcasualspeech,theInformalformsofpredicates.

GRAMMARNOTE InformalFormsofPredicatesAll Japanese sentences contain a predicate in either Formal or Informal form.The choice is binary.Masu, desu, and their negative and past forms are allFormal forms. Dictionaries do not list words in these forms. They list theInformalforms.HowdowemakeInformalformsfromtheFormalforms?

•

•

•

ForAdjectivepredicates,dropdesu.Takaidesu. → Takai. It’sexpensive.Takakunaidesu. → Takakunai. It’snotexpensive.Takakattadesu. → Takakatta. Itwasexpensive.Takakunakattadesu. → Takaku

nakatta.Itwasnotexpensive.

ForNounpredicates,replacedesuwithdaanddeshitawithdatta.However,dainthesentencefinalpositionisoftendropped.Nihon-godesu. → Nihon-go. It’sJapanese.Nihon-gojanaidesu. → Nihon-goja

nai.It’snotJapanese.

Nihon-godeshita. → Nihon-godatta.

ItwasJapanese.

Nihon-gojanakattadesu

→ Nihon-gojanakatta.

ItwasnotJapanese.

Forverbpredicates,youneedtoknowtheInformalformofeachverb.Thereare conjugation rules for verbs in different groups. Japanese verbs aredividedintothefourgroups:1)U-verbs2)Ru-verbs3)Irregularverbsand4)SpecialPoliteverbs.

U-VerbsThis is the largestverbgroup.Tomake theplainformofaverb in thisgroup,replace-imasuwith-u.(Ordrop-masuandchange i tou.)Averbstemis theportionoftheverbbefore-masu.Thestemoftheverbsinthisgroupallendin-i.

Stem Meaning InformalFormwakar-i understand→ wakar-uka-i buy → ka-ukak-i write → kak-unom-i drink → nom-uoyog-i swim → oyog-uhanash-i

talk → hanas-u

Ru-VerbsTomaketheplainformoftheverbsinthisgroup,replace-masuwith-ru.Inotherwords,youadd-rutothestem.Thestemoftheverbsinthisgroupendsin-eor-i.

Stem Meaning InformalFormtabe eat → tabe-rumi look → mi-ru

Notethatthe-masuendingindicatesthat theverbisaRu-verbbutthe-imasuendingcanindicateeitheraU-verboraRu-verb.Youneedtochecktheword’sotherformstodeterminewhichgroupitbelongsto.Alsonotethatverbswiththe-eru or -iru ending can be eitherU orRu-verbs while verbs that have otherendingsareU-verbs(exceptforthefewirregularverbsbelow).Iru,forexample,canbeeitherinU-verborRu-verbdependingonwherethecutis.Examinethefollowing:

imasu exist → i-ruirimasu need → ir-ukaemasu change → kae-rukaerimasu gohome → kaer-u

IrregularVerbsThereareonlyfourirregularverbsinJapanese.

Formalform

Meaning InformalForm

kimasu come → kurushimasu do → suruarimasu be → aruikimasu go → iku

ThereasonwhyarimasuandikimasuareinthisgroupandnotU-verbswillbeexplainedlaterwhenwediscussthenegativeandpastforms.

SpecialPoliteVerbsThisgrouphasonlyfiveverbs.

Formalform Meaning InformalForm

irasshaimasu be;go;come

→ irasshar-u

gozaimasu be → gozar-ukudasaimasu give(tome) → kudasar-unasaimasu do → nasar-uosshaimasu say → osshar-u

Thereasonswhy theseareseparatedfromU-verbs isbecause the /r/before -udropsintheformalformbeforemasu.

CULTURALNOTE Dō道—aSpiritualPathtoMasteryDō in Kendō (Japanese fencing), sa-dō (Japanese tea ceremony) and othertraditional arts literallymeans “theway” or “path”, and carries an ethical andaestheticconnotation,stronglyinfluencedbyZenphilosophy.Peoplestudythesedisciplines(sometimes,morethanone,sinceallpaths leadto thesameend) toacquire skill and also to achieve greater self-revelation, enlightenment, andcharacterdevelopment.

Thereisasystematizedpractice(keiko稽古)andprocessleadingtomastery.Fundamentals are learned through repetitive and choreographed practice ofprescribedforms(kata型).Masteringthekata leadstoanexplorationofone’sown practice style and an eventual parting with traditional wisdom. Therepetitiveandchoreographedaspectof thepracticeand theemphasisonethicsandmindandbodyunity,ratherthancompetition,differentiatesJapanesemartialartsfromsports.

Thereareschoolsandtrainingplaces(dojo道場)thatteachthesedisciplines.Master teachers offer private lessons as well. In Japanese middle and highschools,many of these disciplines are taught as part of the curriculum and asafter school club activities. Clubs provide opportunities for students to enjoytheirhobbies,improveparticularskills,anddisciplinethemselvesintheprocess.Clubsalsoteachstudentshowtobehavewithinthesenpai-kōhairelationship.

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: Arimasuka. Doyouhaveit?Response: Un,aruyo. Yes,Ido.Cue: Ikimasuka. Doyougo?

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

Response: Un,ikuyo. Yes,Ido.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation.Tabemasuka.Nomimasuka.Shimasuka.Kimasuka.Kaimasuka.Wakarimasuka.Hanashimasuka.Yomimasuka.Nemasuka.Kikimasuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Omoshirokattadesunē. Itwasinteresting,wasn’tit?Response: Un,omoshirokattakedo… Yes,itwas,but…Cue: Saikōdeshitanē. Itwasthebest,wasn’tit?Response: Un,saikōdattakedo… Yes,itwas,but…

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation:Kireideshitanē.Tsumaranakattadesunē.Oishisōdeshitanē.Damedeshitanē.Tanoshikattadesunē.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseAskafriendthefollowingquestions.

Areyoubusytomorrow?DoyouworkonSaturday?AreyouinterestedinJudo,Karate,etc.?WhatdoyoudoonSunday?DoyoulikeJapanesetraditionalculture?

1.1)2)3)

2.1)2)3)4)5)

3.4.

5.

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Askafriendifheisinterestedinthingsliketeaceremony;Sumo;traditionalsports.

Askafriendifheisgoingto:gotothemeeting;watchSumoonTV;usethislaptop;comeagaintomorrow;studymore.

Afriendhasjusttakenanexam.Askhowitwas.Recommend some tourist attractions in your country to a friend. Explainwhy.FindoutwhataspectoftraditionalcultureofJapanafriendisinterestedin.

VacationsYuki: Whatareyourplansforsummervacation?

Natsu-yasumiwadōsuruno?夏休みはどうするの？

Mei: I’llbetravelingwithafriend.Tomodachitoryokō-suruno.友だちと旅行するの。

Yuki: Whereto?Dokoni?どこに？

Mei: Okinawa.Okinawa.沖縄。

Ican’twaittoswimintheocean.Hayakuumideoyogitainā!

早く海で泳ぎたいなあ！

VOCABULARYnatsu 夏 summernatsu-yasumi 夏休み summervacationdōsuru どうする whattodono の it’sthecaseOkinawa 沖縄 Okinawahayaku 早く quickly;soonumi 海 ocean;seaoyogu 泳ぐ swimoyogitai 泳ぎたい wanttoswimnā なあ casualversionofnē

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYharu 春 springaki 秋 autumnfuyu 冬 winterkisetsu 季節 seasonyama 山 mountain;hillasobu 遊ぶ playnoboru 登る climbhairu 入る goin;take(abath)odoru 踊る danceutau 歌う sing

LeisureActivitieskaigairyokō 海外旅行 tripabroadinaka 田舎 countryside;hometownonsen 温泉 hotspringyamaninoboru 山に登る climbamountainhaikingu-suru ハイキングする hike

Fuji-san 富士山 Mt.Fuji(o)tera お寺 Buddhisttemplejinja 神社 Shintoshrinekyōkai 教会 Christianchurch(o)shiro お城 castle(o)matsuri お祭り festivalbijutsu-kan 美術館 museum

Islands CitiesHonshū Tōkyō FukuokaKyūshū Kyōto SapporoHokkaidō Ōsaka HiroshimaShikoku Nagoya KobeOkinawa Yokohama Nara

GRAMMARNOTE V-taiForm=“WanttoDo”Verb-taimeans“IwanttodoX”.Tomakethetaiformofaverb,add-taitotheverbstem(theportionbefore-masu).DesucanbeaddedfortheFormalform.Tabe(masu) → TabetaiorTabetai

desu.Iwanttoeatit.

Nomi(masu) → NomitaiorNomitaidesu.

Iwanttodrinkit.

Note that theV-tai form isno longeraverb. It’sanadjective.Allof its formsfollowtheadjectivepatterns.

Affirmative NegativeNon-past

tabetai Tabetakunai.(casual) Idon’twanttoeatit.

Tabetakuarimasen. Idonotwanttoeatit.Past tabetakatta Tabetakunakatta.

(casual)Ididn’twanttoeatit.

Tabetakuarimasendeshita.

Ididnotwanttoeatit.

X-taiistypicallyusedtoexpressthespeaker’sdesire(“Iwantto…”)andtoasktheaddressee’sdesire(“Doyouwantto…?”)butnotathirdperson’sdesire(“Hewants to….”)Alsonote thatwith the -tai form, theobjectof theverb canbemarkedeitherbytheparticlegaoro.

Naniotabetai? Whatdoyouwanttoeat?Nanigatabetai? Whatdoyouwanttoeat?

Becarefulnot touse the-tai formwhen invitingor suggestingsomeone todosomething.Usenegativequestions,instead.

Tabemasenka. Wouldn’tyouliketohavesome?(Invitation)

Tabetaidesuka. Doyouwanttoeatit?(Question)

GRAMMARNOTE Predicate+notoExplainSituationInthedialogue,YukiaskswhatMei’svacationplansareandMeianswersthatshe plans to travelwith friends.Both of these sentences endwithno. Thenoaddedat theendofasentencerefers tothecircumstance,orhowthingsare.Itprovides an explanation or background information regarding the situation,similar tohowwewouldsay“So…”,or“It’s that…”. In thedialogue,Yuki isawarethatthesummerholidaysareapproachingandassumesthatMeihasplans.Thusheusesnotoaskwhatherplansare,effectivelysaying,“So,whatareyourplansforthesummervacation?”Withoutno,thequestionwouldsoundgeneral,and indicatenoconnectionbetween thequestionandhisassumptionabout thevacation.

Nocanbeaddedtoanadjective,noun,orverbpredicate.Notethatforanounpredicate,youneedtoinsertnabeforeno.TomakeaFormalform,changenotondesu.ThenoorndesucanbeaddedtotheNegativeformsandPastformsaswell.

Adjective: Takaino. Takaindesu. It’sthatit’sexpensive.

Verb: Kaeruno. Kaerundesu. It’sthatI’mgoinghome.

Noun: Yasuminano. Yasuminandesu.

It’sthatit’sabreak.

The /Sentence+no (n desu)/ pattern isVERY common in Japanese, and notusingthispatternwhereitisexpectedmaymakethespeakerseeminsensitveorunawareofthecircumstances.

Howisthe/ndesu/patterndifferentfromkara“because”?Akara sentencespecificallyprovidesTHEreasonforsomething.Ontheotherhandthe/ndesu/patternjustdrawsattentiontothebackgroundofthesituation,andissofterandmoreindirect.

GRAMMARNOTE ParticletoIndicatingAccompanimentWelearnedearlierthattheparticletoconnectsnouns.

ringotomikan applesandoranges

In this chapter,we introduce theparticle to indicatingwithwhoman action isperformed.Itconnectstheprecedingnountotheverb.

TomodachitoOkinawaniikimasu.

I’mgoingtoOkinawawithafriend.

Senseitohanashimashita. Italkedwithateacher.

Nowhowdoyousay,“Iatewithchopsticks”inJapanese?This“with”doesnotrefertowhoyouatewithbutratherthemeansbywhichyouate.So,Ohashidetabemashitaisthecorrectanswer.

CULTURALNOTE ReligionsinJapanShinto(Shintō神道),Buddhism(Bukkyō仏教)andChristianity (Kirisuto-kyōキリスト教)arethethreemajorreligionsinJapanwithShintobeingthelargest,practicedbynearly80%of thepopulation.However, religion in Japanusuallyrefers toorganized faithsanddoctrines,andonlyasmallpercentageofpeopleidentify themselvesasmembersofsuchorganizedreligions.MostJapaneseonthe other hand participate in rituals and customs derived from Shinto andBuddhist traditions. They tend to consider these cultural traditions rather thanreligion.

ManyJapanesehouseholdsdisplaybothShintoandBuddhistaltars.ThebirthofanewbabyiscelebratedwithavisittoaShintoshrine.Weddingceremoniesare often performedbyShinto priests, butChristian-stylewedding ceremoniesare alsopopular thesedays.Funerals andmemorial anniversaries fordeceasedfamily members are usually performed according to Buddhist traditions. This

1.2.3.4.5.

syncretism—blending of religions—is often described as “Born Shinto,MarryChristian,DieBuddhist”.

Most festivals (matsuri祭り) are associated with local Shinto shrines andfollow local traditions. The two most significant holidays in Japan are NewYear’s Day, when people visit Shinto shrines (jinja神社), and Obon, whenpeople visit Buddhist temples (otera お寺) and honor the spirit of familyancestors.

Generallyspeaking,shrinescanbe identifiedby theentrancegate (tori’i鳥居), often painted red. As you enter through the gate, you will find a waterfountainwhereyouwashyourhandsandrinseyourmouthusingwaterscoopedwithabambooladle.Approachthealtar,ringthebellwiththerope,throwacoininto the offering box before the altar, clap three times, then clasp your handstogether to pray. At a temple, take off your shoes before entering the mainbuildingandkneelon the tatami-floor before the altar and pray.Refrain fromclappingwhileinside.

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Ikitai? Doyouwanttogo?Response: U’un,ikitakunai. No,Idon’twantto.Cue: Nomitai? Doyouwanttodrink?Response: U’un,nomitakunai. No,Idon’twantto.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowing:Tabetai?Mitai?Hatarakitai?Kaitai?Benkyō-shitai?

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: Umideoyoguno?

So,yougoingtoswimintheocean,right?Response: Un,hayakuumideoyogitainā.

Yes,Ican’twait.Cue: Okinawaniikuno?

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.

4.1)2)

So,youaregoingtoOkinawa,right?Response: Un,hayakuOkinawaniikitainā.

Yes,Icannotwait.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation:Ryokō-suruno?Sumahokauno?Bīrunomuno?Kabukimiruno?Fuji-sanninoboruno?

EXERCISE3SayitInJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedwhyyouaregoingtoKyoto.

It’sthatit’saspringvacation.It’sthatIloveKyoto.It’sthatIhaveafriendthere.It’sthatIwanttoseeshrines,temples,etc.It’sthatIaminterestedinthetraditionalculture.

Youarediscussingyourupcomingvacation.Expressyourexcitement.Ican’twaittoclimbMt.Fuji.Ican’twaittowatchKabuki.Ican’twaittogotoHokkaidowithmyfriends.Ican’twaittotakeahotspringbath.Ican’twaittoplayinOsakaandKobe.

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Askafriendwhathisplansareforthewintervacation.Youarediscussingvacations.Askafriendwhereshewantstogoandwhy.Aco-workerrecommendsthatyouvisitKyushu.Askhimwhatisinterestingthere.Youseeafriendcarryingasuitcase.Askherifthatmeanssheisgoingto:

travel;gobacktoChina;

3)5.

takeatripabroad.Youarelost.Stopastranger;letherknowthatyouwanttogotothecastle(that’swhyyoustoppedher);andseeifsheknowswhereitis.

GoingSightseeingMeigreetsherneighboroutsideherapartment.Mei: It’sabeautifulday,isn’tit?

I’iotenkidesunē.いいお天気ですねえ。

Yamamoto: Oh.Areyougoingout?Ara.Odekake?あら。お出かけ？

Mei: Yes,I’msightseeingtoday.E’e,kyōwakankōdesu.ええ、今日は観光です。

Yamamoto: Oh,isthatright?Havefun.Ā,sō.Itterasshai.ああ、そう。行ってらっしゃい。

MeiandYukiarecheckingbustourstotake.Mei: Howmuchisthistour?

Konotsuā,ikura?このツアー、いくら？

Yuki: Itcosts5,980yenperperson.Hitorigo-senkyū-hyakuhachi-jū-en.一人5980円。

Mei: Abouthowmanydollarsisthat?Sorewanan-dorugurai?それは何ドルぐらい？

Yuki: Let’ssee…approximately55dollars.Etto,yakugo-jū-go-doru.

えっと、約55ドル。

Meigoestotheticketcounter.Mei: Twoadults(tickets)forTour#15,please.

Jū-go-bannotsuā,otonani-meionegai-shimasu.15番のツアー、大人二名、お願いします。

Clerk: Certainly.Thatwillbe11,960yen.Kashikomarimashita.Dewa,ichi-mansenkyū-hyakuroku-jū-enninarimasu.かしこまりました。では、11,960円になります。

VOCABULARYdekakeru 出かける gooutkankō 観光 sightseeingtsuā ツアー tourikura いくら howmuch-en 円 yensen 千 thousandgo-sen 五千 fivethousandkyū-hyaku 九百 ninehundreddoru ドル dollarnandoru 何ドル howmanydollars-gurai ぐらい aboutyaku 約 approximately-ban 番 number;#jū-go-ban １５番 number15otona 大人 adultdewa では then(formalversionof

ja)ichi-man 一万 tenthousandnaru なる become;amounttoXninaru Xになる itisX;itamountstoX

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYame 雨 rainyuki 雪 snowatsui 暑い hotsamui 寒い coldatatakai 暖かい warmsuzushi’i 涼しい coolkodomo 子供 childshinia シニア seniorcitizengaku-wari 学割 studentdiscountdoru ドル dollartada ただ freeofcharge(colloquial)muryō 無料 freeofcharge

TokyoTouristSpotsTokyoSkytreeTokyoTowerShinjukuGinzaAkihabaraShibuyaRoppongiHillsHarajukuHachikoAsakusaSensō-jiMeijiJinguUenoPark

Numbers(1–50,000)1ichi2ni3san4shi/yo/yon5go

6roku7shichi/nana8hachi9kyū/ku10jū11jū-ichi12jū-ni13jū-san14jū-shi/yon15jū-go16jū-roku17jū-shichi/nana18jū-hachi19jū-kyū/ku20nijū21nijū-ichi22nijū-ni23nijū-san24nijū-shi/yon25nijū-go26nijū-roku27nijū-shichi/nana28nijū-hachi29nijū-kyū/ku30sanjū31sanjū-ichi32sanjū-ni33sanjū-san34sanjū-shi/yon35sanjū-go36sanjū-roku37sanjūshichi/nana38sanjū-hachi39sanjū-kyū/ku40yonjū

41yonjū-ichi

42yonjū-ni43yonjū-san44yonjū-shi/yon45yonjū-go46yonjū-roku47yonjū-shichi/nana48yonjū-hachi49yonjū-kyū/ku50gojū51gojū-ichi52gojū-ni53gojū-san54gojū-shi/yon55gojū-go56gojū-roku57gojūshichi/nana58gojū-hachi59gojūkyū/-ku60rokujū61rokujū-ichi62rokujū-ni63rokujū-san64rokujū-shi/yon65rokujū-go66rokujū-roku67rokujū-shichi/nana68rokujū-hachi69rokujūkyū/-ku70nanajū71nanajū-ichi72nanajū-ni73nanajū-san74nanajū-shi/yon75nanajū-go76nanajū-roku77nanajū-shichi/nana78nanajū-hachi

79nanajū-kyū/ku80hachijū

81hachijū-ichi82hachijū-ni83hachijū-san84hachijū-shi/yon85hachijū-go86hachijū-roku87hachijū-shichi/nana88hachijū-hachi89hachijū-kyū/ku90kyūjū91kyūjū-ichi92kyūjū-ni93kyūjū-san94kyūjū-shi/yon95kyūjū-go96kyūjū-roku97kyūjū-shichi/nana98kyūjū-hachi99kyūjūkyū/-ku100hyaku200ni-hyaku300san-byaku400yon-hyaku500go-hyaku600rop-pyaku700nana-hyaku800hap-pyaku900kyū-hyaku5000go-sen6000roku-sen7000nana-sen8000has-sen9000kyū-sen

10,000ichi-man20,000ni-man30,000san-man40,000yon-man50,000go-man60,000roku-man70,000nana-man80,000hachi-man90,000kyū-man0rei/zerohowmany100’s?howmany1000’s?howmany10,000’s?nan-byakunan-zennan-man

GRAMMARNOTE NumbersAbove100InEnglishnumbersaregroupedby thousands,millions,billions, and thusyouseeacommaaftereverythreeplacestotheleftofthedecimal—1,000,000,000.In Japanese, numbers are counted in groups of four places and traditionally acommawasinsertedeveryfourplaces—10,0000,0000.TenthousandinJapanesehasaspecialnameman,andsucceedinggroupsoffourplaces,havethenames-oku“onehundredmillion”,and-chō“onetrillion”.

Notethatyouneedtosayichionlyforthelastplaceineachfour-placegroup.So,10,100and1000donotrequireichi.

1 ichi 10,000 ichi-man10 jū 100,000 jū-man100 hyaku 1,000,000 hyaku-man

1,000 sen 10,000,000 sen-man

¥1111,1111issenhyakujūichimansenhyakujūichien.

Alsonotethefollowingsoundchanges.For100s(hyaku) h→b 300sanbyaku

?00nanbyaku(howmanyhundreds?)

h→pp 600roppyaku;800happyakuFor1000s(sen) s→z 3000sanzen

?000nanzen(howmanythousands?)s→ss 8000hassen

Theclassifier-enisusedforJapanesecurrencyand-doruforUScurrency.-banisused fornumbers inorder (first, second, etc.)As shown in the chartbelow,before -en thenumber four isyo, and thenumbers sevenandninebefore -en,doruand-banarenana,andkyū.

-en -doru -ban1. ichi-en ichi-doru ichi-ban2. ni-en ni-doru ni-ban3. san-en san-doru san-ban4. yo-en yon-doru yon-ban5. go-en go-doru go-ban6. roku-en roku-doru roku-ban7. nana-en nana-doru nana-ban8. hachi-en hachi-doru hachi-ban9. kyū-en kyū-doru kyū-ban10. jū-en jū-doru jū-ban

nan-en nan-doru nan-ban

The classifier -ban is also used for ranking (first place, second place, etc.)Ichiban is alsoused as an adverb tomean“most”or “best”.Thepitch accentchangesfortheadverbialuse(iCHIban→iCHIBAN)

Ichi-bansuki favorite;whatyoulikethemostIchi-banatarashi’i newest

GRAMMARNOTE ApproximationRecallthatgorocombineswithtimeclassifierstoindicateapproximatepointintime.Ichi-ji goromeans “around one o’clock”.On the other hand, gurai andyakubothindicateanapproximatequantity.Guraifollowsquantityexpressionswhileyakuprecedesthem.

Ichi-man-enguraidesu. It’sabouttenthousandyen.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

Yakuichi-man-endesu. It’sabouttenthousandyen.

Youmayevenhearyakuichi-man-engurai.Itmayseemredundanttohavetheapproximation expressed twice in the same phrase, but this is common.Doregurai and dono gurai both ask “how long/how much” and ikura gurai asks“howmuchmoney”.

Approximation, or making things vague, is preferred over being exact andconsidered more polite in many situations in Japan, possibly since anapproximationallowsforwiggleroom.However,ifastoreclerkasksyouhowmany items you want, using the phrase “about five of these”, you will mostlikelygetexactlyfiveofthatitem.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Hyaku-endesuka. Isit100yen?Response: Ie,sen-endesu. Noit’s1,000yen.Cue: Sengo-hyaku-endesuka. Isit1,500yen?Response: Ie,ichi-mango-sen-endesu. Noit’s15,000yen.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation:Yon-man-endesuka.Hap-pyaku-endesuka.San-zen-endesuka.San-byakugo-jū-endesuka.Nana-hyaku-man-endesuka.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Go-jū-doruguraidesuka. Isitabout$50?Response: E’e,yakugo-jū-dorudesu. Yes,it’sapproximately$50.Cue: San-bonguraidesuka. Isitaboutthree(bottles)?Response: E’e,yakusan-bondesu. Yes,it’sapproximatelythree(bottles).

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation:Jū-ninguraidesuka.Hyak-koguraidesuka.Mit-tsuguraidesuka.

4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.1)2)3)

2.

3.

4.

5.1)2)3)4)

Ichi-man-enguraidesuka.Yon-jūgo-man-doruguraidesuka.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapaneseYoubumpedintoaneighboronyourwaytowork.Greetherwiththefollowingphrases.

It’sabeautifulday,isn’tit?Areyoutakingawalk?It’scoldtoday,isn’tit?Areyougoingout?It’srainingtodayagain,isn’tit?It’scold,isn’tit?Itwashotyesterday,butit’scooltoday,isn’tit?Seeyoulater.Doyousupposeitisgoingtosnowtoday?Ican’twaittoseesnow!

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Attheticketcounter,askhowmuchthetour#10isfor:oneadult;twoadultsandonechild;astudentandaseniorcitizen.

At a bank, ask a tellerwhat thedollar to yen exchange rate is today (howmanyyenadollarisequivalentto).Ataninformationdesk,mentionthatyouwanttodosightseeinginthisareaandaskwhatplaceswouldbegoodtovisit.Youarecheckingthebudgetforatrip.Askatravelagentapproximatelyhowmuchthistripwillamountto.Discusswithafriend:

whatthebestJapanesefoodis;whatthemostinterestingvideogameis;whothecoolestpersonis;whenheisbusiestatwork/school.

AtaNomi-kai(After-workdrinking)Ms.Suzuki,theprojectchief,inviteseveryonetogooutfordrinksafterwork.Suzuki: Whydon’twegodrinkafterthis?

Konoatonominiikanai?この後、飲みに行かない？

Sato: I’mbusytoday…Kyōwachottoyoteiga…今日はちょっと予定が．．．

Michael: I’llgo.Boku,ikimasu.僕、行きます。

AtanIzaka-yaSuzuki: Whatareyourhobbies?

Shumiwanani?趣味は何？

Michael: It’ssports.Skiing,soccer,etc.Supōtsudesu.Skītokasakkātoka.スポーツです。スキーとかサッカーとか。

Howaboutyou?Suzuki-sanwa?鈴木さんは？

Suzuki: Myworkismyhobby,so…Watashiwashigotogashumidakara.私は仕事が趣味だから。

Michael: C’mon!(You’re)kidding,right?Matā!Jōdandeshō.またあ！冗談でしょう。

VOCABULARYato 後 later;afterkonoato この後 afterthisni に forthepurposeofXnomini 飲みに forthepurposeof

drinking

iku 行く goikanai 行かない notgoyotei 予定 planshumi 趣味 hobbysupōtsu スポーツ sportssukī スキー skisakkā サッカー soccermatā またあ Again?;C’mon!(You

alwaysdothistome.)jōdan 冗談 joke;kidding

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYuso うそ lieiu 言う say;tell

Hobbieskaraoke カラオケ karaokedokusho 読書 readingryokō 旅行 travelryōri 料理 cookingongaku 音楽 musiceiga 映画 moviesNetto ネット Internetgēmu ゲーム (video)gamese 絵 painting;drawingmanga マンガ comicanime アニメ animationShōgi 将棋 JapanesechessIgo;Go 囲碁；碁 gameofGoshashin 写真 photographyuta 唄；歌 singinggādeningu ガーデニング gardening

•

•

Pachinko パチンコ Japanesepinball

SportsandPhysicalActivitiesyoga ヨガ yogadansu ダンス dancebasuke(ttobōru) バスケットボール basketballyakyū 野球 baseball

GRAMMARNOTE [Purpose]NiIku“GotoDoX”Earlierwesawthatthe/Xniiku/means“gotoX”andXstandsforthegoalofthemovement.Therefore,X isusuallya location.WhenX isNOTa location,thispatternusuallymeans“gotodoX”andXindicatesthepurposeforgoing.ThepurposeXispresentedbytwokindsofitems:actionnounsandverbstems(theportionbeforemasu).

Actionnouns:benkyō“study”,renshū“practice”,kaimono“shopping”Tokyonikaimononiikimasu. I’llgotoTokyoforshopping.Toshokannibenkyōniikimashita. Iwenttothelibrarytostudy.VerbstemsKōhīokainiikimasu. I’llgotobuycoffee.Nanioshiniikundesuka. Whatareyougoingtheretodo?

GRAMMARNOTE InformalNegativeFormsofVerbsEachverbgrouphasdifferentconjugationrulestomaketheInformalNegativeforms.

U-VerbsInordertomakethenegativeformofaverbinthisgroup,changethefinaluoftheaffirmativeformtoanai.

nomimasu→ nomu → nomanai notdrink

Ifthereisnoconsonantbeforeuasinkau“buy”,dropuandaddwanai.kaimasu → kau → kawanai notbuytsukaimasu→ tsukau → tsukawanai notuse

Ru-VerbsFortheverbsinthisgroup,replaceruwithnai.

tabemasu→ taberu → tabenai noteat

IrregularVerbsThemembersofthisgrouphavethefollowingnegativeforms.

kimasu → kuru → konai notcomeshimasu → suru → shinai notdoarimasu → aru → nai notexistikimasu → iku → ikanai notgo

SpecialPoliteVerbsThestemof theverbs in thisgroupactuallyendinr,although itdisappears inthemasuform.ThisiswhythesefiveverbsareseparatedfromU-verbs.

irasshaimasu→ irasshari→ irassharu thereisgozaimasu → gozari → gozaru thereiskudasaimasu→ kudasari → kudasaru pleasegivemenasaimasu → nasari → nasaru pleasedoossahaimasu → osshari → ossharu pleasesay

Tomakethenegativeform,followtheruleforU-verbs:changeutoanai.irasshaimasu→ irassharu→ irassharanai thereisnotgozaimasu → gozaru → gozaranai thereisnotkudasaimasu→ kudasaru→ kudasaranai pleasedonot

givemenasaimasu → nasaru → nasaranai pleasedonot

doossahaimasu → ossharu → ossaharanai pleasedonot

say

Remember that adjectives and nouns have two alternative Formal negativeforms.Similarly,desu can follow the Informalnegativeverb form to form thealternativeFormalnegativeforms.

Adjective: Takakunaidesu. Takaku Itisnot

arimasen. expensive.Noun: Nihonjanai

desu.Nihonjaarimasen.

ItisnotJapanese.

Verb: Tabenaidesu. Tabemasen. Iwon’teat.

Both formsare formal,but the formon the left isa littlemorecasual than theoneontheright.Forindividualverbforms,checktheverbconjugationchartinLesson7.

CULTURALNOTE AfterWorkPartiesManyJapaneseofficeshavepartiesfortheiremployeessuchasyear-endparties(bōnen-kai忘年会),NewYearparties (shinnen-kai新年会),welcomepartiesfor new hires (kangei-kai 歓迎会), and farewell parties for retirees andtransferees (sōbetsu-kai送別会). In addition, it is common in Japan for co-workerstodineanddrinktogetherafterwork.Thesedrinkingparties(nomi-kai飲み会)canbeanimportantandusefulwaytogettoknowyourco-workersandenhance relationships. When bosses (jōshi 上司) and senior team members(senpai先輩)invitesubordinates(buka部下)orjuniormembers(kōhai後輩),attendancecanbeanunspokenrequirement. Ifyoudonotwant toattend, it isimportanttodefuseyournegativeresponse(Kyōwachotto“Todayisalittle…”workswellinsuchcases).Itusedtobeuncommonforfemaleemployeestobeinvitedtoorbewelcomedattheseparties,butasthenumberofworkingwomenincreased,nowwomenoftenhavepartiesoftheirown,agirls’nightouttypeofparty(joshi-kai女子会).

OfficedrinkingpartiesweremorecommonduringtheeraofhigheconomicgrowthinJapanandwhenlifetimeemployment(shūshin-koyō終身雇用)wasthestandard.Theemployment systemandcorporateculturehavenowbecomemore westernized, and career changing is no longer uncommon. As Japanesenow seek a good balance betweenwork and private life (wāku-raifubaransuワークライフバランス), theyoungergeneration tend to spend less timewiththeirco-workersandfocusmoreonself-improvement,hobbiesandtheirfamily.Recently,privatemixerpartiesresemblinggroupblinddates(gōkon合コン)arebecoming popular among young people, from university students to workingsingles.Thesearetypicallyorganizedbyfriendsorco-workers.

Whopaysfortheseparties?Whenabossinvitestheteam,sheisexpectedtopayforalloratleastasubstantialportion.Donotforgettothankherbysaying

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

Gochisō-samadeshita. In other cases, splittingbills (warikan割り勘) amongattendees is common. In some cases, set fees (kai-hi 会費) are collectedbeforehand.Bepreparedtobar-hopasthepartyrarelyendsafteronestop(niji-kai二次会“after-party”,sanji-kai三次会“after-after-party”).

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue:Osake,nomitainā.Iwanttodrinksake.Response:Nominiikanai?Whydon’twegoanddrink?Cue:Sushitabetainā.Iwanttoeatsushi.Response:Tabeniikanai?Whydon’twegoandeat?

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation:Omatsurimitainā.Obentōkaitainā.Umideoyogitainā.Shibuyadeasobitainā.Sukīshitainā.

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Wakaru? Doyouunderstand?Response: U’un,wakaranai. No,Idon’t.Cue: Dekiru? Canyoudo?Response: U’un,dekinai. No,Ican’t.

Practicethedrillagainwiththefollowinginformation:Yomu?Kaku?Miru?Kau?Suru?Kuru?Kaeru?Asobu?Noboru?Iru?(Need?)

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.

2.3.

4.

1)2)

5.1)2)3)

1.

b)2.

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseAfriendhasaskedyouwhyyoucametoJapanfor.Explain.

I’vecometoJapantostudyJapanese.I’vecometoJapantowork.I’vecometoJapantoseethesummerfestivals.I’vecometoJapanforvacation(asobi).I’vecometoJapantodoshopping.

Inviteafriendtodothefollowingactivities.Whydon’twecheck/lookatthemap?Whydon’twegoeatramen?Whydon’tweasktheservicecounteronemoretime?Whydon’tweparkbehindthatbrownbuilding?WillyoupracticeEnglishwithme?

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Your group has been working hard. Suggest that you go for a drinkafterwards.It’s12:00.Inviteafriendtogoeatlunch.Atareception,youmeetanotherguest.Askabouthercompany,hometown,college,major,favoritefood,favoritemusic,andhobbies.You’vebeenasked togo tokaraokewitheveryone.Politely turndown theinvitation,explainingthat:

youhaveapreviousengagement(plan)today;youarenotgoodatsinging.

Discusswhatleisureactivities:youlikeanddooften;youwanttodobutdon’tdoverymuch;youdon’tdoatall.

REVIEWQUESTIONSa) How do youmake the Informal Affirmative forms of noun predicate,adjectivepredicate,andverbpredicates?

WhataboutInformalNegativeforms?a) WhataretheirregularverbsinJapanese?

b)3.

a)b)

4.5.

b)6.

b)c)d)

7.1)2)

8.1)2)

Listallfour.Inordertosay“IwanttodoX”inJapanese,youattach-taitotheverbstem.

Whatistheverbstem?What is the other pattern introduced in this chapter that uses the verbstem?

WhatisthedifferencebetweenWakaranaiandWakaranaino?a) WhatisthedifferencebetweenNihonnoandNihonnano?

Whatdoes/no/refertoineach?a) Howdoyoucountnumbersabove100inJapanese?

Howdoyousay10,000inJapanese?Whatsoundchangesoccurwithhundreds?Whatsoundchangesoccurwiththousands?

Whatdoestheparticle/to/indicateineachofthefollowing?FuransutoIgirisuniiku.TomodachitoIgirisuniiku.

Whatdoestheparticle/ni/indicateineachofthefollowing?Kainiiku.Depātoniiku.

LESSON7

GettingAroundHomeiswhereyoumakeit.(lit.,Whereveryoulive,it’sthecapital.)

住めば都Sumebamiyako

CommutingSato: Isyourhomefarfromthestation?

Otakuwaekikaratōindesuka.お宅は駅から遠いんですか。

Michael: No,it’saboutaten-minutewalk.Ie,aruitejup-punguraidesu.いえ、歩いて十分ぐらいです。

Sato: Howlongdoesittaketogettotheoffice?Kaishamadedonoguraikakarundesuka.会社までどのぐらいかかるんですか。

Michael: It’saboutonehourbytrain.Denshadeichi-jikanguraidesu.電車で一時間ぐらいです。

Sato: That’stough,isn’tit?Sorewataihendesunē.それは大変ですねえ。

VOCABULARYotaku お宅 (your)home(polite)eki 駅 stationtōi 遠い fararuku 歩く walk

aruite 歩いて (by)walkingdonogurai どのぐらい howlongkakaru かかる take;costdensha 電車 train-jikan 時間 hourichi-jikan 一時間 onehourtaihen(na) 大変 difficult;verymuch;

tough

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYuchi 家;内 (my)home;insidechikai 近い close;nearbyraku(na) 楽 easy;comfortabletoho 徒歩 (by)foottsūkin 通勤 commutetoworktsūgaku 通学 commutetoschool

Transportationkuruma 車 carbasu バス bustakusī タクシー taxidensha 電車 trainchikatetsu 地下鉄 subwayShinkansen 新幹線 bullettrainhikōki 飛行機 planefune 船 boat;shipJR ジェイアール JapanRailwayshitetsu 私鉄 privaterailroadmonorēru モノレール monorailrimujin リムジン limousinejitensha 自転車 bicyclebaiku バイク motorcycle

GRAMMARNOTE CountingHoursYousawtheclassifier-jifortellingtimeinLesson3,asinichi-ji“oneo’clock”and ichi-ji han “1:30”. This classifier refers to a specific time. On the otherhand, the classifier -jikan counts hours, e.g., ichi-jikan “one hour” and ichi-jikan han “one and a half hours”. The classifiers -ji and jikan both attach toChinesenumbers.Thequestionwordfor“howmanyhours”isnan-jikan,whilethe question word for “what time” is nan-ji. Note that for the numbers four,seven, and nine, the alternative of yo, shichi, and ku are used with theseclassifiers.Alsonotethatjikanalonemeanstimeingeneral.

Jikangaarimasen. Thereisnotime.Jikangakakarimasu. Ittakestime.

Therearethreeexpressionsforapproximation:-goroforanapproximatepointintimeand-guraiandyaku-are foranapproximate lengthof timeoramountofthings.Therefore,-jikanisusedwith-guraioryakuwhile-jiisusedwith-goro.

sanji-goro around3:00san-jikangurai aboutthreehoursyakusan-jikan aboutthreehours

CULTURALNOTE TakingTrainsJapan’srailsystemisoneofthemostextensiveintheworld.Ittakesyoualmostanywhere in the country—on time! In big cities,many train and subway linesintertwine to make a complex network. Larger stations have multipleentrances/exitsandtransferslocatedblocksapart.Alloftheexitsarenamedornumbered. Travel guides tell you which exit to take for local spots. You canfollowthesignsinmoststationstothecorrectexit.

Determining your train fare from the fare maps and buying tickets at theticketvendingmachinescanbeconfusing.ButyoucanbypassthisaltogetherbypurchasingaSUICAorPASMOCard. Justholdyourcard to the readerat thefaregatesuponentryandexitand thecorrect farewillbededucted fromyourbalance.

Using a smartphone while walking (aruki-sumaho 歩きスマホ) isparticularlydangerousonthestationplatforms.Avoidthisbyallmeans.Whenthe train arrives, do not stand in front of the door. Stand to one side to allowpassengerstoexitthecar.MostpassengersonJapanesetrainsareeitherreading,

1.2.3.4.5.

sleeping, or using smartphones.Whenhaving a conversation, keep your voicedown.Talkingonphonesinsidetrainsisprohibited.Keepyourphoneonsilentmodeor“mannermode”(manā-mōdoマナーモード).Donoteatordrinkonthetrains(exceptforShinkansenorinter-regionaltraveltrains).Trytominimizethespaceyouoccupybykeepingyourbelongingsonyourlaporclosetoyourchest. Do not stretch your legs.Avoid the “Silver Seats” (shirubā shītoシル

バーシート),whicharedesignatedforthehandicappedandtheelderly.Lastbutnotleast,therearenotrashcansinmoststationsoronthestreets,butshouldbemore common in department stores or subway station restrooms. Whereverpossible, recycleyourcansandbottles—thebinsshouldbebeside thevendingmachines.

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: Denshadedaigakuniikimasu.

I’lltakethetraintotheuniversity.Response: Daigakumadedenshadedonoguraikakarundesuka.

Howlongdoesittaketogoto(the)universitybytrain?Cue: Aruitekonbininiikimasu.

I’llwalktotheconveniencestore.Response: Konbinimadearuitedonoguraikakarundesuka.

Howlongdoesittaketowalktotheconveniencestore?

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:HikōkideKyūshūniikimasu.Jitenshadekōenniikimasu.FunedeOkinawaniikimasu.KurumadeFuji-sanniikimasu.ChikatetsudeGinzaniikimasu.

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Ichi-jikandesuka. Isitonehour?Response: Hai,ichi-jikangurai

desu.Yes,it’saboutonehour.

Cue: Ichi-jidesuka. Isitoneo’clock?Response: Hai,ichi-jigorodesu. Yes,it’saboutoneo’clock.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.

1)2)3)

2.3.

4.1)2)

5.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowinginformation:Jū-jidesuka.Hachi-jikandesuka.Ni-jikanhandesuka.Go-jijūp-pundesuka.Roku-jihandesuka.

EXERCISE1SayItinJapaneseAskaco-workerhowlongittakes:

bybicyclefromyourhometocollegefromthestationtoyourcompanyfromheretothesubwaystationfromTokyotoKyotobybullettraintowalkfromthefirstfloortothetopfloor(ichi-banue)

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Ask the followingpersonswhere theirhomesare.Commentonhowfarorclosetheyare.

afriend;aco-worker;abosswhereherhomeis.

Askafriendhowshecommutestoschool/work.Askhowlongittakes.A co-worker confided in you about a stressful situation. Emphatize withhim/her.Askaco-worker

howlonghehasbeeninthiscompany;howlonghewasinAmerica.

GooglehowlongittakestoflytodifferentplacesinJapanandtheworldandsharetheinformationwithafriend.

MeetingatHachiko,theDogStatue

Yuki: Whydon’twemeetatsixatHachiko?Hachi-kōderoku-jiniawanai.ハチ公で六時に会わない。

Mei: Gotit.Wakatta.わかった。

Yukiarriveslate.Yuki: Sorryforbeinglate.

Osokunatte,gomen.遅くなってごめん。

Mei: Whathappened?Dōshitano.どうしたの。

Yuki: Therewasanaccident.Didyouwait(long)?Jikogaattanda.Matta.事故があったんだ。待った。

Mei: No,Ijustarrivedtoo.U’un,watashimosakkitsuitano.ううん、私もさっき着いたの。

Yuki: Really?Hontō.本当。

Mei: Yes.(It’sthat)Itookthewrongtrain.Un.Denshaomachigaetano.うん、電車を間違えたの。

VOCABULARYau 会う meetawanai 会わない donotmeetHachi-kō ハチ公 Hachiko,theloyaldog

statueoutsideShibuya

station—apopularmeetingspot.

wakatta わかった understoodosokunaru 遅くなる becomelatenatte 遅くなって become(te-form)gomen ごめん sorry(casual)shita した didDōshita? どうした? Whathappened?jiko 事故 accidentatta あった therewasmatsu 待つ waitmatta 待った waitedsakki さっき justnow;alittlewhileagotsuku 着く arrivetsuita 着いた arrivedhontō 本当 true;truthmachigaeru まちがえる make(an)errormachigaeta まちがえた made(an)error

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYKita-guchi 北口 Northexit/entranceMinami-guchi 南口 Southexit/entranceHigashi-guchi 東口 Eastexit/entranceNishi-guchi 西口 Westexit/entrance

ChangingVerbstotheInformalForms

GRAMMARNOTE InformalPastformsofVerbsEach verb group has different rules governing the formation of Informal Pastforms.U-Verbs:Fivedifferentrulesdependingonthefinalverbconsonant.-(w)u→tta kau→katta-tsu→tta matsu→matta-ru→tta wakaru→wakatta-mu→nda nomu→nonda

-nu→nda shinu→shinda-bu→nda asobu→asonda-ku→ita kaku→kaita-gu→ida isogu→isoida-su→shita hanasu→hanashita

Ru-Verbs:-ru→ta taberu→tabeta

IrregularVerbs:kuru→kita suru→shita

SpecialPoliteVerbs:iku→itta aru→atta

SpecialPoliteVerbs:ru→tta irassharu→irasshatta ossharu→osshatta

Tomakethenegativepastform,changenai→nakattanomu→nomanai→namanakattataberu→tabenai→tabenakatta

GRAMMARNOTE CombiningSentences:Te-FormofPredicates

Whenwediscussed earlier how to combine twonounsusing theparticle to,awarningwas given not to use this particle to combine anything else.Nowwewilllearnhowtocombinesentences.Tocombinetwosentencesintoone,changethepredicateofthefirstsentencetothete-form.

Osokunatta.Gomen. I’mlate.I’msorry.→ Osokunatte,gomen. I’msorryforbeinglate.

Howdowemakeate-form?Therearedifferentrulesdependingonthetypeofpredicate(verb,adjective,ornounpredicate.)Foranadjectivepredicate,add-tetotheadjective-kuform.

takai→takakute expensiveand…

Takakuteoishi’idesu. It’sexpensiveanddelicious.

Foranounpredicate,addde(thete-formofdesu/da)tothenoun.rāmenda→rāmende It’sramenand…Hirugohanwarāmendebangohanwasushidesu.(We’llhave)ramenforlunchandsushifordinner.

Foraverb,switchthevowelaoftheInformalPastformtoe(ta→te;da→de).U-verb: nomu→nonda→nonde drinkingand…Ru-Verb: taberu→tabeta→tabete eatingand…

Tabete,kaerimasu. I’lleatandgohome.When the te-forms is combined with i’i desu “it’s okay”, the entire sentencetypicallymeans“it’sfineif/giventhat…”or“It’sgoodthat…”

Kaettei’idesu. It’sokayifyougohome.Rāmendei’idesu. Ramenisfine(althoughitmay

notbemyfirstchoice.)Kireidei’idesunē. It’sniceandbeautiful.(I’m

happywithit.)Yasukuteyokattadesu. I’mhappythatitturnedoutto

becheap.

Notethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing.Denshagai’idesu. Trainisgood.(I’dliketotakea

train.)Denshadei’idesu. I’mfinewith(taking)atrain.

CULTURALNOTE ApologyFirstIn Japan causing trouble or inconvenience (meiwaku迷惑) to others (Hito nimeiwakuokakeru人に迷惑をかける) isconsidered irresponsibleandshouldbe avoided as much as possible. Japanese children are repeatedly taught thisfroman early age at homeand at school.Signs inmanypublicplaces remindpeople of this standard of behavior. Naturally, an apology is expected for notmeeting this norm in all types of social interactions in Japan. This concept iscloselyrelatedtotheperceptionofhumilityasavirtue.

AnapologyiscommonlyexpectedinJapaninthefollowingsituations:1)at

thebeginningofmakingapublicspeech;2)leavingsomeone’shomeoroffice;3)onbehalfofothersinyourgroupsuchasyourfamilymembersorco-workers;4) when greeting someone you previously met in case you inadvertentlycommittedarudenessatthattime;5)andalsoforanyslightinconveniences.Theoffendedpersonwillusuallyacknowledgeyourapologyandsmilinglydenyanytroublewascaused.Thisexchangeisverycommoninthe“apologyfirst”cultureofJapanandisalmostaceremonialritualformaintainingharmony.

There are equally many—about 20 or so—ways of expressing apologyranginginformalityanddepth.Consideryourrelationshipwiththeoffendedandhowseveretheoffencewastochoosetherightexpression.Themostcommon—andsafest—isSumimasenandadddōmoortaihentoexpressthatyouareverysorry.Gomen,ontheotherhand,iscasualandistypicallyusedbetweenfriendsand family. Children and females would more likely use the gentler versionGomen nasai. The formalMōshiwake arimasen and its more polite versionmōshiwake gozaimasen (lit., I have no excuse) are typically used by servicestaff.RemembertochangethephrasestothepastorNon-pastformsdependingonwhentheincidentoccurred.

There are three things to consider when apologizing. First, remember thathowyousaysomethingismoreimportantthanwhatyousay.Synchronizeyourfacial expression, toneofvoice, andbody languagewithwhatyouare saying.When apologizing, remember to bow—the deeper the bow, themore sincerityyou are expressing. The stiffer the body and the finger tips, themore formal.However,toodeepabowcanbeinterpretedasconveyingsarcasm.So,observehowJapanesepeoplebowindifferentsituationsandfollowaccordingly.

Second, when you express what you are apologizing for, use the te-form,whichindicatesachronologicalorderbutnotnecessarilyadirectcausalrelation.e.g.,Okurete sumimasen “I’m sorry for being late.” Do not use kara, whichindicatesthecausalrelationandsoundslesssincere.

Third,youcannotusetheseexpressionsexactlylike“I’msorry”inEnglish.Inemotion-ladensituations likeaco-worker losingafamilymember,Japanesepeople usually exchange certain ritual expressions. NEVER say sumimasen,unlessyouwereresponsibleforthedeath.

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Wakarimashitaka. Didyouunderstand?Response: Unwakatta. Yes,Idid.

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.

Cue: Machimashitaka. Didyouwait?Response: Unmatta. Yes,Idid.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation:Arimashitaka.Machigaemashitaka.Kaimashitaka.Nomimashitaka.Kakimashitaka.Hanashimashitaka.Asobimashitaka.Kaerimashitaka.Ikimashitaka.Aimashitaka.

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: Osokunarimashita

ne.Youwerelate,weren’tyou?

Response: Osokunatte,sumimasen.

I’msorryforbeinglate.

Cue: Tōidesune. It’sfar,isn’tit?Response: Tōkutesumimasen. I’msorrythatit’sfar.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation:Machigaemashitane.Isogashi’idesune.Eigodesune.Yasumimashitane.Imaichidesune.

EXERCISE3SayItinJapaneseAfriendasksyouwhyyouarelate.Explainandapologise.Next,heaskswhatyoudidovertheweekend.

Therewasanaccident.Iwasmistakenaboutthetime(Imisinterpretedthetime).

3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

1.

2.

3.1)2)

4.

5.1)2)

Itookawrongexit.ItsnowedandtheShinkansenwasdelayed(becamelate).It’sthatIbumpedinto(met)anoldfriend.IwatchedTVandslept.Isaw(met)afriend,didsomeshopping,andhaddinner.Iwasbusyanddidn’thavetime.Itrainedandwascold,soIstayedhome.Itwasabeautifulday,soIbikedtotheparkandstudiedoutside.

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Suggest to to meet a friend at the West exit of the station at 11:00 onSaturday.You’ve justhearda friendscream.Respond.Shehasmentionedsomethingunbelievable.Checkifitistrue.Apologizetoabossforthefollowing.Repeatthescenariobuttoafriend.

beinglate;makingmistakes.

You are making plans for a business trip. Using a Shinkansen schedule,discussthedestinationstovisitandarrivaltimeswithco-workers.Discusswithafriendthefollowing:

whatyoudidlastweekend;whatyouwantedtodobutdidn’t,andwhy.

TakingaTaxiAtaxistopsforMichael,whoisplanningtotraveltoKyotoforashortgetawayandneedstotakethe10A.M.Shinkansen.Michael: PleasegotoTokyoStation.

Tokyō-ekimadeittekudasai.東京駅まで行ってください。

Driver: AreyoutakingtheShinkansen?Shinkansendesuka.新幹線ですか。

Michael: Yes.Canyoupleasehurryabit?Iwanttotakethe10o’clockShinkansen.E’e.Chottoisoideitadakemasenka.Jū-jinoshinkansenninoritaikara.ええ。ちょっと急いでいただけませんか。十時の新幹線に乗りたいから。

Michaelseestrafficcongestionnearthestation.Michael: Pleasestophere.I’llgetoffandwalk.So…

Kokodetometekudasai.Oritearukimasukara.ここで止めてください。降りて歩きますから。

I’dliketopaywithmy(credit)card,please.Kādodeonegai-shimasu.カードでお願いします。

VOCABULARYTōkyō-eki 東京駅 TokyoStationShinkansen 新幹線 bullettrainisogu 急ぐ hurryisoide 急いで hurry(te-form)…itadakemasenka. …いただけませんか。 CouldIhave…?tomeru とめる stop(something)oriru 降りる getoffkādo カード creditcard

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYunten-shu 運転手 driverhashiru 走る rungenkin 現金 cash…kudasaimasenka. …くださいませんか。 Couldyouplease…?okane お金 moneyharau 払う pay

1.2.3.

GRAMMARNOTE MakingRequestsYoumay recall that to request things you can say “X (o) kudasai” or “X (o)onegai-shimasu”. You can make it even more polite by saying “X (o)kudasaimasen ka” or “X (o) itadakemasen ka.” Request for coffee in thefollowingfourways:

Kōhīokudasai.Kōhīoonegai-shimasu.Kōhīokudasaimasenka.Kōhīoitadakemasenka.

Whenrequestinganaction,usethete-formoftheverbalone(casual)orthete-form with kudasai, itadakemasen ka, or kudasaimasen ka. Do NOT useonegai-shimasuwiththete-form.Maketherequestcasualbyusingthete-formalone.Asksomeonetowaitforyouinthefollowingfourways:

Chottomatte.Chottomattekudasai.Chottomattekudasaimasenka.Chottomatteitadakemasenka.

These are themost common request patterns in Japanese, but there aremanymore—dozens, perhaps. It’s important to choose the right request pattern foreach situation. The choice is made based on the relationship between thespeakers,thenatureoftherequest,thesetting,etc.Forexample,chottomatteismostcommonwhenspeakingwithfriendswhilechottomatteitadakemasenkaisappropriatewhenyouarecommunicatingwithbusinessassociates.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Isogimashōka. ShallIhurry?Response: Hai,isoidekudasai. Yes,pleasehurry.Cue: Tomemashōka. ShallIstop(thecar)?Response: Hai,tometekudasai. Yes,pleasestop.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation:Tsukurimashōka.Machimashōka.Yomimashōka.

4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.

1)2)

3.

Kikimashōka.Benkyō-shimashōka.

*Repeatthisdrillreplacingkudasaiwithkudasaimasenkaoritadakemasenka.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Kokodeoritekudasai. Pleasegetoffhere.Response:Wakarimashita.Kokode

orimashō.Okay.I’llgetoffhere.

Cue: Chottoisoidekudasai. Pleasehurryabit.Response:Wakarimashita.Chotto

isogimashō.Okay.I’llhurryabit.

Repeatthisdrillwiththefollowinginformation:Tōkyō-ekimadeittekudasai.Takushi’ininottekudasai.Ryūgakuseiniattekudasai.Jup-punguraiyasundekudasai.Senpainimēru-shitekudasai.

EXERCISE5SayItinJapaneseInataxi,askthedrivertodothefollowing.

PleasegotoGinza.PleasehurrybecauseIhaveabustourat10:30.Pleaseslowdown(goslower)becauseit’sdangerous.Pleaseturnleftatthetrafficlightandstopthere.PleaseletmepaywithacardbecauseIdon’thavecash.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Suggestthatyouandaco-workertakeataxitothestation.YouwrotesomethinginJapanese.Askthefollowingpeopletotakealookatit.

aboss;afriend

Youarerunninglate.Suggesttoaco-workerthatyou

1)2)3)

4.

5.

hurry;run;walkfaster.

Youwant to visit Tokyo Skytree (TōkyōSukai tsurī). Ask a friendwhereyoushouldgetoffthesubway.Describe howyou commute fromhome towork/school. Link sentences inchronologicalorderusing-teforms.

GoingtotheAirportMichael: I’dliketogotoHanedaAirport,buthowdoIgetthere?

Haneda-kūkōeikitaindesukedo,dōyatteikundesuka.羽田空港へ行きたいんですけど、どうやって行くんですか。

Sato: Oh,themonorailisthemostconvenientway.Ā,monorērugaichi-banbenridesuyo.ああ、モノレールが一番便利ですよ。

GotoHamamatsu-chobyJRandtransfertothemonorail.JRdeHamamatsu-chōmadeitte,monorēruninorikaetekudasai.JRで浜松町まで行って、モノレールに乗り換えてください。

Michael: HowdoIbuytickets?Kippuwadōsurundesuka.切符はどうするんですか。

Sato: JustuseyourICcard.TheICcardsarebetterthantickets.ICkādowotsukattekudasai.KippuyoriICkādonohōgai’idesuyo.ICカードを使ってください。切符よりICカードの方がいいですよ。

VOCABULARYkūkō 空港 airportHanedaKūkō 羽田空港 HanedaAirportyaru やる do(casual)

yatte やって do(te-form)dōyatte どうやって how;howtodo

somethingmonorēru モノレール monorailbenri(na) 便利 convenient;handyJR JR JapanRailHamamatsu-chō 浜松町 Hamamatsu-cho(a

stationinTokyo)itte 行って go(te-form)norikaeru 乗り換える transfernorikaete 乗り換えて transfer(te-form)kippu 切符 ticketyori より thanICkādo ICカード ICcardXnohō Xの方 X(thealternative)Xnohōgai’i Xの方がいい Xisbetter

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYfuben(na) 不便 inconvenientPasumo PASMO PASMO(ICcardfor

privaterailroad)Naritakūkō 成田空港 NaritaAirportkō こう inthisway;likethissō そう inthatway;likethatā ああ inthatway;likethat

GRAMMARNOTE ComparingTwoorMoreItemsWhen comparing X and Y, the question word dochira or docchi “whichalternativeofthetwo”iscommonlyused.Inansweringthequestion,theparticle-yori“ratherthan”and-hō“thealternativeofYoutofthetwo”arecommonlyused,butiftheitemXisclearfromthecontext,youcanomitit.

XtoYto,dochira(nohō)gai’idesuka.

Whichisbetter,XorY?

Xgai’idesu. Xisbetter.YyoriXnohōgai’idesu. XisbetterthanY.

Whencomparing three itemsormore,youcan specify the itemscomparedbysaying“Xnonakade“amongX(thegroup)”,orlisteachmemberofthegrouplikeXtoYtoZnonakade“amongX,Y,andZ”.Thequestionwordisdore,dare,doko,etc.,dependingontheitemsbeingcompared,andthewordichi-banindicatesthesuperlative.

Kononakadedoregaichi-bani’idesuka.Amongthese,whichisthebest?XtoYtoZnonakadedoregaichi-bani’idesuka.WhichisthebestamongX,Y,andZ?Xgaichibani’idesu.Xisthebest.

GRAMMARNOTE Dō“How”Dōliterallymeans“how”anditispartoftheko-so-a-dosetwithkō,sō,a’aanddō.

Onamaewadōkakundesuka.

Howdoyouwriteyourname?

–Kōkakundesu. Youwriteitthisway.

Thereareseveralexpressionsthatincludedō,whosemeaningsarehardtoguessdirectlyfromtheoriginalmeaningofdō.Let’sreviewthem.

Dōmo. Thankyou.Dōshitano.What’swrong?Dōyatte. HowDōshite WhyDōsuru? Howtosolveit?

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Takushīgahayaidesune.

Ataxiisfast,right?Response: Ie,takusīyoridenshanohōgahayaidesuyo.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.

No,atrainisfasterthanataxi.Cue: Funegabenridesune.

Aboatisconvenient,right?Response: Ie,funeyoridenshanohōgabenridesuyo.

No,atrainismoreconvenientthanaboat.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation.Chikatetsugasukidesune.Basugayasuidesune.Kurumagarakudesune.Hikōkigaomoshiroidesune.Basugasuzushi’idesune.

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Hamamatsu-chomadeikimasune.

WearegoingtoHamamatsu-cho,right?Response: E’e,Hamamatsu-chomadeitte,norikaetekudasai.

Right.PleasegotoHamamatsu-choandthentransfer.Cue: Tsuginoekideorimasune.

Wearegettingoffatthenextstation,right?Response: E’e,tsuginoekideorite,norikaetekudasai.

Right.Pleasegetoffatthenextstation,andtransfer.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation.Nishi-guchiniikimasune.Kippuokaimasune.Kyōtonitsukimasune.Chikatetsuoorimasune.ICkādootsukaimasune.

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseTellaco-workerwhatyouwanttodoandaskhowtodoit.

I’dliketogotoHachi-kō,buthowdoIdothat?I’dliketobuytickets,buthowdoIdothat?

3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.

3.4.

5.

1.b)

2.3.4.

5.6.

b)c)

7.

1)

I’dliketotransfertothesubway,buthowdoIdothat?I’dliketocommutetoworkinHamamatsu-cho,buthowdoIdothat?I’dliketousetheInternethere,buthowdoIdothat?

Afriendhasaskedyoutocomparetwoitems.ICcardsareeasier(raku)thantickets.HanedaAirportiscloserthanNaritaAirport.AplaneisprobablyfasterthantheShinkansen.TheWestexitismoreconvenientthantheEastexit.(Taking)atrainisbetterthan(driving)acar,but(taking)themonorailisthebest.

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Askafriendhowtoeatadishyouhaveneverseenbefore.Askyour co-workerwhether taking a planeor theShinkansen toOsaka isbetter.AskafriendwhatshewantstodomostinAmerica.Askaco-workerwhetherhelikestraditionalJapanesefoodorWesternfoodmore.Discuss your favorite (ichi-ban sukina) food, sports,movie, color, game,etc.

REVIEWQUESTIONSa) Whatisthedifferencebetweenichi-jiandichi-jikan?

Howdoyouexpressapproximationwitheachofthem?HowdoyoumaketheInformalPastformsofverbs?Howdoyoumakethete-formsofverb,adjectiveandnounpredicates?Howdoyouaskwhichisbetter,XorYandwhatisthebestamongX,Y,andZ?Howdoyouanswerthequestionsin(4)?a) Howdoyoumakeapoliterequestforthings?

Foractions?Casually?

English “and” has several equivalents in Japanese. How do you say thefollowinginJapanese?

trainsandsubways

2)3)4)

8.

Trainsarefastandcheap.Trainsarecleanandconvenient.We’llgotoGinzaandshop.

Onthebasisoftheconjugationrulesexplainedsofar,fillouttheblanksinthefollowingchart.Thistestsyourabilitytochangetheformsofunknownverbscorrectly.

LESSON8

FamilyandPersonalHistoryLifeisfullofupsanddowns(Lit:Ifyoufallseventimes,getupeight.)

七転び八起きNana-korobiya-oki

BirthdayMichael: Whenisyourbirthday?

Tanjōbiwaitsudesuka.誕生日はいつですか。

Sato: April7th.Shi-gatsunano-kadesu.四月七日です。

Michael: It’sexactly(during)thecherryblossomviewingseason,isn’tit?Chōdohanaminoshīzundesune.ちょうど花見のシーズンですね。

Michael’sofficecelebratesMs.Sato’sbirthdayduringitsHanamiparty.Michael: Happybirthday!Howoldareyounow?

Tanjōbi,omedetō.Nan-saininattano?誕生日おめでとう。何歳になったの。

Sato: Already27.Mōni-jūnanayo.もう27よ。

Michael: Youmeanonly27,right?Madani-jūnanadarō.まだ27だろう。

VOCABULARY

tanjōbi 誕生日 birthday-gatsu 月 namingclassifierfor

months*Tocountthenumberofmonths,usetheclassifier-kagetsu.

Shigatsu 四月 April-ka/-nichi 日 classifierfordaysofthe

monthnano-ka 七日 theseventh;sevendayshana 花 flowerhanami 花見 cherryblossomviewingshīzun シーズン seasonOmedetō! おめでとう! Congratulations!*Tomakeitmorepolite,addgozaimasu.おめでとうございます。

-sai 才/歳 classifierforhumanagenan-sai 何才/何歳 howmanyyearsoldnaru なる becomeXninaru Xになる becameXmō もう already;nolongermada まだ still;notyetdarō だろう probably(informal

versionofdeshō)

Treesandflowerski 木 treehana 花 flowerkusa 草 grass;weedsakura 桜 cherryume 梅 plummatsu 松 pinetake 竹 bamboobara バラ rose

•

•

•

•

kiku 菊 chrysanthemum

GRAMMARNOTE CountingDaysTheclassifierforbothnamingandcountingdaysis:kaornichi.Whennamingthedaysofthemonth,youonlygouptothe31st,butwhencountingdays,youcangoa lothigher.So,go-jūnichicanonlymean“fiftydays”while tōkacanmean“thetenthofthemonth”or“tendays”.Hereisthechartforallthedaysofthemonth.

Pleasenotethefollowing:thefirstdayof themonthis tsuitachi (naming)whileonedayis ichi-nichi(counting).The Japanese number serieswith the classifier -ka is usedup through ten,andthentheChinesenumberserieswith-nichiisusedfortherest.twoexceptions:hatsuka “the20th”or “20days” andcombinations endingwithfoursuchasjū-yok-kaandni-jū-yok-ka.Nan-nichi asks “what date?” or “how many days?” Please distinguishbetween“whatdayofthemonth”byusingnan-nichiand“whatdayoftheweek”byusingnan-yōbi.

Theclassifier for countingweeks is -shūkan. It is combinedwith theChinesenumbers.Thereisnonamingclassifierforweeks.Notethesoundchange(s→ss)with one, eight and ten and the choice of alternatives for four, seven, andnine.

1 is-shūkan 4 yon-shūkan7 nana-shūkan 8 has-chūkan9 kyū-shūkan 10 jus-shūkan

Thenamingclassifierformonthsis-gatsu,andwhennamingdates, themonthprecedes the day.The counting classifier is -kagetsu.Both are combinedwiththeChinesenumbers.Notethesoundchange/ka/→/kka/withone,six,eight,andten.

NamingMonthsIchi-gatsu 一月 JanuaryNi-gatsu 二月 FebruarySan-gatsu 三月 MarchShi-gatsu 四月 AprilGo-gatsu 五月 MayRoku-gatsu 六月 JuneShichi-gatsu 七月 JulyHachi-gatsu 八月 AugustKu-gatsu 九月 SeptemberJū-gatsu 十月 OctoberJūichi-gatsu 十一月 NovemberJūni-gatsu 十二月 Decembernan-gatsu 何月 whatmonth

CountingMonthsik-kagetsu 一ヶ月 onemonthni-kagetsu 二ヶ月 twomonthssan-kagetsu 三ヶ月 threemonthsyon-kagetsu 四ヶ月 fourmonthsgo-kagetsu 五ヶ月 fivemonths

rok-kagetsu 六ヶ月 sixmonthsnana-kagetsu 七ヶ月 sevenmonthshachi-kagetsu 八ヶ月 eightmonthskyū-kagetsu 九ヶ月 ninemonthsjuk-kagetsu 十ヶ月 tenmonthsjūik-kagetsu 十一ヶ月 elevenmonthsjūni-kagetsu 十二ヶ月 twelvemonthsnan-kagetsu 何ヶ月 howmanymonths

Theclassifierfornamingandcountingyearsis-nen,but-nenkanisoftenusedforcountingtoavoidconfusion.Thequestionwordisnan-nen“whatyear/howmanyyears”ornan-nenkan“howmanyyears?”So,17nencanmeaneither17yearsortheyear2017/Heisei29dependingonthecontext.Whennamingdates,theyearandthemonthprecedetheday.So,forexample,September20,2017isni-senjū-nana-nenku-gatsuhatsu-kainJapaneseor2017/9/20.

Theexistenceornon-existenceof theparticleni tellsyou if it’s thenamingexpression or counting expression as well as the kind of approximationexpressionusedwithit,goroorgurai.Comparethefollowing:

Jū-go-nenniikimashita. Iwenttherein2015.Jū-go-nenikimashita. Iwenttherefor15years.Jū-go-nen-goroikimashita. Iwenttherearound2015.Jū-go-nen-guraiikimashita. Iwentthereforabout15years.

GRAMMARNOTE CountingHumanAgeTheclassifier-saiisusedtocounttheageofpeopleandanimalswhile-nen isusedtocounttheageofinanimatethings.Notethesoundchangeof/sai/→/ssai/with thenumbers one, eight, and ten.Use the classifier -tsu to count people’sages.Hatachi“twentyyearsold” is thespecial formof thisseries.Theageofbabieslessthanoneyearoldiscountedbydays,weeksandmonths.Toaskhowoldsomeoneisyoucanuseoneofthefollowing.

Nan-saidesuka.(Toshiwa)ikutsudesuka.(Otoshiwa)oikutsudesuka.(Polite)

Japanese society is very age-conscious, probablymore so than other cultures.Ageoftendeterminesthehierarchyininterpersonalrelationships.Evenbeinga

year older gives one seniority over another and affects the conversation.Therefore,ageisanimportantpartofpersonalidentityandiscommonlyaskedifnot already known. Remember that when you ask any personal questionsincludingage,firstsayshitsureidesukedo“It’srudeofmetoaskthis,but…”andgoon.

GRAMMARNOTE MōandMadaRecalltheexpressionMadamadadesuasaresponsetoacomplimentonyourlanguageskills.Thisisahumbleresponsesaying“notyet,notyet”andimpliesthatyoustillhavealongwaytogobeforebecomingskillfulatthelanguage.

Madaisoftentranslatedas“still”inanaffirmativesentence,and“(not)yet”inanegativesentence.Itsbasicmeaningisthatthereisnosignificantchangeinthesituation.Whenthecontextisclear,youcanjustsaymadaonitsown.

Wakarimashitaka. Didyouunderstandit?Ie,madawakarimasen. No,Istilldon’tgetit.Satō-san,kaerimashitaka. HasMs.Satogonehome?Ie,madadesu. No,notyet.

Mō, on theother hand, indicates that there is a change in the situation, and isoftentranslatedas“already”inanaffirmativesentence,and“(not)anylonger”inanegativesentence.

Hirugohan,tabemasenka. Won’tyoueatlunch?Mōtabemashita. I’vealreadyeaten.Sushi,madaarimasuka. Istherestillsomesushi?Ie,mōarimasen. No,thereisnomore.

Donotconfusethismōwiththeothermōmeaning“more”.Notethecontrastoftherisingandfallingintonation.

Mo-Uhito-tsuarimasu. Wehaveonemore.(witharisingintonation)

MO-uhito-tsuarimasu. Wealreadyhaveone.(withafalling

intonation)

Mōandmadacarryaclearimplicationregardingapriorsituation.Comparethe

following.Yasuidesu. It’scheap.(Noindicationofhow

itwasbefore)Madayasuidesu. It’sstillcheap.(Itwasalsocheap

before.)Mōyasuidesu. It’scheapnow.(Itwasnotcheap

before.)

Alsonotehowmōandmadaexpressdifferentperspectives, likeseeingaglasshalffullorhalfempty.ConsidertheexchangebetweenMichaelandSato.

Mō27-saidesu. I’malready27yearsold.

(I’mold.)

Mada27-saidesu. Youarestill27yearsold.

(Youareonly27,you’restillyoung.)

GRAMMARNOTE Nounninaru,Adjective-kunaru“becomeX”The verbnaru means “become”, and expresses a change. It combines with anoun or an adjective that indicates the post-change state.When pairedwith anoun, the particle ni indicating a “goal” is required. When used with anadjective,theadjectiveneedstobeinthe-kuform.

Withanoun:Ameninarimashita.

It’srainingnow.(Ithasbecomerainy!)

Withanadjective:Yasukunarimashita.

Itischeapernow.

Itcancombinewiththenegativeformsofallthepredicatetypesasfollows.Verb:Wakaranakunarimashita.

You’velostmenow(Idon’tgetitanymore).

Adjective:Yasukunakunarimashita.

It’snolongercheap.

Noun:Kodomojanakunarimashita.

Heisnolongerachild.

Nowcomparethefollowing:Yasukunarimasendeshita. It’snotcheapernow.(Itdidn’t

becomecheap.Therewasnochange)

Yasukunakunarimashita. It’snolongercheap.(Itwascheapbefore.)

GRAMMARNOTE Darō“Probably”Darōistheinformalformofdeshō“probably”,althoughsomefemalespeakerswill use deshō instead even in a casual conversation. Both deshō and darōfollowtheinformalformofthepredicates.

Formal InformalTakaideshō. Takaidarō. It’sprobably

expensive.Amedeshō. Amedarō. Itwillprobablyrain.Kurudeshō. Kurudarō. Shewillprobably

come.

Likedeshō,whendarōisusedalonewitharisingintonation,itmeans“Isn’tit?”or“Didn’tItellyouso?”

CULTURALNOTE Hanami“Flower-ViewingPicnic”Cherryblossoms(sakura桜)aresaidtobethecountry’smostpopularflowers,and can be found everywhere in Japan. The trees blossom at different timesthroughout Japan from lateMarch tomid-April.April is the beginning of thefiscalandschoolyearinJapan,anditcoincideswiththecherryblossomseason,thus the flowers are celebrated as the symbol of a newbeginning and schoolsandpublicbuildingshavecherrytreesoutside.However,theirbloomingperiodis short, usually lasting about a week or two. Their transient nature is oftenassociated with mortality and the fleeting nature of beauty. Cherry blossomsappear in the design of many traditional goods and products—and limited-editionitemsduringthistime—suchasthekimono,stationery,andtablewareaswellasinartandliterature.

Hanami“flower-viewing”(花見) isacenturies-oldJapanesecustom.In theolddays,aristocratswrotepoemsunderthetreeswhiletakingthetimetoviewthe flowers,butnowadayspeoplepicnicunder the treeswith families, friends,and co-workers. It is often observed that people are more into eating and

drinking,takingpicturesandsharingthemtotheirsocialmediaplatforms,thanappreciatingtheflowers,justastheoldsayingofHanayoriDango花より団子

(Ricecakeoverflowers—practicalityoveraesthetics)describes.Manyparksarefilledwithsuchpartiesalldayandwell intonight.Goearly to reserveagoodspotinpopularhanamilocationsliketheShinjukuGyoenandUenoPark.

Everyyear, theJapaneseMeteorologicalAgencytracksthe“cherryblossomfront” (sakura zensen桜前線) as itmoves northward alongwith thewarmerweather.Theyprovidedailyupdatesaspartoftheweatherforecast.People—notjustlocalsbutalsointernationaltravelers—followthesecloselyandplanflowerviewing parties (and their travels) to coincide with when the blossoms are attheirpeak.

CULTURALNOTE JapaneseCalendarandBirthdayCelebrations

There are two systems of naming years in Japan. In addition to the westerncalendar(seireki西暦),Japanusesitsowncalendar(gengō元号,wareki和暦).Thelatterisoftenusedinofficialdocuments.TheJapaneseyeardesignationsarebasedon theyearof the reignof theemperors.Whenoneemperordiesandanewemperorascendstothethrone,anewperiodorerastarts.Thefirstyearofa

period is called gan-nen (元年). The years are named and counted with theChinese numbers plus -nen. It’s highly recommended to know your birthdayaccordingtotheJapanesecalendar.DatesbytheJapanesecalendarwillbeusedinofficialdocumentsinJapanandarequitecommonineverydayconversation.Having this—andkeymeasurements suchas shoe size,height andweight thathavebeenconvertedtotheJapanesesizingsystem—willbeusefulwhengoingtoJapan.Themostrecentperiodsinclude:

Meiji 明治 1868-1912Taisho 大正 1912-1926Showa 昭和 1926-1989Heisei 平成 1989-present

AnoteoncelebratingbirthdaysinJapan.Traditionallyeveryone’schronologicalageincreasesbyoneonthefirstdayoftheyearregardlessofone’sactualdateofbirth. This system is called kazoe-doshi (数え年). In this system—whichgraduallyfadedduetotheinfluenceofwesternculture—anewbornbabyisone-year old immediately and turns two on the nextNewYear’s day.As a result,celebrating individual birthdays was not common. Birthdays are generallycelebratedprivatelyamongfamilyandfriends,butrarelyattheworkplace.Theemperor’sbirthdayisanexceptionandisdeclaredasanationalholiday.

Milestoneagesincludetheseventhnight(oshichiyaお七夜),third,fifth,andseventhbirthdays(shichi-go-san七五三),20th(hatachi二十歳),60th(kanreki還暦), 77th (kiju 喜寿), 88th (beiju 米寿), and 99th (hakuji 白寿). Everymilestoneiscelebratedwithdifferentrituals.

NATIONALHOLIDAYSDate Englishname OfficialnameJanuary1 NewYear’sDay 元日 Ganjitsu2ndMondayofJanuary

ComingofAgeDay 成人の日 Seijinnohi

February11 NationalFoundationDay

建国記念の日 Kenkokukinennohi

March20or21 VernalEquinoxDay 春分の日 ShunbunnohiApril29 ShōwaDay 昭和の日 ShōwanohiMay3 ConstitutionMemorial 憲法記念日 Kenpōkinenbi

1.2.3.4.5.

DayMay4 GreeneryDay みどりの日 MidorinohiMay5 Children’sDay 子供の日 Kodomonohi3rdMondayofJuly MarineDay 海の日 UminohiAugust11 MountainDay 山の日 Yamanohi3rdMondayofSeptember

RespectfortheAgedDay

敬老の日 Keirōnohi

September23or24 AutumnalEquinoxDay

秋分の日 Shūbunnohi

2ndMondayofOctober

Health-SportsDay 体育の日 Tai’ikunohi

November3 CultureDay 文化の日 BunkanohiNovember23 LaborThanksgiving

Day勤労感謝の日 Kinrōkansha

nohiDecember23 TheEmperor’s

Birthday天皇誕生日 Tennōtanjōbi

Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calendar

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: Nano-kadesuka.

Isitthe7th?Response: Ie,yō-kadesu.

No,it’sthe8th.Cue: Jū-go-nichidesuka.

Isitthe15th?Response: Ie,jū-roku-nichidesu.

No,it’sthe16th.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Mik-kadesuka.Jū-ku-nichidesuka.Kokono-kadesuka.Jū-san-nichidesuka.Sanjū-ichinichidesuka.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_calendar

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.

3.4.

1)

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Ni-jūnana-saidesuka.

Areyou27yearsold?Response: E’e,ni-jū-nana-saininarimashita.

Yes,Ihavebecome(justturned)27.Cue: Takaidesuka.

Isitexpensive?Response: E’e,takakunarimashita.

Yes,ithasbecomeexpensive.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Go-sen-endesuka.Muzukashi’idesuka.Samuidesuka.Yukidesuka.Omoshirokunaidesuka.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseAco-workerischeckingthedatesofevents.Lethimknow.

ItisFriday,the13th.ItisFebruary14th.ItwasSeptember11th,2000.ItwasJuly4th,butithasbeenchangedtothe5th.ItwasDecember25,butsinceitisChristmas,ithasbeendelayedoneweek.(Is-shū-kanosokunarimashita.)

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Askafriendwhenherbirthdayis.It’safriend’sbirthday.Congratulateherandaskherhowoldsheis.Repeattheexercisecongratulatingabossinstead.Askafriendifhehashadlunchyet.Discussthechangesthathavehappenedlatelytothefollowing:

pricesofthings;

2)3)4)

5.

weather;foodataparticularrestaurant;yourworkschedule.

Checktheyearanddateofmajorhistoricalevents.

PersonalHistoryMeiistalkingtoaprofessorataneventforinternationalstudents.Professor: Whereareyoufrom?

Go-shusshinwa?ご出身は？

Mei: IwasborninShanghaiandmovedtotheUSwhenIwasinmiddleschool.Shanhaideumaretandesukedo,chūgakunotokiAmerikanihikkoshitandesu.上海で生まれたんですけど、中学の時アメリカに引っ越したんです。

Professor: Isthatso?WhendidyoucometoJapan?Ā,sōdesuka.Nihonniwaitsukitandesuka.ああ、そうですか。日本にはいつ来たんですか。

Mei: ItwasSeptemberlastyear,soitwillbeayear(now).It(theyear)wentbysofast!Kyonennoku-gatsudesukara,ichi-nenninarimasu.Attoiumadeshita.去年の九月ですから、一年になります。あっという間でした。

Professor: HowdoyoulikeitinJapan?(Lit:HowislifeinJapan?)Nihonnoseikatsuwadōdesuka.日本の生活は、どうですか。

Mei: I’menjoyingit.Atfirst,Ididn’tunderstandthelanguageanditwashard.Tanoshi’idesu.Hajimewakotobagawakaranakute,komarimashitakedo.

楽しいです。はじめは言葉がわからなくて、困りましたけど。

Professor: Haveyougottenaccustomedtoitbynow?Mōnaremashitaka.もう慣れましたか。

Mei: Yes,prettymuch.Hai,daitai.はい、だいたい。

VOCABULARYgo-shusshin ご出身 whereoneisfrom

(Polite)Shanhai 上海 Shanghaiumareru 生まれる bebornchūgaku 中学 middleschooltoki 時 timewhenhikkosu 引っ越す move(residence)kyonen 去年 lastyear-nen 年 classifierforyearsichi-nen 一年 oneyearatto-iu-ma あっという間 ablinkoftime;thetimeit

takestosay“ah”seikatsu 生活 living;everydaylifeseikatsu-suru 生活する dailylifetanoshi’i 楽しい fun;enjoyablehajime はじめ beginning;atfirstkotoba 言葉 languagewakaranai わからない notunderstandwakaranakute わからなくて te-formofwakaranaikomaru 困る lit.,nounderstanding,

havetrouble;havedifficulty

nareru 慣れる getusedto

daitai だいたい forthemostpart;generallyspeaking

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYsodatsu 育つ growupnyūgaku-suru 入学する enterschoolsotsugyō-suru 卒業する graduatehairu 入る enterderu 出る leave;emergeowari 終わり endingshō-gakkō 小学校 elementaryschoolkōkō 高校 highschooldaigaku-in 大学院 graduateschoolkotoshi ことし thisyearrainen 来年 nextyearototoshi おととし yearbeforethelastsarainen 再来年 yearafterthenext

GRAMMARNOTE MoreontheTe-FormWehave seen how changing the first sentence’s predicate into its te-form cancombinetwosentences.

Verb: Okinawaniitte,asobimasu.

I’llgotoOkinawaandplay.

Adjective: Kore,atarashikute,oishi’idesu.

Thisisfreshanddelicious.

Noun: Kyōwaamede,samuidesu.

It’srainingand(it’s)coldtoday.

Let’slookatwhathappensifthepredicateinthefirstpartofthesentenceisinits negative form.All the negative forms are adjectives regardless ofwhetherthey are originally a verb or a noun predicate. Therefore, the negative formsfollowtheadjectivepattern,namelychanging/-nai/to/-nakute/.

Wakaranai→Wakaranakutekomatta.Ididn’tunderstandandhadahardtime.

Eigojanai→Eigojanakute,Nihon-godesu.It’snotEnglish;it’sJapanese.Takakunai→Takakunakute,yokattadesu.I’mgladitwasn’texpensive.(Itwasn’texpensiveandI’mglad.)

Also note that the -tai form of verbs are adjectives as well, and the -te formfollowstheadjectivepattern,namelychanging-taito-takuteand-takunaito-takunakute.

Tabetai→Sushigatabetakute,chūmon-shita.IwantedtoeatsushiandsoIorderedit.Shitakunai→Benkyō-shitakunakute,terebiomita.Ididn’twanttostudyandsoIwatchedTV.

RelativeTimeWordsTime expressions such as san-ji “3 o’clock” and mik-ka “the 3rd” indicatespecific points in time. In contrast, expressions such as kyō “today” and ima“now” refer to relative times defined by their relationship to the timing of astatement.Theserelativetimewordsusuallydonotrequirethetimeparticleni.Compare:

Ashitashimasu. I’lldoittomorrow.Do-yōbinishimasu. I’lldoitonSaturday.

Thechartbelowliststhemostcommonrelativetimeexpressions.Pleasenotetheregularelementssuchasmai“everyX”,sensen“Xbefore last”,sen “lastX”,kon’thisX”,rai“nextX”,sarai“Xafternext”.

RelativeTimeWords

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Amerikanihikkoshimashita. ImovedtoAmerica.Response: Itsuhikkoshitandesuka. Whendidyoumove?Cue: Kodomogaumaremashita. Ihadachild.Response: Itsuumaretandesuka. Whendidyouhaveachild?

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.

5.

Daigakuninyūgaku-shimashita.Hatachininarimashita.Kōkōosotsugyō-shimashita.Nihonnobunkaobenkyō-shimashita.Amerikaniryūgaku-shimashita.

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: Wakaranakattano?

So,youdidn’tunderstand?Response: Un,wakaranakute,taihendatta.

Right.Ididn’tandIhadahardtime.Cue: Yasashikunakattano?

So,itwasn’teasy?Response: Un,yasashikunakutetaihendatta.

Right.Itwasn’tandIhadahardtime.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Benrijanakattano?Eigojanakattano?Chikakunakattano?Benkyō-shinakattano?Dekinakattano?

EXERCISE3SayitinJapaneseAco-workerhasaskedhowyoulikelivinginJapan.

Ienjoyit(I’mhavingfun.)It’shardbecauseI’mnotusedtoit.Itwashardbefore,buthasbecomealittleeasier.Ididn’tknowmuchabouttheJapanesecultureandtraditionsbefore,butnowIappreciatethemverymuch(Ilikethemnow).Ididn’tunderstandJapaneseverywellbeforeandIhadalotofproblems,butI’mokayforthemostpartnow.

Atareception,you’vebeenaskedaboutyourpersonalhistory.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

1.1)2)3)

2.1)2)3)

3.

4.5.

1)2)3)4)

Iwasbornandgrewup inTaiwan. Iwent fromelementary school tohighschoolthere,butIwenttocollegeinAmerica.Imoved fromShanghai toAmericawhen Iwas 12. Itwas hard because Ididn’tunderstandEnglishverywell.I entered college in2010,majored inEconomics, studied inEngland for ayear, and graduated from college in 2014. Now I’m a first year graduatestudent.IcametoJapanlastsummer,soithasbeenaboutsixmonths.(Thetime)hasgonebysofast!Iwasn’tused to the Japaneseculture and itwashardat first, butnow I’mhavingfun.

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Askaco-workerthefollowing:whereshewasborn;whereshegrewup;whereshewenttoschool.

Askafriendwhatshedidorwilldoduringthesummervacationlastyear;theyearbefore;nextyear.

Aco-workerhasjustreturnedfromworkingintheUSofficeforayear.AskherhowshelikedlivingintheUS.Askanewemployeehowworkinginthisofficehasbeenforhim.Discussamovie,aclass,oraneventyourecentlywatchedorattendedwithfriends:

Howwelldidyouunderstandthemovie;How(difficultoreasy)didyoufindthelanguageused,Howwasitatthebeginning?Howaboutattheend?

FamilyAstheconversationcontinues,theprofessorasksMeiaboutherfamily.Professor: Isyourfamilydoingwell?

Go-kazokuwaogenkidesuka.ご家族は、お元気ですか。

Mei: Yes.MyparentsliveinAmerica,butweoftentalkonSkype.Hai.RyōshinwaAmerikanisundeirundesukedo,yokuSukaipudehanashimasu.はい。両親はアメリカに住んでいるんですけど、よくスカイプで話します。

Professor: Howabout(your)siblings?Gokyōdaiwa?ご兄弟は？

Mei: ActuallyI’manonlychild.Jitsuwahitori-kkonandesu.実は一人っ子なんです。

Professor: Then,willyougetajobinAmerica?

Ja,Amerikadeshūshokudesuka.じゃ、アメリカで就職ですか。

Mei: Idon’tknowyet.Madawakarimasen.まだわかりません。

VOCABULARYkazoku 家族 family(Plain)gokazoku ご家族 family(Formal)(o)genki(na) （お）元気（な） healthy;well;energeticsumu 住む live;takeupresidencesundeiru 住んでいる live;resideSukaipu スカイプ Skype(go)kyōdai ご兄弟 brothers;siblingsjitsuwa 実は actually;thetruthishitori-kko 一人っ子 onlychildshūshoku-suru 就職する findemployment;get

employed

FamilyTermsFormalterm Plaintermgo-kazoku kazoku familygo-ryōshin ryōshin bothparentsokā-san haha;mama;ofukuro motherotō-san chichi;papa;oyaji fatherobā-san sobo grandmotherojī-san sofu grandfathergo-kyōdai kyōdai brothers;siblingsonē-san ane oldersisteronī-san ani olderbrotherimōto-san imōto youngersisterotōto-san otōto youngerbrother

oku-san kanai;tsuma wifegoshujin;dan’na-san shujin;otto husbandmusume-san;ojō-san musume daughtermusuko-san;boc-chan musuko sonoko-san ko;kodomo childoba-san oba auntoji-san oji uncleo-mago-san mago grandchildo-itoko-san itoko cousinmeigo-san mei nieceoigo-san oi nephewForin-laws,giriisadded,e.g.,girinohaha“mother-in-law”.

OccupationsandJobTitlesisha medicaldoctor;physicianbengoshi attorney;lawyerkyōshi teacher(inaschool)honyakuka translatortsūyaku (language)interpretation;interpreterten-in storeclerkeki-in trainstationattendantginkō-in bankerkōmu-in civilservantjimu-in officeclerkbijinesuman businessmankonsarutanto consultantjānarisuto journalistenjinia engineerwētoresu waitresskeiei managementkeieisha businessowner;entrepreneurshachō companypresident

buchō divisionchiefkachō sectionchiefkakarichō subsectionchiefmanējā managerhisho secretarykaisha-in companyemployeesararīman whitecollarworker

GRAMMARNOTE FamilyTermsFor each family term in Japanese, there is at least oneplain form—to refer toyourownfamilyandusedinlegaldocuments—andoneformalform—torefertootherpeople’sfamily.Thusuchinochichimeans“myfather”andotakunootō-san“yourfather”.

While one refers to her mother as uchi no haha when talking to peopleoutsideofherfamily,sheusesokā-sanwhendirectlyaddressinghermotherortalkingtoanothermemberofherfamilyabouther.Withinthefamily,generallyspeaking, the younger members call the older members by the formal familyterms,whiletheoldermemberscalltheyoungermembersbytheirgivennames.

Anothercharacteristicof Japanese family terms is thateach familymembercanbereferredtoandaddressedbythefamilytermthatisfromtheviewpointofthe youngestmember. It’s therefore not uncommon for a husband andwife tocall each otherokā-san “mom” andotō-san “dad”, or for a parent to call theoldersonasonī-chan“bigbrother”andtheyoungestsonasboku“me”.

Sometimes, strangers and non-familymembers are addressed by the familyterms that typically represent theagegroups.Obā-san “grandma”andOjī-san“grandpa”areoftenused toaddressseniors,andonē-san “big sister”andonī-san “big brother” to address young people. Strangers often call a womanaccompanyingalittlechildokā-san“mom”.AvoidcallinganywomanOba-san“auntie”, which implies amiddle-aged, not so attractive woman. Instead, youcan use hesitation noises like anō or refer to the person as ano hito (“thatperson”).

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Uchinokazokudesu. Thisismyfamily.Response: Ā,gokazokudesuka. Oh,it’syourfamily?

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

7.

Cue: Uchinohahadesu. Thisismymother.Response: Ā,okā-sandesuka. Oh,she’syourmother?

Repeattheexerciseusingthefollowing:Uchinoryōshindesu.Uchinomusukodesu.Uchinosofudesu.Uchinokanaidesu.Uchinoanedesu.

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Onī-sanogenkidesuka. Isyourbrotherdoingwell?Response: Anidesuka.Hai,genki

desu.Mybrother?Yes,heis.

Cue: Obā-sanogenkidesuka. Isyourgrandmadoingwell?Response: Sobodesuka.Haigenki

desu.Mygrandma?Yes,sheis.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowinginformation:Otō-sanogenkidesuka.Ojō-sanogenkidesuka.Oko-sanogenkidesuka.Go-kyōdaiogenkidesuka.Oku-sanogenkidesuka.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapaneseYouaretalkingaboutfamilywithafriend.

Howmanypeopleareinyourfamily?Wheredotheylive?Doyouhavesiblings?Areyourgrandparentsdoingwell?Howoldareyourparents?Therearesixpeople inmyfamily;myparents,olderbrotherand twolittlesisters.Everyone lives in America, but my older sister will move to France next

8.9.10.

1.1)2)3)4)

2.

3.

4.5.

year.Mygrandmaliveswithmyparents.Mylittlebrotherwillgraduatefromhighschoolnextspring.Mygrandpaisalready90yearsold,butisstillveryhealthy.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

PracticeintroducingthefollowingfamilymemberstoMs.Sato:mother;bigsister;daughter;wifeandchildren.

AskMs.Satowhereherfamilylives.Aretheydoingwell?Doesshetalktothemfrequently?You’vebeenaskedaboutyourfutureplans.MentionthatyouwanttofindajobinJapan.Askafriendwhatkindofcompanyshewantstoworkfor(beemployedby).Showafamilypicturetoafriendandexplainwho’swhointhepicture.

MarriageMichaelnoticedMs.Suzukiwearingaweddingring.Michael: So,areyoumarried,Ms.Suzuki?

Suzuki-san,kekkon-shiteirundesuka.鈴木さん、結婚しているんですか。

Suzuki: Yes,Igotmarriedin2010.Un,ni-senjū-nennikekkon-shitano.うん、2010年に結婚したの。

Michael: Ididn’tknow.Doyouhaveanychildren?Shirimasendeshita.Oko-sanwa?知りませんでした。お子さんは?

Suzuki: Iwantchildren,butithasn’thappenedyet.Hoshi’ikedone.Madanano.

欲しいけどね。まだなの。

Areyoudatinganyone?Maikeru-kunwadarekatokōsai-shiteiruno?マイケル君は誰かと交際しているの?

Michael: No,I’mlookingforagirlfriend(lit:nowgirlfriendwanted).Ie,imakoibito-boshū-chūdesu.いえ、今、恋人募集中です。

Suzuki: Really?Goodluck.(lit:Doyourbest.)Āsō.Ganbattene.ああ、そう。がんばってね。

Michael: Thanks.(lit:I’lltrymybest.)Hai,ganbarimasu.はい、がんばります。

VOCABULARYkekkon 結婚 marriagekekkon-suru 結婚する getmarriedkekkon-shiteiru 結婚している bemarriedsiru 知る findoutshitteiru 知っている knowhoshi’i ほしい want-kun 君 suffixfornameofmale

orsubordinate,casualalternativeof-san,morepolitethannamealone

dareka 誰か someonekōsai 交際 dating;socializingkōsai-suru 交際する date;socializekoibito 恋人 girl/boyfriendboshū 募集 recruitingboshū-suru 募集する recruit;takeapplications-chū 中 inprogress;inthemiddle

of

*Chūattachestoactionnounssuchasboshū“hiring”,benkyō“study”,kaimono“shopping”,etc.,andmeanssomeone/somethingisinthemiddleoftheaction.

boshū-chū 募集中 nowhiring;wanted*Thisisusuallyaboutjobs,butalsousedforprospectivepartners.

ganbaru がんばる tryhard;persevere*Ganbattekudasaimeans“Bestwishes”or“Goodluck!”Ganbarimashōmeans“Let’shanginthere”or“Let’sdoourbest!”Theseareverycommonexpressionsof encouragement when facing a challenge. You respond to them by sayingGanbarimasu!

ADDITIONALVOCABULARY-chan ちゃん affectionatesuffixfor

child’sname

1.

2.

aka-chan 赤ちゃん babyrikon-suru 離婚する getdivorcedkon’yaku-suru 婚約する getengageddokushin 独身 unmarried;singlewakareru 別れる split;breakupbyōki 病気 sick;disease*Thepoliteversionisgobyōki.Whilegenki/ogenkiisana-noun,byōki/gobyōkiis a regular noun, e.g., genki na hito “healthy person” byōki no hito “sickperson”.

nakunaru 亡くなる decease(d)shinu 死ぬ die*Nakunaru is more indirect and appropriate to describe someone’s passing.Shinuisdirectandusuallyavoidedforpeople.

GRAMMARNOTE Verbte-form+iru=ProgressiveFormThe pattern verb -te form + iru has two basic meanings: Progressive orResultative.

Progressive:On-goingprocess(similartotheprogressiveforminEnglish)Ima,tabeteiru. I’meatingnow.Mainichirenshū-shiteiru. I’mpracticingeveryday.Sato-santokōsai-shiteiru. I’mdatingMs.Sato.

Inthisusage,theactionisrepeatedorcontinuousoveraperiodoftime,andmayormay not be happening right at themoment. This pattern implies there is abeginning and ending point, and therefore refers to a current and temporaryaction as opposed to a permanent and general characteristic. Compare thefollowing.

Yasaioyokutabemasu. Ieatalotofvegetables(asageneralhabit).

Yasaioyokutabeteimasu.

I’meatingalotofvegetables(thesedays).

Resultative:astateresultingfromanactionorapastexperienceKekkon-shiteimasu. I’mmarried.

Kurumaninotteimasu. Heisinthecar.Daigakuosotsugyō-shiteimasu.

Ihavegraduatedfromcollege.

Thesesentencesdonotnormallymeanthatyouareinthemiddleofanaction.Theyallindicatethestateresultedfromtheaction.

The te-iru pattern can be either progressive and resultative and the correctinterpretationdependsonthecontext.Studythefollowingexample.

Kōhīonondeimasu.Progressive: Iamdrinkingcoffeerightnow;I’mdrinking

coffeethesedays.Resultative: Ihavehadcoffee(soI’mnotsleepy).

However,certainverbsinthete-iruformarenormallyinterpretedasresultativeonly.Thesearecalled“instantaneousverbs”andrefertoactionsthatchangethestatus instantaneously and do not persist. These includekekkon-suru “marry”and shiru “find out”. These instantaneous verbs in the -te-iru form usuallyindicatetheresultativestate.Comparethefollowingpairs.

Kekkon-shimasu. Iwillgetmarried.(instantaneousaction)Kekkon-shiteimasu.

I’mmarried.(resultedstate)

Shirimashita. Ifoundoutaboutit.(instantaneousaction)Shitteimasu. Iknowit.(resultedstate)

So,watchoutforthedifferenceinthemeaningbetweenthefollowing.Kekkon-shimasen. Iwillnotgetmarried.Kekkon-shiteimasen.

I’mnotmarried.

Also,verbsofmotionsuchaskuru,iku,andkaeruinthete-iruformnormallyrefertoastate.Comparethefollowing.

Musukowadaigakuniikimasu.Mysonwillgotocollege.Musukowadaigakuniitteimasu.Mysonhasgonetocollege(andheistherenow)orMysongoestocollege.(Heiscurrentlyacollegestudent.)

Itteimasudoesnotmeansomeoneisonhiswaytosomeplace.Similarly,kiteimasu means someone has come here (and is here) or someone comes hereregularlyoveraperiodoftime.Comparethetworesponses.

Honda-sanwaimasuka. IsMr.Hondahere?Hai,kiteimasu. Yes,heishere(hehasarrived

already).Imakimasu. He’llcomesoon(butisnot

hereyet).

Note that in casual speech, i of iru or imasu often drops. Thus you have thefollowing.

Nanishite(i)runo? Whatareyoudoing?Mērumite(i)masu. I’mlookingate-mails.

GRAMMARNOTE Shitteiru=KnowThe verb shiru (U-verb) is an instantaneous verb meaning “find out; get toknow”.Itste-iruformmeansastateofhavingfoundoutsomethingandhavingknowledgeofsomething,namely“know”.Althoughtheaffirmativeisinthete-iruform,thenegative“Idonotknow”isNOTinthete-iruform.

Anohitoshitteimasuka. Doyouknowthatperson?Formal:I’ie,shirimasen. Idon’tknow.Informal:U’un,shiranai. Idon’tknow.

Kore,shitteimashitaka. Didyouknowthis?Formal:I’ie,shirimasendeshita.

No,Ididn’tknow.

Informal:U’un,shiranakatta. No,Ididn’tknow.

Itsushirimashitaka. Whendidyoufindout?Formal:Kinōshirimashita. Ifoundoutyesterday.Informal:Kinōshitta. Ifoundoutyesterday.

Thepolite form (Honorific),whichyouuse todescribe the actionof someoneaboveyou,isgozonji,anoun.

Gozonjidesuka. Doyouknow?Senseiwagozonjijanaidesu. Theteacherdoesnotknow.

GRAMMARNOTE Xgahoshi’i=WantXHoshi’iistranslatedas“isdesired”or“(I)want”.Itisanadjectiveandtakestheparticlega(waormowiththedueshiftofmeaning)forwhatiswanted,andcanmakeadoublesubjectsentence.

I’ishigotogahoshi’idesunē. Iwantagoodjob.Koremohoshikunaidesuka. Don’tyouwantthis,

too?Watashiwakodomowahoshikunaikedo…

Idonotwantchildren,but…

Likethe-taiformofverbs,hoshi’inormallyexpressesthespeaker’s“wants”inastatementandtheaddressee’sinaquestion.Whenexpressingthethirdperson’sdesire,hoshi’iisusuallyfollowedbyndesuornoreferringtothesituation.

Nanigahoshi’i? Whatdoyouwant?Anohitowananigahoshi’indesuka.

Whatdoesthatpersonwant?

When combinedwith a verb -te form,hoshi’i expresses a desire for someoneelsetodoanaction.

Ganbattehoshi’idesunē. Iwanthimtodohisbest.Hahanihayakugenkininattehoshi’i.

Iwantmymothertogetwellsoon.

Contrast thiswith the verb -tai form,which expresses a desire for one’s ownaction.

Ganbaritaidesunē. Iwanttodomybest.Hayakugenkininaritai. Iwanttogetwellsoon.

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Mōtabeta? Haveyoualreadyeaten?Response: Imatabete I’meatingrightnow.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

(i)ru.Cue: Mōmita? Haveyoualreadylookedatit?Response: Imamite(i)ru. I’mlookingatitrightnow.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Mōkaita?Mōhanashita?Mōtsukutta?Mōmēru-shita?Mōyonda?

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Kekkon-surundesu

ka.Areyougoingtogetmarried?

Response:Mōkekkon-shiteimasu.

I’malreadymarried.

Cue: Mei-santokōsai-surundesuka.

Areyougoingtogooutwith(date)Mei?

Response:Mōkōsai-shiteimasu. I’malreadygoingoutwithher.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Gakuseioboshū-surundesuka.Konoapātonisumundesuka.Goshujingakurundesuka.Daigakuniikundesuka.Sumahogayasukunarundesuka.

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseOnthephone,afriendhasaskedyouwhatyouaredoing.

I’mworking.I’meatingdinnerwithmyoldersister.It’sherbirthday,so…Iwasstudying,butI’mtakingabreakrightnow.IwaswatchingabaseballgameonTV,butitbecameboring,and…Ihaven’teatenlunchyet.Wouldyouliketogohavelunch?

6.7.8.9.10.

1.2.

1)2)3)4)5)

3.4.

1)2)

5.

1.2.

b)3.4.

b)5.6.

b)7.

b)

Youandyourco-workersarediscussingaproject.IwantMs.Satotolookatthisschedule,but…IwanttomakethePowerPointpresentation,butisitokay?Iwantsomeonetomakecopiesofthisdocument,but…IwantMichaeltotryharder(mottoganbatte),but…Iwanttoknowthedeadline,butdoyouknow?

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Afriendgotanewjob.Congratulateherandwishhergoodluck.Askaco-workerthefollowing:

ifheisdating;ifheismarried;whenhegotmarried,ifhehasanychildren;howmanychildrenhehasandhowoldtheyare.

Youseeastrangerinyouroffice.Askaco-workerifsheknowsthatperson.Atacareercenter,confirmthefollowing:

thiscompanyishiring(takingapplicationsfrom)interns;thisschoolishiringanEnglishteacher.

Askafriendwhatshewantsforherbirthday.Asachild,whatdidshewantforChristmas?

REVIEWQUESTIONSHowdoyoucountandnamedays,months,andyearsinJapanese?a) DescribetwowaystocounthumanageinJapanese.

Whatarethetwowaystosay20yearsold?Whatarethebasicmeaningsofmōandmada?a) How do you say “It has become beautiful” and “It has becomeexpensive”inJapanese?

Howdoyouexplainthedifferenceintheirpatterns?Inrelativetimeexpressions,whatdo“rai-”and“sen-”mean?a) ForeachfamilyterminJapanese,thereisatleastoneplainformandoneformalform.Howaretheyused?

Howarefamilytermsusedfornon-familymembers?a) Whatarethetwobasicmeaningsof/-teformofaverb+iru/?

Howdoyoutranslatethefollowing:

1)2)3)

8.b)

9.

tabeteiru;sundeiru;kiteiru?

a) Howdoyousay“IknowMs.Sato?”inJapanese?Howabout“Idon’tknowMs.Sato”?

Howarehoshi’iandthe-taiformofverbsdifferent?

LESSON9

OpinionsandFeelingsFancymaykillorcure.(Worryisthecauseofillness.)

病は気からYamaiwakikara

AGoodIdeaMichaelmakesaproposalatameeting.Michael: Whatdoyouthinkofthis?

Kore,dōomoimasuka.これ、どう思いますか。

Suzuki: Ithinkit’sagoodidea.I’iaideadatoomou.いいアイデアだと思う。

Sato: Ithinkso,too.Watashimosōomoimasu.私もそう思います。

Comingoutofthemeeting,MichaelshareshisfeelingswithMs.Sato.Michael: Ididit!ActuallyIwasnervous.NowIfeelrelieved.

Yatta!Jitsuwa,dokidokishiteitandesu.Hottoshimashita.やった！実はドキドキしていたんです。ほっとしました。

VOCABULARYomou 思う thinkaidea アイデア ideato と particleofquotationYatta! やった！ Ididit!;Yippee!;

Woohoo!

dokidoki(-suru) ドキドキ（する） nervous;excited(heart-pounding)

hotto-suru ほっとする feelrelieved;feelcomforted

GRAMMARNOTE ExpressingThoughtsIn Japanese, to say “I think…”, you do so using the quotation particle /to/followedbytheverbomou“think”.

I’iaideadatoomou. Ithinkit’sagoodidea.I’iaideajanaitoomoimasu. Idon’tthinkit’sagoodidea.

Theseexpressionsarecomplexstructuresinwhichasmallersentence(e.g.,“it’sagood idea”) is embedded ina larger sentence“I think it’s agood idea”.Theembeddedsentencereflectstheactualthoughtasitoccurs,thusthetenseinthequotationremainsasitwasintheoriginalthought.Comparethefollowing.

Mērugakitatoomotta. Ithoughtthatanemailhadcome.

Mērugakurutoomotta. Ithoughtthatanemailwouldcome.

The predicate in the quoted sentence must always be in the Informal form.However, you can choose between the formal and informal form for thepredicate of the larger sentence, and that determines the style of the entiresentence.

The sentences on the right above can be changed to the informal style byswitchingomoimasutoomou.Notethatbyexpressingyourthoughtintheformof a question, you can soften its impact and show politeness when you aredisagreeing.

Chottomuzukashi’ikatoomoimasu.

Iwonderifitmightbeabitdifficult.

Fubenjanaikatoomukedo…

Iwonderifitisn’tinconvenient,and…

GRAMMARNOTE OnomatopoeiaDokidokiisanexampleofJapaneseonomatopoeia(オノマトペ),likethesoundyourheartbeatmakes.OnomatopoeiaisabundantinJapanese,asyoucanseeonthepagesofcomicbooks.Thelistonthenextpagearethemostcommon.

Many Japanese onomatopoeias consist of four syllables with the first twosyllables repeated twice, like dokidoki, and you find them written in eitherhiraganaorkatakana.Usuallyshimasuordesufollowthem.

Dokidokishimasu. I’mnervous/thrilled.Dokidokideshita. Iwasnervous/thrilled.

Onomatopoeiaspekopeko ペコペコ hungrykarakara カラカラ thirsty;drykutakuta くたくた tiredperapera ペラペラ fluenthotto-suru ホッとする getrelievedgakkari-suru がっかりする getdisappointediraira-suru イライラする irritated;frustratedharahara-suru ハラハラする apprehensivemukamuka-suru ムカムカする haveasurgeofanger;

feelsick;queasykuyokuyo-suru クヨクヨする worryaboutatrivial

matter;mope;broodukiuki-suru ウキウキする happyandexcited;high

spirited

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

mesomeso-suru メソメソする whimperandcrynikoniko-suru ニコニコする smile;lookinghappy

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: Korewai’iaideadesuka.

Isthisagoodidea?Response: E’e,i’iaideadatoomoimasu.

Yes,Ithinkso.Cue: Anohitowakimasenka.

Willthatpersonnotbecoming?Response: E’e,konaitoomoimasu.

No,Idon’tthinkhewill.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Anokodomowago-saidesuka.Shikenwadaijōbudesuka.KaigiwaGetsu-yōbideshitaka.Anogakuseiwaapātonisundeimasuka.Mēruwakimashitaka.

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Takaitoomoimasuka.

Doyouthinkit’sexpensive?Response: Ie,takaitowaomoimasenkedo…

No,Idon’tthinkitis,but…Cue: Eigoperaperadatoomoimasuka.

DoyouthinkheisfluentinEnglish?Response: Ie,peraperadatowaomoimasenkedo…

No,Idonotthinkheis,but…

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Kekkon-shitaidesuka.Oishikunaidesuka.Minnashitteimasuka.

4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.

2.

3.

4.1)2)3)4)5)

5.

1)2)

Mōnaremashitaka.Kodomohoshi’idesuka.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedyouropinionsatanofficemeeting.

Ithinkit’sthebestidea.Idon’tthinkit’sagoodidea,but…Iwonderifitisn’tdifficult.Ithoughtitwasagoodideabefore,butnowIdon’tthinkso.Ithinkwetalkedaboutthislastweek.

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Youhavejustpresentedyourproposalatameeting.Askeveryonewhattheythink.Someonehasexpressedherdisagreementatthemeeting.Askherthereasonwhyshethinksthatway.Youareabouttohaveaninterview.Expressyournervousnesstoyourfriend.Aftertheinterview,expresshowrelievedyouare.Expresshowyouarefeeling:

hungry;thirsty;frustrated;tired;disappointed.

Youhave justclosedabigbusinessdeal.Expressyour joy triumphantly tothefollowingpeople:

yourco-workers;toyourfriend.

BeingSickYukiisworriedbecauseMeilookssick.Yuki: What’swrong?

Dōshitano?どうしたの。

Mei: Ijusthaveaheadache.Chottoatamagaitaino.ちょっと頭が痛いの。

Yūki: Areyoualright?Haveyoutakenmedicine?Daijōbu?Kusuri,nonda?大丈夫。薬、飲んだ?

Mei: Yes.Itmaybeacold.Un.Kazekamoshirenai.うん。風邪かもしれない。

Yuki: You’dbettergotoahospital.Byōinniittahōgai’iyo.病院に行ったほうがいいよ。

Mei: No,it’snotabigdeal.Iya,taishitakotonaikara.いや、大したことないから。

VOCABULARYatama 頭 headitai 痛い painful;hurtkusuri 薬 medicinekaze 風邪 acoldkamoshirenai かもしれない maybeittahōgai’i 行ったほうがいい bettertogotaishitakotonai 大したことない notabigdeal

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYisha 医者 doctoroisha-san お医者さん doctor(polite)netsugaaru 熱がある havefeversekiosuru 咳をする cough

kushamiosuru くしゃみをする sneezekegaosuru けがをする getinjuredarerugī アレルギー allergytsuyoi 強い strongyowai 弱い weaktasukeru 助ける rescue;savelifeTasukete! 助けて！ Help!kyūkyū-sha 救急車 ambulanceKyūkyūshaonegai-shimasu.

救急車、お願いします。

Pleasegetanambulance.

Bodypartskarada 体 bodyatama 頭 headkami 髪 hairkao 顔 faceme 目 eyehana 鼻 nosekuchi 口 mouthmimi 耳 earkubi 首 necknodo 喉 throatha 歯 toothkata 肩 shoulderse/senaka 背; 背中 backonaka お腹 belly;stomachheso へそ bellybuttonmune 胸 chest;breastude 腕 armhiji ひじ elbowte 手 handyubi 指 finger;toe

tsume 爪 nailkoshi 腰 lowerbackashi 足 leg;foothiza 膝 kneeashi-kubi 足首 anklekakato かかと heelshinzō 心臓 hearthai 肺 lungkanzō 肝臓 liveri 胃 stomach(theorgan)chō 腸 intestinejinzō 腎臓 kidneyhone 骨 bonekin-niku 筋肉 muscle

GRAMMARNOTE X-shitahōgai’i“ItwouldbebetterifyoudoX”

Earlierwelearnedthat/Xnohōgai’i/meansthatXisbetter,incomparingtwoalternatives.

Dochiranohōgai’idesuka. Whichisbetter?KippuyoriICkādonohōgai’idesu.

ICcardsarebetterthantickets.

You can also compare two actions, often doing or not doing something. Andwhenyouchoosedoingsomethingasthebetteralternative,youcanputitintheInformalPastformbeforehōgai’i.

Byōinniittahōgai’i. You’dbettergotothehospital.Kusurionondahōgai’idesu. You’dbettertakemedicine.

Ifnotdoingsomethingisthebetterchoice,thenyouputtheInformalNon-pastNegativeformbeforehōgai’i.

Unten-shinaihōgai’i. You’dbetternotdrive.Sakenomanaihōgai’idesu. You’dbetternotdrinkSake.

The lessdesirablealternativecanbeplacedbeforeyori “than” in the Informalform.

Sushiwatsukuruyorikattahōgai’i.

Buyingsushiisbetterthanmakingit.

Benkyō-shinaiyorishitahōgai’i.

Studyingwouldbebetterthannotstudying.

You can also compare two states, being or not being a certain way, usingadjectivesandnouns.

Benrinahōgai’i. It’sbetterifitisconvenient.Takaiyoriyasuihōgai’i. It’sbetterifit’scheapthan

expensive.

GRAMMARNOTE Xkamoshirenai=“Mightbe”or“Possibly”Kamoshirenaiand its formalversionkamoshiremasenmean“mightbe”or“possibly”. (Note that it’s shiREnai, not shiRAnai.)They follow the Informalformofapredicate,andindicateuncertaintyorpossibilityoftheproposition.

Kazekamoshirenai. Imayhaveacold.Chottomuzukashi’ikamoshiremasenyo.

Itmaybedifficult.

Satō-sanwakaettakamoshirenai. Ms.Satomayhavegonehome.

When the sentencehasanounpredicate,da dropsbeforekamo shirenai,butdattastays.

Amekamoshirenai. Itmayrain.Amedattakamoshirenai. Itmayhaverained.

How is ka mo shirenai different from deshō/darō “probably”? Both indicateuncertainty, but ka mo shirenai usually indicates being less certain thandeshō/darō.Infact,youcanusebothinordertoexpressthedifferentlevelsofcertaintyasfollows.

Ashitawai’iotenkideshō.Demoamekamoshiremasen.Itwillprobablybesunnytomorrow.However,it’spossiblethatitwillrain.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

Theseexpressionsofuncertaintyareoftencombinedwithomou“think”inordertoexpressdifferentshadesofestimateduncertaintyinsubtlerways.

Byōinniittahōgai’ikamosirenaitoomou.Ithinkthatitmightbebetterifyougotothehospital.

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Kusurinomimasune. You’lltakemedicine,right?Response: Hai,nondahōgai’idesu

ne.Yes,itwouldbebetter,right?

Cue: Osakenomimasenne. Youwon’tdrinkalcohol,right?Response: Hai,nomanaihōgai’i

desune.Right.Itwouldbebetternotto,right?

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Byōinniikimasune.Dekakemasenne.Okāsanniwahanashimasenne.Senpainikikimasune.Kippu,yoyaku-shimasune.

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: Byōkijanaideshō? Heisnotsick,isn’the?Response: Iya,byōkikamoshiremasen

yo.Well,hemaybesick,youknow.

Cue: Satō-sanwashitteirudeshō?

Ms.Satoknowsit,right?

Response: Iya,shiranaikamoshiremasenyo.

Well.Shemaynot(know),youknow.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Kazedeshō?Sakanawasukijanaideshō?Minnasōomoudeshō?Konokusurinondahōgai’ideshō?Hikōkiwamadatsuiteinaideshō?

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.

8.9.

10.

1.1)2)

2.

3.1)2)3)

4.

5.

EXERCISE3SayitinJapaneseYouareinadoctor’soffice.

Ihaveaheadacheandafever.Ihaveastomachacheandhavelittleappetite(donotwanttoeatmuch).Itmaynotbeabigdeal,butIcoughalot.DoyousupposeIhaveacold?I’vebeentakingmedicineforaweek,butitdoesn’tgetbetteratall.Ihavepaininmyrightshoulderandlowerback.

Afriendissick.Offeryouradvice.You’dbettertakemedicineandrest.You’d better go to the hospital, although itmay not be serious (not a bigdeal).You’dbetternottogotoworktoday.You’dbettereatsomething.I’llmakesomething.Doyouhaveanyallergies(tofood)?You’dbetternotworryaboutanything(things).Getwellsoon.

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Askthefollowingpeoplewhatiswrongandaskiftheyareokay.astranger;afriend

You have cold-like symptoms. Explain them to a co-worker and ask if hethinksyoushouldseeadoctor(gotoahospital).Tellthedoctorthefollowing:

yourmedicalhistory;yourfamily’smedicalhistoryandgeneralphysicaltraitsthatruninyourfamily.

Afriendisstrugglingwithaforeignlanguageclass.Offerheryouradviceastohowtoimproveproficiency.Afriendjustcollapsedanddoesnotrespond.Gethelp.

Emotions

Ms.SatoasksMichaelaboutlivingalone.Sato: Don’tyougetlonely,livingalone?

Hitori-gurashiwasabishikunai?一人暮らしは、寂しくない?

Michael: No,everyoneissokind,andIhaveapet,too,so…Ie,minasanshinsetsudashi,pettomoirushi.いえ、みなさん親切だし、ペットもいるし。

Sato: What?Didyousayapet?E?Pettotte?え？ペットって。

MichaelshowsapictureofhispettoMs.Sato.Michael: Ihaveacat.Here.Sotherapeutic(tohaveit)!

E’e,nekookatteirundesu.Hora!Sugokuiyasaremasuyo.ええ、猫を飼っているんです。ほら。すごく癒されますよ。

Sato: Socute!Whatisitsname?Kawai’i!Namaewananteiundesuka.かわいい！名前は何て言うんですか。

Michael: I’mabitembarrassed,butit’scalledTiger.Chottohazukashi’indesukedone,“Taigā”tteiundesu.ちょっと恥ずかしいんですけどね、「タイガー」っていうんです。

Sato: Wow!Sugoi!すごい！

VOCABULARYhitori-gurashi 一人暮らし livingalonesabishi’i 寂しい lonelyshinsetsu(na) 親切 (な) kindpetto ペット pet-shi し and(listingreasons)neko 猫 cat

kau 飼う keep(animal)sugoku すごく awfully;veryiyasareru 癒される therapeutic;gethealediu 言う say;telltte て Informalversionofthe

quotationparticletonanteiu 何ていう whatisitcalled?hazukashi’i 恥ずかしい embarrassed;feelshysugoi すごい superb;extraordinary;

awful

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYimi 意味 meaningdōiuimi どういう意味 whatdoesitmeannaku 泣く・鳴く cry;soundsmadeby

animalswarau 笑う laugh;smileokoru 怒る getangry;reprimand

Petsinu 犬 dogsakana 魚 fishtori 鳥 birdkingyo 金魚 goldfishkoi 鯉 Koifishusagi うさぎ rabbitkame かめ turtlehamusutā ハムスター hamsterkonchū 昆虫 insect;bugdōbutsu 動物 animals

Emotionssabisi’i 寂しい lonely

ureshi’i 嬉しい delighted;gladkanashi’i 悲しい sadhazukashi’i 恥ずかしい embarrassed;feelshykurushi’i 苦しい painfulnatsukashi’i 懐かしい feelnostalgictsurai 辛い feelhardship;miserablekowai 怖い scared;afraidshinpai(na) 心配（な) worriedanshin(na) 安心（な) feelingatease;reliefshiawase(na) 幸せ（な) happy;happinesszan-nen(na) 残念（な) regrettable;feelsorry

GRAMMARNOTE QuotationXtoiuXtoi’imashitameans“someonesaidX”.Xrepresentsthequoteandisfollowedby thequotationparticle to and the verb i’imasu (iu, aU-verb) “say, tell”. Incasual speech, the informal version of the quotation particle tte is often used.The quote X can end in either the Formal or Informal form depending onwhether it isadirectquoteor indirectquote.The tenseof thequotedsentenceremainsthesameasintheoriginalquote.

Shimasuto/ttei’imashita. Hesaid,“I’lldoit”.Suruto/ttei’imashita. Hesaidthathewoulddoit.Shitato/ttei’imashita. Hesaidthathehaddoneit.

Incasualspeech,thequotecanendwithtte.Ashitaamedatte. Theysayitwillraintomorrow.Amette? Didyousay“rain”?orDid

theysay“rain”?

Theparticle tte can followanyword, and indicates that theprecedingword isunfamiliartoyou.

Iyasarerutte,dōiuimidesuka.

Whatdoesiyasarerumean?

Konchūtte,nandesuka. Whatiskonchū?Satō-santte,shinsetsudesu Ms.Satoiskind,isn’tshe?

nē.(Irecentlydiscoveredthisabouther.)

Usethispatterntoquoteanything,suchassounds,noisesorforeignwords.“Thankyou”toi’imashita. Hesaid,“Thankyou.”Aka-changamātoitta. Thebabysaid,“Mā.”

WhenXin/Xtoiu/oritsformalversion/Xtoi’imasu/standsforthenameofsomethingorsomeone,itmeans“itiscalledX”.

Konoryōriwanantoiundesuka.

Whatisthisdishcalled?

KorewaEigodenantoi’imasuka.

WhatdoyoucallthisinEnglish?

Similarly,/XtoiuY/means“YcalledX”.J-Nettoiukaisha acompanycalledJ-NetOda-santoiuhitokaradenwadesu.

It’saphonecallfromapersoncalledOda.

Nantoiuekideorirundesuka.

So,whichstation(astationcalledwhat)shouldwegetoffat?

Youcanaskwhatsomethingmeansbysaying:Dōiuimidesuka. Whatdoesitmean?

Whenyouwanttoclarifysomething,youcanask:Xtte,dōiuimidesuka. AsforwhatiscalledX…what

doesitmean?

The verb i’imasu has two polite versions. Osshaimasu (ossharu, a SpecialPoliteverb)isthehonorificversion(puttingthepersoninahigherposition)andmōshimasu (mōsu, a U-verb) is the humble version (where the speaker isputtinghim/herself inalowerpositionrelativetotheaddressee).Thehonorificformrefers to someoneaboveyouand thehumble formrefers toyourselfandyourgroup.Theseexpressionsareverycommoninintroductions.

Sumisutomōshimasu.Dōzoyoroshiku.

MynameisSmith.Howdoyoudo?

Kochira,Honda-santoosshaimasu.

ThispersoniscalledMr./Ms.Honda.

Onamaewanantoossharundesuka.

Whatisyourname?

GRAMMARNOTE ExpressingEmotionsManywordsthatexpressemotionareadjectivesandothersarena-nouns.Theybothappearinthedoublesubjectstructure,wherethefirstsubjectisthepersonwhofeelstheemotionandthesecondsubjectisthecauseoftheemotion.

Watashiwainugakowai. I’mscaredofdogs.Nanigakowaino? Whatareyouscaredof?

Kowaicanbetranslatedeitheras“scared”or“scary”dependingonthesubject.Similarly,manyoftheemotionwordshavetwoEnglishtranslations.

Amegashinpaidesu. “I’mworriedabouttherain”or“Rainworriesme”.

Namaegahazukashi’i. “I’membarrassedbythename”or“Thenameisembarrassing.”

Usuallytheemotionwordexpressesthespeaker’sfeelinginastatement,andtheaddressee’sinaquestion.Whendescribingotherpeople’sfeelings,it’scommontoattach/ndesu/totheemotionwords.Thisisbecauseonecannotstateasfactexactlyhowothersfeelasafact,andcanonlydescribethesituationintermsofhowitappears.

Satō-sanwakanashi’indesu. Ms.Satoissad(Lit.,It’sthecasethatMs.Satoissad.)

Alternatively,youcanquotewhatotherssayregardinghowtheyfeel.Satō-sanwakanashi’itte. Ms.Satosaidthatsheissad.

GRAMMARNOTE Sentence+shiShiaddedtotheendofasentenceindicatesthattheprecedingsentencepresentsonereasonamongothersthatleadstotheconclusion.Otherreasonsmayfollow.

Amedashi. Becauseit’sraining,and…(so,

1.2.3.4.5.

I’mnotgoing)

You can link more than two sentences using shi. The last sentence in thesequence can be either another reason or the conclusion.When asked about arestaurantforexample,youmaylinkthreecharacteristicsortwocharacteristicsandaconclusionasfollows.

Oishi’ishi,yasuishi,kireidesuyo.Thefoodisgood,it’scheapandtheplaceisclean.Oishi’ishi,yasuishi,sukidesuyo.Thefoodisgood,andit’scheap,soIlikeit.

Since shi implies there are other reasons, it is often used tomake a sentencesoundinconclusive,thuspoliteinsomecases,evenwhenitisactuallytheonlyreason.Youmaynoticeyoungerspeakersuseshi-endingsentencesalotforthisreason.

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Sabishi’i? Areyoulonely?Response:Maewasabishikattakedo,mō

sabishikunaiyo.Iwas,butnotanymore.

Cue: Shinpai? Areyouworried?Response:Maewashinpaidattakedo,mōshinpai

janaiyo.Iwas,butnotanymore.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Kanashi’i?Anshin?Natsukashi’i?Tsurai?Kowai?

PATTERNPRACTICE6Cue: Pettogairutte. Hesayshehasapet.Response: Daregairutteitta

no?Whosaidthathehasone?

Cue: Tabetekudasaitte. Theysaid,“Pleaseeat”.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

Response: Daregatabetetteittano?

Whosaid,“Pleaseeat”?

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Hazukashi’itte.Minasanshinsetsudatte.Pettogashindatte.Denwa-shitekudasaitte.Madakekkon-shiteinaitte.

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Nekononamaewa

Taigādesuka.IsthenameofyourcatTiger?

Response: Hai,Taigātoi’imasu.Yes,it’scalledTiger.

Cue: AnokatanoonamaewaKimura-sandesuka.IsthenameofthatpersonMs.Kimura?

Response: HaiKimura-santoosshaimasu.Yes,sheiscalledMs.Kimura.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:KaishanonamaewaJ-Netdesuka.KonomisenonamaewaVoodoo(BūDū)Coffeedesuka.SenpainookāsannonamaewaSakura-sandesuka.OtakunookosannonamaewaKen-kundesuka.AnoryōrinonamaewaMacandCheesedesuka.

EXERCISE5

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.

9.

10.

1.2.

3.

4.

5.

SayitinJapaneseSharewithafriendtheonlinereviewsyouread.

Theysaythisrestaurantisthebest.Theysaythistourisfourhourslongandisfun.TheysaythatthisonsenisclosetoMt.Fuji,beautifulandreallytherapeutic.Theysaythismovieisreallyscaryandit’sbetterforchildrennottoseeit.Theysaythattheyrecommendthisbook;theylaughedalotatfirst(hajime)andcriedattheend(owari).

You’vebeenaskedhowyoufeelaboutlivinginJapan.Everyoneiskind,Ihavegoodfriends,soI’mblessed(shiawase).Ilivealoneandhavenopet,soIsometimesfeelabitlonely.My Japanese is poor, and I’m not used to life in Japan yet, so I’m bitembarrassed.Everyone asks, “Aren’t you lonely?” Actually I’m enjoying myself(tanoshi’i).Iusuallydon’t think it’shard (tsurai),but I sometimesmissmy family. Infact,mygrandfatherjustpassedawaylastmonth,andI’mterriblysadnow.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Askaco-workerifshehasapet.Askwhatkind,itsnameanditsage.You are offered a dish you’ve never seen before. Ask the host what it iscalled.Politely introduce yourself and Professor Kimura to a new businessassociate.You thought thatMs.Satohas just said that shewasgoing togetmarried.Confirmthatsheactuallysaidthat.Besuretocongratulateher.Talk about some of your life’s events and how theymade you feel, usingthesefouremotions—delightedorhappy;sadorpained;worriedornervous;shyorembarrassed.

PolitenessMichaelisnervousaboutanupcomingappointmentwithabusinessassociate.

Michael: Inthiskindofsituation,woulditbebettertousepolitelanguage?Konnaba’aiwa,keigootsukattahōgai’idesuka.こんな場合は、敬語を使ったほうがいいですか。

Sato: Ofcourse.Afterall,theotherpersonissomeoneaboveyou,so…Mochirondesu.Yappariaitewame-uenohitodesukara.もちろんです。やっぱり相手は目上の人ですから。

Michael: Whatdoyouthinkwouldbeagoodgift?Omiyagewananigai’itoomoimasuka.お土産は何がいいと思いますか?

Sato: Well,it’sthethoughtthatmatters,so…Mā,kimochinomondaidesukaranē.まあ、気持ちの問題ですからねえ。

Michael: It’ssohard!Muzukashi’inā!難しいなあ。

VOCABULARYba’ai 場合 case;situationkeigo 敬語 honorificlanguage;polite

languagemochiron もちろん ofcourseyappari やっぱり afterall;asassumedaite 相手 theotherparty;partnerme-ue 目上 superior;senioromiyage お土産 gift;souvenirkimochi 気持ち feeling;frameofmindmondai 問題 matter;problem;issuekimochinomondai 気持ちの問題 amatterofhowyoufeelnā なあ Informalformofnē

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYteinei(na) 丁寧 polite;careful

teinei-go 丁寧語 politelanguagekenjō-go 謙譲語 humblelanguagetame-go ため語 casuallanguage(between

equals)me-shita 目下 subordinate;juniorageru 上げる give

GRAMMARNOTE ThePolitenessSystemofJapaneseWhenyou lookat the systemofpolite language (keigo敬語) in Japanese, it’simportant to recognize twoaxes,onehorizontaland theothervertical, thatareintertwined.Thehorizontaloneshowsthedistancebetweenthespeakerandtheaddressee, which typically results in the choice between the Formal forms(teinei-go丁寧語)andtheInformalforms(tame-goタメ語)(e.g.,shimasuvs.suru),andbetweentheplainandpoliteversionsofsomewords(teinei-go丁寧

語)(e.g.,darevs.donata,genkivs.ogenki,arimasuvs.gozaimasu).The vertical axis shows the relative hierarchy between the speaker and the

subjectofthesentence,whichresultsinchoosingbetweentheplain,Honorific,and Humble forms of the predicates (e.g., i’imasu, osshaimasu, andmōshimasu).

Honorifics(sonkei-go尊敬語)raisethesubjectperson(s),typicallysomeonein the speaker’s out-groupor above the speaker (me-ue目上) such as bosses,customers,strangers,seniors,etc.YouNEVERraiseyourself.Thehumbleform(kenjō-go謙譲語)lowerthesubjectperson(s),typicallythespeakerhim/herselforsomeoneconsideredasthespeaker’sin-groupmembersuchasfamily,friends,co-workers,etc.

Humblespeech isnotused todowngradesubordinates (me-shita目下) inadiscriminatory way. Remember it is still part of the politeness system. BothHonorifics and Humble speech are used to linguistically indicate the relativehierarchybetweenthespeakerandtheotherparty.Whetheryouraisetheotherpartyorloweryourself,theresultisthesame,averticalgap.

TheIn-group/Out-groupdistinction isnotabsolute.ThesamepersoncanbeinyourOut-groupor In-groupdependingon the situation.For example,whenyou ask your boss what she said, you use the Honorific form—Nan toosshaimashita ka. But if you ask a business associate from another company(Out-group)whatyourboss(In-group)said,youusethehumbleform—Nanto

mōshimashitaka.Youdo not useHonorifics to describe a co-worker’s actionwhentalkingtohim,butyoumaywanttousethemwhentalkingtohisparentabout him, since they are in one group to which you don’t belong. The onlypersonyoucanalwayscountonasyourIn-groupisyourself.

ThechartbelowshowsthespecialHonorificandHumbleforms.

The honorific verbs ossharu, irassharu, kudasaru, nasaru, and polite verbgozaru constitute the verb group called Special PoliteVerbs. They follow theinflectionrulesforU-verbsexceptthatbeforemasu,the/r/endingdrops,and/u/becomes/i/.

Ossharu→osshaimasu

Fortheotherverbs,therearetheHonorificformulaandtheHumbleformula.TheHonorificformula:

O+verbstem+ninaru

kaku→okakininaru “write”matsu→omachininaru

“wait”

TheHumbleformula:

O+verbstem+suru

kaku→okaki-suru “write”matsu→omachi-suru “wait”

CULTURALNOTE PolitenessinJapaneseCultureWhileconsiderationsofpolitenessplayanimportantroleinJapaneseculture,thelinguisticskilltohandlepolitelanguagecorrectlydoesnotcomenaturallytoallnative speakers.Many native speakers study the system and learn how to usepolitelanguage, justasforeignlearnersdo.Infact,politelanguageis taughtatschoolaspartoftheJapaneselanguagecurriculum.

Forthoseenteringthejobmarketorarenewlyhired,it’salsonotuncommonto receive some trainingonhow to speakprofessionally, focusingoncorrectlyusing polite language. This explains why, besides a knowledge of Kanjicharacters, a command of polite language is often taken as a sign of one’seducational and intellectual level in Japanese society. Being a sophisticated,maturespeakerofthelanguagecontributestoone’ssuccessinthesociety.

CULTURALNOTE GiftGivingGiftgiving is an importantpart of Japanese life. It’s customary tobring smallfooditemssuchascakeorsweetswhenvisitinghomesoroffices,andtobringback local itemsfromplacesyouvisitasgifts for thosebackhome.Thesearecalledomiyage(お土産).Slightlymoresubstantialorexpensivegiftsshouldbegiventwiceayear,duringthesummerandinDecember,tobusinessassociates,teachers,andotherstowhomyouareindebted.Thesearecalledochūgen(お中

元)andoseibo(お歳暮),respectively.Itispolitetoreciprocatethesentiment(kimochi気持ち)andgivesomething

of slightly less value as a token in return (okaeshiお返し)when you have achance.Todownplay thevalueofyourgift,youcansay,“It’s justmy thought(orasmalltoken)”Honnokimochidesu.(ほんの気持ちです。)

Inbusinesssituations,thiscustomshouldnotbeconfusedwithbribery.Giftsshouldnotbetoolavishbutofgoodquality,andalwayswrapped(ThestoresinJapanwilllikelywrapthemforyouifyousayit’sagift—andthetraditionalwayofwrapping is quite unique). These can be bought fromdepartment stores allaroundthecountry.Giftsetsusuallycontainfiveor10pieces.Avoidfourornineas these are unlucky numbers. Bring a number of small gifts to Japan todistributetonewandexistingcontacts.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Soi’imashita. Isaidso.Response: Ā,senseimosō

osshaimashitayo.Oh,theteachersaidso,too.

Cue: Kakimasu. I’llwriteit.Response: Ā,senseimookakini

narimasuyo.Oh,theteacherwillwriteit,too.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Tabemashita.Machimasu.Mimasu.Shimasu.Ikimasu.

PATTERNPRACTICE9Cue: Kaitekudasai. Pleasewriteit.Response: Hai,okaki-shimashō. Sure,I’llwriteit(foryou.)Cue: Mattekudasai. Pleasewait.Response: Hai,omachi-shimashō. Sure,I’llwait(foryou.)

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Susumetekudasai.Mitekudasai.Kitekudasai.Ki’itekudasai.Tsukuttekudasai.

EXERCISE7SayitinJapaneseYouarepreparingforanimportantmeeting.Askaco-workerforadvice.

Inthiscase,whichwouldbebetter,toemailortocall?Inthatsituation,whatkindofgiftwouldbegood?Incaseitrains,woulditbebettertocall?Whichishigherinrank(me-ue),Ms.SatoorMs.Suzuki?

1.2.

3.1)2)3)4)

4.

1)2)3)

5.1)2)

1.b)

2.3.

1)2)3)4)

4.b)

5.1)2)

6.1)2)

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Askaco-workerinwhatkindofsituationsoneusesHonorifics.Youarevisitingacompany.AskthereceptionistifMr.Itoisin.Youhavea2:00appointmentwithhim.Politelyaskabusinessassociatethefollowingquestions:

whatiswrong(shelookssick);ifshesawtheschedule;howshecameheretoday(bywhichtransportation);ifshehashadlunchalready.

Discusswhat kind of giftwould be good from your home country for thefollowingpeople:

apersonaboveyou;afriend;achild.

Presentthefollowinggiftstothefollowingpeople.Downplayitsvalue.abirthdaygifttoafriend;agiftfromyourbusinesstriptoeveryoneinyourofficetoshare.

REVIEWQUESTIONSa) WhatdoesXtoomoumean?

HowaboutXtoi’imashita?Whatformsofthepredicateoccurbeforetoomou?Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningamongthefollowing?

Surutoomou.Shitatoomou.Surutoomotta.Shitatoomotta.

a) Howdoyousay“you’dbettertakemedicine”inJapanese?Howabout“you’dbetterNOTtakemedicine”?

Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?Amedarō.Amekamoshirenai.

Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?Amedesu.Amedatte.

7.1)2)

8.1)2)

9.1)2)3)

10.b)

11.

Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?Nantoiukaishadesuka.Dōiukaishadesuka.

Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?Amedakara…Amedashi…..

Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthefollowing?Satōtoi’imasu.Satōtomōshimasu.Satō-santoosshaimasu.

a) HowdoyoumaketheHonorificformofaverb?HowabouttheHumbleform?

WhatdoesKimochinomondaimean?

LESSON10

Do’sandDon’ts

PleaseenteryourpasswordMeineedshelpreadingthewordsonthescreenatanATMYuki: What’swrong?Isthereaproblem?

Dōshitano?Nanikamondai?どうしたの。何か問題。

Mei: Icannotreadthis.Kore,yomenaino.これ、読めないの。

Yuki: Oh,itsays,“Pleaseenteryourpassword”.Ā,pasuwādooiretekudasaitte.ああ「パスワードを入れてください」って。

Mei: Okay.Don’tlook.Okkē.Minaideyo.オッケー。見ないでよ。

Yuki: I’mnotgonnalook.Minaiyo.見ないよ。

VOCABULARYyomeru 読める canreadyomenai 読めない cannotreadpasuwādo パスワード passwordireru 入れる enter;putitinminaiyo 見ないよ Don’tlook

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYwasureru 忘れる forgetoboeru 覚える remember;committo

memoryhonyaku 翻訳 translationhonyaku-suru;yakusu

翻訳する; 訳す translate

tsūyaku 通訳 interpretation;interpretertsūyaku-suru 通訳する interpret

GRAMMARNOTE MakingaVerbaPotentialForm=“CanDo”The verb suru “do” has a special potential form dekiru “can do”. For all theotherverbs,thereareconjugationrulesforPotentialformsforeachverbgroup.

U-Verbs:ChangeutoeruTheresultingformisaRU-verb.Tomakethenegativeform,changerutonai.

nomu → nomeru → nomenaidrink can

drinkcannotdrink

kau → kaeru → kaenaibuy canbuy cannotbuy

RU-Verbs:Changerutorareru(orreruforthenewlyemergingversion)taberu → taberareru

(tabereru)→ taberarenai(taberenai)

eat caneat cannoteat

IrregularVerbs(Note:Thereisnopotentialformforaru“tobe”)kuru → korareru

(koreru)→ korarenai(korenai)

come cancome

cannotcome

suru → dekiru → dekinaido cando cannotdo

iku → ikeru → ikenaigo cango cannotgo

SpecialPoliteVerbsFollowthesameruleasGroup1—changeutoeru

irassharu → irasshareru → irassharenaibe/come/go can

be/come/gocannotbe/come/go

NotethattheobjectofPotentialverbscanbemarkedeitherbytheparticleoorga,justlikewesawbeforewiththeverb-taiforms.

Kādoo/gatsukaeru.

Youcanuseacreditcard.

Nihongoo/gahanaseru.

IcanspeakJapanese.

GRAMMARNOTE NegativeRequestsEarlier,welearnedthatthe-teformofverbsareusedtomakearequest.

Casual: Tabete. Eat.Formal: Tabetekudasai. Pleaseeat.Morepolite: Tabeteitadakemasenka. Couldyoupleaseeat?

Tomakeanegativerequest(askingsomeonenottodosomething),youadddetotheInformalnegativeformoftheverb.

Casual: Tabenaide. Don’teat.Formal: Tabenaidekudasai. Pleasedon’teat.Morepolite: Tabenaide

itadakemasenka.Couldyoupleasenoteat?

Somesentenceparticlescanfollowtheserequestswithanaddedmeaning.Tabenaidene? Don’teat,okay?(softer)Tabenaideyo. Don’teat,I’mtellingyou.(more

demanding)

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.

PATTERNPRACTICE1Cue: Yomu? Willyoureadit?Response: Sumimasen.Yomenain

desu.Sorry.Ican’treadit.

Cue: Taberu? Willyoueatit?Response: Sumimasen.Taberarenain

desu.Sorry.Icannoteatit.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Aruku?Tsukuru?Tetsudau?Kaeru?Kuru?

PATTERNPRACTICE2Cue: Kētai,tsukaimasuyo. I’lluseacellphone.Response: A,tsukawanaide

kudasai.Oh,pleasedon’tuseit.

Cue: Kore,tabemasuyo. I’lleatthis.Response: A,tabenaidekudasai. Oh,pleasedon’teatit.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Shashin,torimasuyo.Omiyage,kaimasuyo.Pasuwādo,kakimasuyo.Fairu,mimasuyo.Okane,iremasuyo.

EXERCISE1SayitinJapaneseYou’vebeenaskedaboutyourvariousskillsduringaninterview.

AsforJapanese,Icanspeakalittle,butIcannotreadverymuch.Ofcourse,IcanuseWord,Excel,etc.Noproblem.(wādo,ekuseru)Icanmakesimpledishes,butcannotmakedifficultones.

4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.

2.3.

1)2)3)4)5)

4.

5.

Icanworkintheeveningsandonweekends,too.Icannotdointerpretation,butcandotranslation.

Givethefollowinginstructionstoaninterninyouroffice.Don’temailthisfile.SendthePDF.Don’tuseyourcellphonehere.Useitoutside.Don’tforgetthepassword.Don’twriteitdown.Rememberit.Don’tgohomeyet.Workhard(goodluck!)Don’teathere.Eatinthedininghall.

EXERCISE2RolePlay

Yourteamisabouttotakeonanewproject.Telleveryonenottoforgetthedeadlineandworkhard.Yoursupervisorisreadingyourreport.Askifthereisanyproblem.Letafriendknowthatyouhaveaproblem:

youforgotthepassword;youcannotusetheInternetinthishotel;youcannotmemorizekanji;youcannottalktoyourparentsaboutthis;youcannotforgetanex-boy/girlfriend.

Afriendoffers tocooksomethingforyou.Tellhimwhatyoudoordonotwantinthedish.Howaboutinyourcoffee?Comparewhat you can and cannot do atwork in Japan and in your homecountry.

NoSmokingDuringavisittoahistorictempleGuide: Nosmokinghere.

Kokowakin’endesu.ここは禁煙です。

Michael: Whatdoes“kin-en”mean?Kin’enttedōiuimi?

禁煙って、どういう意味。

Sato: Itmeans“pleasedonotsmoke”.Tabakowasuwanaidetteiuimi.タバコは吸わないでっていう意味。

Michael: IsitokayifItakepictures?Shashin,tottemoi’idesuka.写真、撮ってもいいですか。

Guide: Sure.Butnoflashpicturesplease.Dōzo.Demofurasshuwagoenryokudasai.どうぞ。でも、フラッシュはご遠慮ください。

VOCABULARYkin’en 禁煙 nosmokingdōiuimi どういう意味 whatdoesitmeantabako タバコ tobacco;cigarettesu’u 吸う smoke;inhaletoru 取る,撮る taketottemo 撮っても evenifyoutake

(pictures)tottemoi’i 撮ってもいい it’sokayevenifyoutake

(pictures)furasshu フラッシュ flashenryo 遠慮 holdingback,declinego-enryo ご遠慮 holdingback(polite)go-enryokudasai ご遠慮ください Pleaserefrainfrom…

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYshitsumon 質問 questionshitsumon-suru 質問する askaquestionkinshi 禁止 forbidden;prohibitedchūsha 駐車 parkingchūshakinshi 駐車禁止 NoParking

enu-jī NG nogood,notallowed

GRAMMARNOTE ExpressingPermissionEarlier,welearnedthatwhenthecontextisclear,wecanaskforpermissionbysimplysayingI’idesuka.Forexample,ifsomeoneraiseshercameraandsaysI’idesuka,it’sclearthatshewantspermissiontotakepictures.Ifthecontextisnotclear,youshouldbemorespecificandusethe-teformoftheverb.

Shashintottei’idesuka. IsitokayifItakepictures?

ItiscommontoaddmototheV-teform,whichmeans“EVENifyoudoV”.e.g.,Shashintottemoi’idesuka.

IsitokayevenifItakepictures?

Theotherte-forms—/adjective-kute/and/nounde/—arealsousedinthispatternwithorwithout/mo/.

Takakutemoi’idesu. It’sokayevenifit’sexpensive.Eigodemoi’idesu. It’sokayevenifit’sEnglish.

CULTURALNOTE TheVirtueofHoldingBackEnryomeanshesitatingoutofpoliteness,whichisoneofthemosthighlyvaluedvirtues in Japan.When offered something, you are usually expected to showsomeenryobeforeacceptingit.Thus,sometimes“no”maynotmean“no”andindicateenryoinstead.Toplayitright,payattentiontotoneofvoiceandfacialexpressions.Youcanurgesomeonenottoworryaboutbeingpolitebysaying:

Enryoshinaide.Enryoshinaidekudasai.Dōzo,goenryonasaranaidekudasai.

Toaccepttheoffer,theexpressionenryonaku“withouthesitation”iscommonlyused,e.g.,Sōdesuka.Jā,enryonakuitadakimasu.“Areyousure?Then, I’llacceptitwithouthesitation.”

Ontheotherhand,enryo-shimasuindicatesthatyouarepolitelydeclininganinvitation,e.g.,Sumimasenkedo,enryoshimasu.“I’msorry,butnothankyou.”

X wa goenryo kudasai is a polite expression—more so than X kinshi—commonlyusedtoasksomeonetorefrainfromdoingX.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.

Otabakowagoenryokudasai.

Pleaserefrainfromsmoking.

Kētaiwagoenryokudasai.

Pleaserefrainfromusingcellphones.

PATTERNPRACTICE3Cue: Shashin,toritain

desukedo.I’dliketotakepictures.

Response: Tottemoi’idesuyo. It’sokaytotakepictures.Cue: Kētai,tsukaitaindesu

kedo.I’dliketousemycellphone.

Response: Tsukattemoi’idesuyo.

It’sokaytouseacellphone.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Ashitayasumitaindesukedo.Hayakukaeritaindesukedo.Toireniikitaindesukedo.Hirugohan,kattekitaindesukedo.Pawāpointo,tsukaitaindesukedo.

PATTERNPRACTICE4Cue: Shashintottemoi’idesu

ka.IsitokayifItakepictures?

Response: A,toranaidekudasai. Oh,pleasedon’ttakethem.Cue: Kētai,tsukattemoi’idesu

ka.IsitokayifIusemycellphone?

Response: A,tsukawanaidekudasai.

Oh,pleasedon’tuseit.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Tabako,suttēmoi’idesuka.Kokonichūsha-shitemoi’idesuka.Kyōkasho,mitemoi’idesuka.Are,minnaniittemoi’idesuka.

5.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.1)2)

2.3.

1)2)3)

4.5.

6.

Konban,dekaketemoi’idesuka.

EXERCISE3SayitinJapaneseYouareonagrouptour.Askforpermissionasfollows.

CanIgetonthebus?CanIgoandbuyomiyageatthatstore?CanIaskyouaquestion?CanIuseaflash(camera)?CanIenterhere?

You’ve just heard a Japaneseword that youdonot know.Ask a co-worker toexplainusingthestatementsbelow.

WhatdoesenryomeaninEnglish?WhatdoesdentōtekimeaninEnglish?Whatdoesdotakyanmean?(dotakyan=last-minutecancelation)Whatdoesikemenmean?(ikemen=goodlookingguy)Whatdoesyabaimean?(yabai=bad)

EXERCISE4RolePlay

Atarestaurant,askawaiter:ifsmokingisprohibitedhere;whatthis(descriptiononthemenu)means.

You’vebeenshownasampleproduct.Askifyoucantakeapicture.Youareinapark.Checkifthefollowingitemsareprohibited.

pets,drinks,bicycles

Politelyaskvisitorstorefrainfromtakingpictureshere.Asahost,offeryourguestsfoodanddrinks.Tellyourguestsnottohesitateandhelpthemselves.Asaguest,bepoliteandhesitatefromhelpingyourself.Afterbeingurged,acceptpolitely.

RecyclingMrs.YamamotoseesMeithrowingawayhertrashandexplainsrecyclingtoher.Yamamoto: Waitasecond!Youshouldn’tthrowthoseaway.

Chottomatte!Sorewasutetewaikemasenyo.ちょっと待って！それは、捨ててはいけませんよ。

Mei: Doyoumeanthesebottlesandcans,too?Konobinyakanmo.このビンや缶も。

Yamamoto: Same.Itwouldbewasteful,wouldn’tit?Onajidesu.Mottainaideshō.同じです。もったいないでしょう。

Mei: Yourecycleeverything,don’tyou?Nandemorisaikuru-surundesunē.何でもリサイクルするんですねえ。

VOCABULARYmatsu 待つ waitsuteru 捨てる throwaway,discardikenai いけない won’tdo;bad;mustn’tdosutetewaikenai 捨ててはいけない shouldnotthrowawaybin ビン bottle;jarkan 缶 canonaji 同じ same(/no/or/na/isNOTrequiredtomodifyanoun:onajinamae“samename”)mottainai もったいない wasteful;sacrilegiousxdemo Xでも evenXnandemo 何でも anythingrisaikuru リサイクル recycle

ADDITIONALVOCABULARY

pettobotoru ペットボトル plasticbottlegomi ごみ trashgomibako ゴミ箱 trashcanchigau 違う isdifferent;iswrong(anU-verb:chigaimasu,chigawanai,chigatta:chigaunamae“differentname”)

GRAMMARNOTE ExpressingProhibitionWhenX-te+wa“ifyoudoX”isfollowedbyikenai/ikemasen“itcannotgo”or“itwon’tdo”,itexpressesprohibition“it’snotgoodtodoX”or“youmustnotdoX”.

Sutetewaikemasen. It’snotgoodtothrowitaway.Shashinotottewaikenai. It’snotgoodtotakepictures.

In addition to ikenai, other negative expressions such as dame, yoku nai,shitsurei,etc.,sometimesfollowthe-tewapattern.

Madamitewadame. Youmustnotlookyet.Osokudenwa-shitewashitsureidesu.

It’srudetocall(so)late.

Incasualspeech,thefollowingsoundcontractionsoftenoccur:tewa→cha(a)anddewa→ja(a)sutetewaikenai→sutecha(a)ikenai

Youmustnotthrowitaway.

nondewaikenai→nonja(a)ikenai

Youmustnotdrinkit.

Note that permission andprohibition are the “yin andyang”of the rule, so tospeak.Inmanycontexts, the/-temo i’i/and /-tewa ikenai/expressoppositesidesofthesamerule.

Tabakosuttemoi’idesuka. MayIsmoke?-Iya,suttewaikemasen. No,youmustn’t.

Tobemorepolitewhenprohibiting someone fromdoing something,usemoreindirectpatternsincludingchotto,sumimasenkedo…,andnegativerequests.

Tabakosuttemoi’idesuka. MayIsmoke?-Chotto… It’sjust…-Anō,sumimasenkedo… Umm,I’msorry,but…-Sumimasenkedo,suwanaideitadakemasenka.I’msorry,butcanyoupleasenotsmoke?-Sumimasenkedo,goenryokudasaimasenka.I’msorry,butcanyoupleaserefrainfromsmoking?

GRAMMARNOTE TheNounDemo=EvenXDemoplacedbeforeasentencemeans“however”or“but”,andcomesfrom“Sōdemo”,whichliterallymeans“evenifitisso.”Thisisthenounversionofthe-temo pattern,which is introduced inDialogue 2.Demo can be attached to anounlikeaparticle,andXdemomeans“evenX”.

Kodomodemowakarimasu. Evenchildrencanunderstandit.

Obentōdemoi’idesuyo. I’mfinewithbentō.

Whencombinedwithaquestionword,itmeans“anyX”or“everyX”.Nandemorisaikuru-shimasu. Werecycleanything(and

everything.)Daredemoshitteimasu. Everyoneknowsit.Itsudemoi’idesuyo. Anytimeisfine.

This pattern contrastswithQuestionword+ka, whichwas introduced earlierandmeans“someX”.

someX anyandeveryX

nanika something nandemo anythingdareka someone daredemo anyonedokoka somewhere dokodemo anywhereitsuka sometime itsudemo anytime

Nanikatabeniikanai? Wouldyouliketogoandeatsomething?

-Un,nandemoi’iyo. Sure.Anythingisfine.

Itsukadenwashimasu. I’llcallyousometime.-Itsudemoshitekudasai. Pleasecallmeanytime.

CULTURALNOTE TheConceptofMottainaiandRecyclinginJapan

Mottainaiisanexpressionofregretregardingwaste—usedwhenausefulobjectis thrown away, misused or underused. This expression may have originatedfrom the Shinto animist concept—that all things have a soul and should berespected—andtheBuddhisttransmigrationofsoulphilosophy,resultinginthedesiretomaintainaharmoniousrelationshipwithnature.Toachievethis,Japanhas embarked on several efforts at energy conservation (shō-ene 省エネ),preservingtheenvironment(kankyō環境)andecology(ekoエコ),amongotherthings.Naturally,recyclingisstrictlyenforcedinJapan.

Public trashcans are rare in Japan, and you will usually see several binsarranged together,eachdedicated todifferent items.Youshouldstrictly followthegarbagedisposalsysteminyourlocalarea.

Wastedisposal(gomi-shūshūゴミ収集)iscarriedoutatthemunicipallevelandeachcityhasacompletelydifferentsystem.Youwillneedtonotetheday,container, disposal location, andput out the right garbageon that dayor yourgarbagewillnotbepickedup.Getabookletfromyourmunicipalofficeorhaveyourlandlord/propertymanagerexplaintherulestoyou.Ganbattekudasai!

RecyclingMaterialsinJapanPaper(紙Kami) Plastic(プラPura)Aluminum(アルミ

Arumi)PETbottles(ペットボトル

Pettobotoru)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan

PATTERNPRACTICE5Cue: Sutetemoi’idesuka. MayIthrowitaway?Response: Ie,sutetewa

ikemasenyo.No,youmustnot.

Cue: Tabako,suttemoi’idesuka.

MayIsmoke?

Response: Ie,sutetewa No,youmustnot.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.

ikemasenyo.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Chūsha-shitemoi’idesuka.Osake,nondemoi’idesuka.Chotto,okuretemoi’idesuka.Pasuwādo,ittemoi’idesuka.Isshonishukudaishitemoi’idesuka.

PATTENPRACTICE6Cue: Naniorisaikuru-surundesu

ka.Whatdoyourecycle?

Response: Nandemorisaikuru-shimasuyo.

Werecycleeverything.

Cue: Itsutaberaremasuka. Whencanweeat?Response: Itsudemotaberaremasuyo. Wecaneatanytime.

Repeatthedrillwiththefollowing:Daregatsukuremasuka.Donnashigotogadekimasuka.Nan-ninshōkai-shimasuka.Itsuisogashi’idesuka.Dokonorāmengasukidesuka.

EXERCISE5SayitinJapaneseTellaninternthefollowing:

It’snotgoodifyouarelatefortheappointment.It’snotgoodifyouforgetthenameofthesenpai.It’snotgoodifyougohomeearlierthaneveryone.It’snotgoodifyoutakemoredaysoff.It’snotgoodifyoudrinkanymorebeer.

Youarevisitingafactory.Tellyourgroupwhatthetourguidesaid.Wemustnottakepicturesinside.Wemustnotsmokeinside.Gooutsidetosmoke.

8.9.10.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Wemustnotusecellphonesinside.Wemustnotparkinfrontofthebuilding.Parkintheback.Wemustnotlitter.Usethegarbagecanattheexit.

EXERCISE6RolePlay

Askalandlordhowtodisposeofthegarbage.Howaboutcans,bottles,andplasticbottles?A co-worker is about to throw away all the extra bento from the lunchmeeting.Whatwouldyousay?Youarediscussingwhenandwheretheofficepartyshouldbeheld.Expressyourpreferenceornon-preferenceregardingthetimeandplace.Discuss the recycling policies in your community and the laws regardingdrinkinganddrivinginyourcountry.Discusswhatyouwereprohibitedfromdoingasachild.Howaboutnow?

ClothingMichaelandMs.Satoarediscussingthedresscodeforanevent.Michael: It’sprobablyokayifIdon’twearasuit,right?

Sūtsukinakutemoi’idarō.スーツ着なくてもいいだろう。

Sato: No,itwouldbebadifyoudon’t.Iya,kinakuchamazuidesuyo.いや、着なくちゃまずいですよ。

Onthedayoftheevent,Michaelshowsupinasuit.Sato: Wow!Cool!

Wā,osharedesunē!わあ、おしゃれですねえ！

Michael: Isn’tthistietooloud?Kononekutaihade-suginai?このネクタイ、派手すぎない。

Sato: No,itlooksgoodonyou.Iya,yokuniaimasuyo.いや、よく似合いますよ。

Michael: Then,let’sgo!Ja,ikimashō!じゃ、行きましょう！

VOCABULARYsūtsu スーツ suitkiru 着る puton,wear(onupper

body)kinakutemo 着なくても evenifyoudon’twear

(it’sok)kinakucha 着なくちゃ ifyoudon’twear(it’snot

ok)mazui まずい notgood;awkward;bad-

tastingoshare(na) おしゃれ (な） stylish;fashionable;

fashionnekutai ネクタイ necktiehade(na) 派手 (な） flashy;showyniau 似合う becoming;lookgood

ADDITIONALVOCABULARYhaku はく puton;wear(onlower

body)kaburu かぶる puton;wear(onhead)nugu ぬぐ takeoffjimi(na) 地味 (な） quiet(style,color)

ClothingItemsfortheVerbkirukimono 着物 kimono

burausu ブラウス blousedoresu ドレス dressshatsu シャツ shirtjaketto ジャケット jacketuwagi 上着 jacket,outerwearshitagi 下着 underwearkōto コート coatsētā セーター sweater

ItemsfortheVerbhakuzubon ズボン trousers;pantspantsu パンツ pantsjīnzu ジーンズ jeanssukāto スカート skirtkutsu 靴 shoeskutsushita 靴下 sockssokkusu ソックス casual(school)socks;

whitesocks

ItemfortheVerbkaburubōshi 帽子 hat,cap

ItemsfortheVerbsurunekutai ネクタイ necktienekkuresu ネックレス necklaceringu リング ringiyaringu イヤリング earringssukāfu スカーフ scarfberuto ベルト beltmegane 眼鏡 eyeglassestokei 時計 watchmēku メーク make-up

GRAMMARNOTE ExpressingNegativePermission“DoNotHaveTo”

Weusethenegative/-nakutemo/innegativepermissionpatterns,i.e.,“It’sokayNOTtodoX”or“YoudonothavetodoX”.

Matanakutemoi’idesuyo. Youdon’thavetowait.Mōganbaranakutemoi’idesu.Youdon’thavetotrysohardanymore(thatis,it’sokaynottoworksohard).Hon’yaku-shinakutemoi’idesuka.

IsitokayifIdon’ttranslateit?

Combinemorethanonepermissionpatterntogethertoindicateoptions.Kitemokonakutemoi’idesu. It’sokaywhetheryoucomeor

not.Eigodemo,Nihon-godemoi’i.Itdoesn’tmatterifit’s(in)EnglishorJapanese.Mēru-sitemodenwa-shitemoi’iyo.

It’sokaytoemailorcall.

ExpressingNecessities“must”InDialogue3,wediscussedtheaffirmative/-tewa/inprohibitionpatterns.Nowwe consider the negative /-nakutewa/ in necessity patterns. Necessity means“youmustdoX”or“it’snogoodifyoudoNOTdoX”.Thesoundchangesof/tewa/to/cha/and/dewa/to/ja/occurwiththispatternaswell.Inadditiontoikenai,othernegativeexpressionscanfollowthispattern.

Benkyō-shinakutewaikemasen.

Youmuststudy.

Sūtsukinakuchamazuiyo. It’snotgoodifyoudonotwearasuit.

Shigotoniikanakutewadamenandesu…

Imustgotowork,so…

We have seen all the four patterns involving the -te form—permissions,prohibitions, negative permissions, and necessities. Now let’s see how they

complementeachother.Tabakosuttemoi’idesuka. IsitokayifIsmoke?Iya,suttewaikemasenyo. No,it’snotgoodifyoudo.Koreyomanakutemoi’idesuka.

IsitokayifIdonotreadthis?

Iya,yomanakutewaikemasenyo.

No,it’snotgoodtonotreadthis.

To be more polite, use the softer or indirect patterns including apologies,requests,chotto,kedo,ndesu,shi,etc.,instead.

Tabakosuttemoi’idesuka. IsitokayifIsmoke?Iya,sumimasenkedo,kodomogaimasushi….

Well,sorry,but(thereare)childrenhere,and…

Chotto, soto de onegai-dekimasenka.

CanI justaskyou todoitoutside?

Asokonikin’entte… Overthereitsays“nosmoking”…

Koreyomanakutemoi’idesuka. IsitokayifIdonotreadthis?

Iya,korewayondehoshi’indesukedo…

I’dlikeyoutoreadthisatleast,and…

Iya,yondekudasai.Onegai-shimasu. Pleaseread,ifyoudon’tmind.

GRAMMARNOTE X-sugiruThe verb sugirumeans “past (something)”. It can be attached to a verb stem(verbmasu-formwithoutmasu), adjective root (adjective i-formwithout i) orna-nounstomakeacompoundverbthatmeans“overlyso”or“toomuchforX”.TheresultingcompoundformisaRU-verb.WithVerbStem: Chottotabe-sugimashita. Iatealittletoomuch.WithAdj.Root: Taka-sugirukara,

kawanai.Iwon’tbuyitbecauseit’stooexpensive.

1.2.3.4.

WithNa-Noun: Kokowafubensugiru. Itistooinconvenienthere.

When-ruofsugiru is dropped, it becomes a noun andoftenused in a casualspeech.

Anohitokakkoyo-sugi! Heistoocool!Chotto,nomi-sugijanaino? Aren’tyoudrinkingalittletoo

much?

GRAMMARNOTE VerbsofDressingThere are different verbs in Japanese for the English verb “put on (pieces ofclothing)”or“wear”,dependingonwhereyouputontheitem.Kiruisusedfortheupperbody,hakuforthelowerbody,kaburuforonthehead,andsuruforsmalleritemssuchasaccessoriesandties.Notethedifferenceinmeaningamongthefollowing.

Shatsuokiru. I’llputonashirt.(Action)Shatsuokiteiru. I’mwearingashirt/I’mdressedina

shirt.(State)Nekutaioshinai. I’llnotputonatie.(Action)Nekutaioshiteinai. Ihavenotieon.(State)

PATTERNPRACTICE7Cue: Sūtsu,kimashōka. ShallIwearasuit?Response: Ie,kinakutemoi’i

desuyo.No,youdon’thaveto.

Cue: Bōshi,kaburimashōka.

ShallIwearahat?

Response: Ie,kaburanakutemoi’idesuyo.

No,youdon’thaveto.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Nekutaishimashōka.Chiketto,kaimashōka.Okaneharaimashōka.Pasuwādo,iremashōka.

5.

1.2.3.4.5.

1.2.3.4.5.

Chikatetsuninorikaemashōka.

PATTERNPRACTICE8Cue: Shukudai,shinai? Whydon’twedothehomework?Response: Shinakuchaikenai

no?Dowehaveto?

Cue: Furuishashin,sutenai?

Whydon’twethrowawaytheoldpictures?

Response: Sutenakuchaikenaino?

Dowehaveto?

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Byōinniikanai?Shiryō,yomanai?Ryōshinniawanai?Arukanai?Pawāpointo,tsukawanai.

PATTERNPRACTICE9Cue: Chottohadedesunē. It’salittleloud,isn’tit?Response: E’ehade-sugimasu

nē.Right.It’stooloud.

Cue: Yokunomimashitanē. Wedrankalot,didn’twe?Response: E’e,nomisugimashita

nē.Right.Wedranktoomuch.

Repeatthedrillusingthefollowing:Konohoteru,takaidesunē.Nihon-jin,yokuhatarakimasunē.Anoshachō,sugoidesunē.Omiyage,takusankaimashitanē.Anoobāsan,genkidesunē.


1.2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

1.1)2)

2.

3.4.5.

1)2)3)

1.2.3.4.

Askthesupervisorabouttheproject.Dowehavetotranslatethedocument?Dowehavetousethesepictures?Dowehavetovisitthecompany?Dowehavetodothisbynextweek?Dowehavetorecycleeverything?

Askaco-workeraboutthedresscodeforanevent.Dowehavetowearasuit?Mendon’thavetowearatie,dothey?Wemustnotwearjeans,right?Isanycolorokay?Dowomenhavetowearadress?Canwewearpants?

EXERCISE8RolePlay

Describethefollowing:howyourclassmatesaredressedtoday;how to dress for different occasions such as weddings and funerals inyourcountry.

Discuss thedos anddon’ts in theworkplace inyour country suchasdresscode,rulesoneatinganddrinking,punctuality,etc.Complimentafriendonhissuit,mentioninghowbecomingitisonhim.Sendyourcolleaguesofftoaparty.Warnthemnottodrinktoomuch.Withfreedom,comesresponsibility.Explainwhattheresponsibilitiesarefor:

driving;beingaforeignerinJapan;workingfromhome(tere-wāku“telework”)

REVIEWQUESTIONSExplainhowtomakepotentialformsforeachofthefourverbgroups.IsapotentialverbformaU-verborRU-verb?Explainhowtomakeanegativerequest.Explainhowtoexpressthefollowing:•Permission “it’sokaytodoX”or“youcandoX”.•Prohibition “it’snotgoodifyoudoX”or“youmustnot

5.b)

6.

7.b)

8.b)

9.

doX”.•Negativepermission

“it’sokaynottodoX”or“youdonothavetodoX”.

•Necessity “it’snotgoodifyoudonotdoX”or“youmustdoX”.

a) Whatdoesenryomean?Howisitused?

Whatisthedifferenceinmeaningbetween:Nanikaarimasu.Nandemoarimasu.a) WhataretheJapaneseequivalentsoftheEnglishword“wear”?

Howaretheyused?a) Whatis-sugiruattachedtoinordertomakeacompoundword?

Whatdoesitmean?Inwhatwayisthenounonajiisunique?

ENGLISH-JAPANESEDICTIONARY

Aalittlewhileagosakkiさっき

alotyokuよく

about~goroごろ

aboveue上absenceyasumi休み

academictermgakki学期

accept(humble)itadakimasuいただきます

accessoriesakusesari’iアクセサリー

accidentjiko事故

acquaintanceshiriai知り合い

actuallyjitsuwa実は

administrativeassistanthisho秘書

adultotona大人

afraidkowai怖い

afterallyappariやっぱり

afterthiskonoatoこの後

againmataまた

Again!Mata!また！

ahāああ

aheadsaki先airconditionereakonエアコン

airplanehikōki飛行機

airportkūkō空港

allminnaみんな

allergyarerugīアレルギー

alreadymōもう

alternativehō方alwaysitsumoいつも

apartmentapātoアパート

amazingsugoiすごい

ambulancekyūkyū-sha救急車

AmericanAmerika-jinアメリカ人

ankleashi-kubi足首

andsorekara;to;~shi(listingreasons)それから; と; し

animaldōbutsu動物

animationanimeアニメ

anythingnandemoなんでも

appetizingoishi-sōおいしそう

appleappuru;ringoアップル; りんご

applicationapuriアプリ

appointmentapoアポ

apprehensiveharaharaハラハラ

approximatelyyaku約AprilShi-gatsu四月

areahen辺areamaperiamappuエリアマップ

armude腕arrivetsukimasu;tsuku着きます; 着く

asassumedyappariやっぱり

asforXwaはaskkikimasu;kiku聞きます; 聞く

atni(particleoflocation)にattorneybengoshi弁護士

AugustHachi-gatsu八月

auntoba;oba-san叔母；伯母

autumnaki秋

Bbabyakachan赤ちゃん

backushiro;se;senaka後ろ; 背；背中

badwarui悪い

badtastingmazuiまずい

bagkabanかばん

bambootake竹bananabananaバナナ

bankginkō銀行

bankemployeeginkō-in銀行員

baseballyakyū野球

basementchika地下

basketballbasuke;basukettobōruバスケ; バスケットボール

bearimasu;aru/imasu;iru/gozaimasu(polite)あります; ある/います; いる/ございます

bebornumaremasu;umareru生まれます; 生まれる

becomenarimasu;naruなります; なる

becomeemptysukimasu;sukuすきます; すく

becomelateosokunaru遅くなる

becometiredtsukaremasu;tsukareru疲れます; 疲れる

becomingniaimasu;niau似合います; 似合う

bedbeddoベッド

beefgyū-niku牛肉

beerbīruビール

beforemae前beginninghajimeはじめ

behindushiro後ろ

bellybuttonhesoへそ

belowshita下beltberutoベルト

benchbenchiベンチ

bestichi-ban;saikō一番; 最高

betweenaida間bicyclejitensha自転車

bigōki’i大きい

birdtori鳥birthdaytanjōbi誕生日

blackkuroi;kuro黒い; 黒

blackteakōcha紅茶

blinkoftime,aattoiumaあっという間

blouseburausuブラウス

blueaoi;ao青い; 青

boatfune船bodykarada体bonehone骨bookhon本

bookshelfhon-dana本棚

boringtsumara-naiつまらない

bossjōshi上司

bottlebinビン

bowldonburi丼boxhako箱boxedmealbentō;o-bentō弁当; お弁当

breadpanパン

breakyasumi休み

breakupwakaremasu;wakareru別れます; 別れる

breakfastasa-gohan朝ご飯

bridgehashi橋brokendameダメ

brotherskyōdai;go-kyōdai兄弟; ご兄弟

brownchairoi;chairo茶色い; 茶色

buckwheatnoodlesobaそば

Buddhisttempletera;o-tera寺; お寺

bugskonchū昆虫

buildingbiru;tatemonoビル; 建物

bullettrainshinkansen新幹線

butkedoけど

busbasuバス

businesscardmeishi名刺

businessownerkeiei-sha経営者

businessmanbijinesu-manビジネスマン

busyisogashi’i忙しい

butdemo,kedoでも; けど

buykaimasu;kau買います; 買う

bymadeniまでに

byfoottoho徒歩

bymeansofdeでbywalkingaruite歩いて

byeja(a);baibaiじゃ(あ); バイバイ

CC’mon!Mata!また！

cabinetkyabinettoキャビネット

cafékafeカフェ

cakekēkiケーキ

cankan缶candodekimasu;dekiruできます; できる

CanIhaveXItadakemasenkaいただけませんか

capbōshi帽子

carkuruma車carefulteinei;go-teinei丁寧; ご丁寧

caseba’ai場合

cashgen’kin現金

castleshiro;o-shiro城; お城

casual(school)sockssokkusuソックス

casuallanguage(betweenequals)tame-goタメ語

casualtitleforboys,subordinates~kun君catneko猫cellphonekētaiケータイ

certainlykashikomari-mashitaかしこまりました

chairisu椅子

cheapyasui安い

checkinchekkuinチェックイン

checkoutchekkuautoチェックアウト

Cheers!Kanpai!乾杯!

cherrysakura桜chestmune胸chickentori;tori-niku鳥; 鶏肉

childko;kodomo子; 子供

ChinaChūgoku中国

ChinesepersonChūgoku-jin中国人

ChinesefoodChūka中華

chocolatechokorētoチョコレート

chopstickshashi;ohashi箸; お箸

ChristianchurchKyōkai教会

chrysanthemumkiku菊cigarettetabakoタバコ

civilservantkōnu-in公務員

classjugyō授業

cleaningsōji掃除

climbnoborimasu;noboru登ります; 登る

clocktokei時計

closechikai近い

clothfuku服co-workerdōryō同僚

coatkōtoコート

coffeeshopkissaten喫茶店

colakōraコーラ

coldsamui;tsumetai(totouch)寒い; 冷たい

cold,akaze風邪

colleaguedōryō同僚

collegedaigaku大学

comekimasu;kuru来ます; 来る

comfortableraku楽comicsmangaマンガ

committomemoryoboemasu;oboeru覚えます; 覚える

commutetoschooltsūgaku通学

commutetoworktsūkin通勤

companykaisha会社

companyemployeekaisha-in会社員

companypresidentshachō社長

completemealteishoku定食

completed,isdekimasu;dekiruできます; できる

computerkonpyūtāコンピューター

condominiummanshonマンション

conferencekaigi会議

Congratulations!Omedetō!おめでとう!

consulateryōjikan領事館

consultantkonsarutantoコンサルタント

conveniencestorekonbiniコンビニ

convenientbenri便利

cookryōri料理

cookedricegohanご飯

cookiekukkīクッキー

coolsuzushi’i涼しい

cornerkado角cosmeticskeshō-hin化粧品

costkakarimasu;kakaruかかります; かかる

coughseki咳CouldyoupleasegivemeX?Kudasaimasenka.くださいませんか。

counterforanimals~hiki;’piki;’biki匹counterforboundthings~satsu冊counterforconcreteitems~ko個counterfordaysofthemonth~ka;~nichi日counterforflatthings~mai枚counterforfloors/stories~kai階counterforhumanage~sai才；歳

counterforlongthings~hon;~pon;~bon本counterformonths~kagetsuヶ月

counterforpeople~ri;~nin人counterforpeople~mei;~mei-sama名；名様

counterforyears~nen年countrykuni国countrysideinaka田舎

creditcardkādoカード

crosswatarimasu;wataru渡ります; 渡る

crynakimasu;naku泣きます; 泣く/鳴きます; 鳴く

culturebunka文化

cupkoppu;kappuコップ; カップ

currykarēカレー

Ddanceodorimasu;odoru/dansu踊ります; 踊る/ダンス

dangerousabunai危ない

datingkōsai交際

daughtermusume;musume-san;o-jō-san娘；娘さん；お嬢さん

dayoffyasumi休み

deadlineshimekiri締め切り

deceasenakunarimasu;nakunaruなくなります; なくなる

DecemberJū-ni-gatsu十二月

declineenryo;go-enryo遠慮; ご遠慮

deep-frieditemsfuraiフライ

deliciousoishi’iおいしい

delightedureshi’i嬉しい

departmentstoredepātoデパート

desktsukue机didshimashitaしました

dieshinimasu;shinu死にます; 死ぬ

differentchigaimasu;chigau違います; 違う

difficulttaihen;muzuka-shi’i大変; 難しい

diner;dininghallshokudō食堂

dinnerban-gohan晩ご飯

direction,thehō方discardsutemasu;suteru捨てます; 捨てる

diseasebyōki病気

dish(food)ryōri料理

dislikekirai嫌い

divisionchiefbuchō部長

divorcerikon離婚

doshimasu;suru/yarimasu;yaru(casual)します; する/やります; やる

doesn’tworkmazuiまずい

doginu犬dollardoruドル

don’tmentionitdōitashimashiteどういたしまして

doordoaドア

dormitoryryō寮draftbeernama生drawkakimasu;kaku書きます; 書く

drawerhikidashi引き出し

dressdoresuドレス

drinknomimasu;nomu飲みます; 飲む

drinksnomimono飲み物

driverunten-shu運転手

drivingunten運転

drykarakaraカラカラ

Eearmimi耳earringiyaringuイヤリング

earlyhayai速い；早い

easthigashi東eastexithigashi-guchi東口

easyraku;yasashi’i楽; 優しい

eattabemasu;taberu食べます; 食べる

Edamameedamame枝豆

eggtamago卵eighthachi八eightunitsyat-tsu八つ

eighthdayofthemonth;eightdaysyō-ka八日

eithermoもelbowhijiひじ

elderbrotherani;onī-san兄；お兄さん

eldersisterane;onē-san姉；お姉さん

elementaryschoolshō-gakkō小学校

elevatorerebētāエレベーター

emailmēruメール

embarrassedhazuka-shi’i恥ずかしい

embassytaishikan大使館

emotionskimochi気持ち

endingowari終わり

energeticgenki元気

engagementkon-yaku婚約

EnglandIgirisuイギリス

EnglishEigo英語

enjoyabletanoshi’i楽しい

enteriremasu;ireru入れます; 入れる

enteringschoolnyūgaku入学

entranceiriguchi入り口

entrepreneurkeiei-sha経営者

escalatoreskarētāエスカレーター

ethnicfoodesunikkuエスニック

eveningban晩

everymonthmai-tsuki毎月

everynowandthentamaniたまに

everyweekmai-shū毎週

everyyearmai-toshi毎年

everydaymainichi毎日

everyoneminna;minasan(polite)みんな; みなさん

examshiken試験

exciteddokidokiドキドキ

excusemeshitsurei;shitsurei-shimasu/gomen(casual);gomennasai(casual,gentle)失礼; 失礼します/ごめん; ごめんなさい

excusemefordoingsomethingrudeshitsurei;shitsurei-shimasu失礼; 失礼します

existarimasu;aru/imasu;iruあります; ある/います; いる

exist(polite)gozaimasuございます

exitdeguchi出口

expensivetakai高い

eyeme目eyeglassesmeganeメガネ

Ffacekao顔FacebookFeisubukkuフェイスブック

familykazoku;go-kazoku家族; ご家族

familyrestaurantfamirīresutoran;fami-resuファミリーレストラン; ファミレス

famousyūmei有名

fartōi遠い

fashionableoshareおしゃれ

fasthayai速い；早い

fatherchichi;otō-san父；お父さん

FebruaryNi-gatsu二月

feelhardshiptsurai辛い

feelnostalgicnatsuka-shi’i懐かしい

feelrelievedhotto-shimasu;suruホッとします/する

feelshyhazuka-shi’i恥ずかしい

feelsorryzan-nen残念

feelingkimochi気持ち

feelingateaseanshin安心

female;womanonna女festivalmatsuri;o-matsuri祭り; お祭り

fevernetsu熱fifthdayofthemonth,fivedaysitsu-ka五日

findoutshirimasu;shiru知ります; 知る

finedaijōbu大丈夫

fingeryubi指firstdayofthemonthtsuitachi一日

first-yearstudent;freshmanichi-nen-sei一年生

fishsakana魚fivego五fiveunitsitsu-tsu五つ

flashfurasshuフラッシュ

flashyhade派手

flowerhana花fluentinalanguageperaperaペラペラ

foodtabemono食べ物

footashi足fornowtoriaezuとりあえず

forthemostpartdaitaiだいたい

forthepurposeofXniにforbiddenkinshi禁止

foreigncountrygaikoku外国

foreignstudentryūgakusei留学生

forgetwasuremasu;wasureru忘れます; 忘れる

forkfōkuフォーク

fourshi;yo;yon四fourfloors,fourthflooryon-kai4階

fourunitsyot-tsu四つ

fourthdayofthemonth,fourdaysyok-ka四日

fourth-yearstudentsenioryo-nen-sei四年生

FranceFuransuフランス

freeofchargetada;muryōただ; 無料

FrenchfoodFurenchiフレンチ

FrenchlanguageFuransu-goフランス語

FrenchpersonFuransu-jinフランス人

FridayKin-yōbi金曜日

friedchickenkara-age唐揚げ

friendtomodachi友達

fromkaraから

frontmae前fruitkudamono果物

fullippaiいっぱい

funtanoshi’i楽しい

furniturekagu家具

Ggamegēmuゲーム

gardeninggādeninguガーデニング

gasstationgasorinsutandoガソリンスタンド

GermanyDoitsuドイツ

GermanlanguageDoitsu-goドイツ語

GermanpersonDoitsu-jinドイツ人

getaccustomednaremasu;nareruなれます; なれる

getangryokorimasu;okoru怒ります; 怒る

getdisappointedgakkari-suruがっかりする

gethealediyasaremasu;iyasareru癒されます; 癒される

getofforimasu;oriru降ります; 降りる

geton(avehicle)norimasu;noru乗ります; 乗る

getoutdemasu;deru出ます; 出る

getupokimasu;okiru起きます; 起きる

gettingemployedshūshoku就職

giftomiyageお土産

girl/boyfriendkoibito恋人

gladureshi’i嬉しい

glasskoppuコップ

goikimasu;iku行きます; 行く

Go(game)Igo;Go囲碁; 碁

gohomekaerimasu;kaeru帰ります; 帰る

goinhairimasu;hairu入ります; 入る

gooutdekakemasu;dekakeru出かけます; 出かける

goingoutodekakeお出かけ

goldfishkingyo金魚

golfgorufuゴルフ

goodi’iいい

goodatjōzu上手

goodbyesayo(u)naraさよなら

GoodeveningKonbanwaこんばんは

GoodmorningOhayōおはよう

GoodnightOyasumiおやすみ

goodweatheri’itenkiいい天気

GoogleGūguruグーグル

graduateschooldaigaku-in大学院

graduationsotsugyō卒業

grandchildmago;o-mago-san孫; お孫さん

grandfathersofu;ojī-san祖父；おじいさん

grandmothersobo;obā-san祖母；おばあさん

grapesbudōぶどう

grasskusa草GreatBritainIgirisuイギリス

greenmidori緑greenteaochaお茶

grayhai-iro灰色

growupsodachimasu;sodatsu育ちます; 育つ

HHachi,thelocaldogmonumentHachi-kōハチ公

hairkami髪halfhan半HamamatsuHamama-tsu-chō浜松町

hamburgerhanbāgāハンバーガー

hamsterhamusutāハムスター

handte手handbaghandobagguハンドバッグ

HanedaAirportHanedakūkō羽田空港

happiness;happyshiawase幸せ

happy(anticipatinggoodnews)ukiukiウキウキ

hatbōshi帽子

Haveanicedayitterasshai行ってらっしゃい

havedifficultykomarimasu;komaru困ります; 困る

havingasurgeofangermukamukaムカムカ

headatama頭healthygenki元気

heartshinzō心臓

HelloKonnichiwaこんにちは

herekokoここ

hereyougohaiはい

hightakai高い

highschoolkōkō高校

hikehaikinguハイキング

hillyama山hobbyshumi趣味

holdingbackenryo;go-enryo遠慮; ご遠慮

hometownshusshin出身

homeworkshukudai宿題

honorificlanguagekeigo敬語

hospitalbyōin病院

hotatsui暑い；熱い

hotcoffeehottoホット

hotspringonsen温泉

hour~ji時hoursjikan時間

houseie家howdō;dōyatte;ikaga(polite)どう; どうやって; いかが

Howdoyoudo?Hajime-mashite初めまして。

howlongdonoguraiどのぐらい

howmanypeoplenan-mei-sama何名様

howmuchikuraいくら

howeverdemoでも

Huh?Are?あれ

humblelanguagekenjō-go謙譲語

hundredhyaku百

hungrypekopekoペコペコ

hurryisogimasu;isogu急ぎます; 急ぐ

hurtkurushi’i;itai苦しい; 痛い

husbandshujin;go-shujin主人; ご主人

IIwatashi;boku(malespeaker)私; 僕

IguessMāまあ

IseeNaruhodoなるほど

Itellyou(particleindicatingnewinformation)yoよI’mhereHaiはい

I’mhomeTadaimaただいま

I’msorrySumimasen;dōmoすみません; どうも

ICcardaishīkādoICカード

icecreamaisukurīmuアイスクリーム

icedcoffeeaisukōhīアイスコーヒー

ideaaideaアイデア

ineverywaydōmoどうも

inprogress~chū中inthatwayā;sōああ; そう

inthemiddleof~chū中inthevicinitysobaそば

inthiswaykōこう

inconvenientfuben不便

IndiaIndoインド

inexpensiveyasui安い

informationboothan’nai-jo案内所

inhalesuimasu;sū吸います; 吸う

injurykega怪我

insectskonchū昆虫

insidenaka中interestkyōmi興味

interestingomoshiroi面白い

InternetNettoネット

interpretertsūyaku通訳

intestinechō腸

irritatedirairaイライラ

isdesuです

isnotjanaidesuじゃないです

isn’titnē;nā(casual)ねえ; なあ

it’sthecasenoのItalianfoodItarianイタリアン

ItalianlanguageItaria-goイタリアン

ItalianpersonItaria-jinイタリアン

ItalyItariaイタリア

Jjacketjaketto;uwagiジャケット；上着

JanuaryIchi-gatsu一月

JapanNihon日本

JapanRailway(JR)JeiāruJRJapanesecalligraphysho-dō書道

Japanesechessshōgi将棋

Japaneseflowerarrangementka-dō華道

Japanesefoodwahshoku和食

JapaneselanguageNihongo日本語

Japaneseteaceremonysa-dō茶道

jarbinビン

jeansjīnzuジーンズ

jokejōdan冗談

journalistjānarisutoジャーナリスト

juicejūsuジュース

JulyShichi-gatsu七月

JuneRoku-gatsu六月

juniorsan-nen-sei三年生

juniorinrankme-shita目下

juniormemberofagroupkōhai後輩

justnowsakkiさっき

interpretertsūyaku通訳

KKabukiTheaterKabuki歌舞伎

KaraokeKaraokeカラオケ

keep(animal)kaimasu;kau飼います; 飼う

keykagi鍵kiddingjōdan冗談

kidneyjinzō腎臓

kimonokimono着物

Kimura(familyname)Kimura木村

kindshinsetsu親切

kind-heartedyasashi’i優しい

kneehiza膝knifenaifuナイフ

knowshirimasu;shiru知ります; 知る

Koifishkoi鯉KoreaKankoku韓国

KoreanlanguageKankoku-go韓国語

KoreanpersonKankoku-jin韓国人

KoreanBBQyaki-niku焼肉

Llanguagekotoba言葉

laptoppasokonパソコン

lastmonthsen-getsu先月

lastnightyūbe夕べ

lasttermsen-gakki先学期

lastweeksen-shū先週

lastyearkyonen去年

lateosoi遅い

laterato後laughwaraimasu;warau笑います; 笑う

leavedemasu;deru出ます; 出る

lefthidari左legashi足Letmesee(hesitationnoise)ettoえっと

librarytoshokan図書館

lieusoうそ

likesuki好き

limitedtodakeだけ

limousinerimujinリムジン

LineRainライン

listenkikimasu;kiku聞きます; 聞く

littlechottoちょっと

livesumimasu;sumu住みます; 住む

liverkanzō肝臓

livingseikatsu生活

livingalonehito-ri-gurashi一人暮らし

lockkagi鍵lonelysabishi’i寂しい

lookdeliciousoishi-sōおいしそう

lookgoodniaimasu;niau似合す; 似合う

Look!Hora!ほら!

loudhade派手

laundrysentaku洗濯

lowerbackkoshi腰lunchhiru-gohan;o-hiru;ranchi昼ご飯; お昼; ランチ

lunghai肺

Mmagazinezasshi雑誌

maketsukurimasu;tsukuru作ります; 作る

makeanerrormachigaemasu;machigaeru間違えます; 間違える

makeaturnmagarimasu;magaru曲がります; 曲がる

make-upmēkuメーク

male;manotoko男managementkeiei経営

managermanējāマネージャー

Mandarin-ChineseChūgoku-go中国語

mandarinorangemikanみかん

manyippaiいっぱい

mapchizu地図

MarchSan-gatsu三月

marriagekekkon結婚

MayGo-gatsu五月

maybekamoshirenaiかもしれない

mewatashi;boku(malespeaker)私; 僕

meal,agohanご飯

meaningimi意味

meatniku肉medicaldoctorisha医者

medicinekusuri薬meetaimasu;au会います; 会う

meetingkaigi;uchiawase(forplanning)会議; 打ち合わせ

middleschoolchūgaku中学

milenikonikoニコニコ

milkgyūnyū;miruku牛乳; ミルク

minutes~fun;~pun分miserabletsurai辛い

misomisoみそ

misosoupmiso-shiru味噌汁

MondayGetsu-yōbi月曜日

moneyokaneお金

monorailmonorēruモノレール

monthbeforethelastsensen-getsu先々月

monthafterthenextsarai-getsu再来月

moremō;mottoもう; もっと

morningasa朝mostofthetimetaiteiたいてい

motherhaha;okā-san母; お母さん

motorcyclebaikuバイク

mountainyama山mouthkuchi口move(residence)hikkoshimasu;hikkosu引っ越します; 引っ越す

movieeiga映画

movietheatereigakan映画館

Ms.,Mr.sanさん

Mt.FujiFuji-san富士山

musclekin-niku筋肉

museumbijutsu-kan美術館

musicongaku音楽

myhomeuchi家

Nnailtsume爪namenamae名前

NaritaAirportNaritaKūkō成田空港

navykon-iro紺色

nearsoba;chikaiそば; 近い

neckkubi首necklacenekkuresuネックレス

necktienekutai;taiネクタイ; タイ

neighboringtonari隣nephewoi;oigo-san甥; 甥御さん

nervousdokidokiドキドキ

newatarashi’i新しい

newsnyūsuニュース

newspapershinbun新聞

nexttsugi次nextmonthrai-getsu来月

nexttermrai-gakki来学期

nexttotonari隣nextweekrai-shū来週

nextyearrainen来年

nogoodenujīNG

nicetomeetyouyoroshikuよろしく

niecemei;meigo-sanめい; めい御さん

nightban晩nineku;kyū九nineo’clockku-ji九時

nineunitskokono-tsu九つ

ninthdayofthemonth;ninedayskokono-ka九日

noie,i’ie,iyaいえ、いいえ、いや

nogooddameダメ

nolongermōもう

NoparkingChūsha-kinshi駐車禁止

NosmokingKin’en禁煙

noono-hiruお昼

northkita北northexitkita-guchi北口

nosehana鼻notabigdealtaishitakotonai大したことない

notatallzenzen全然

notparticularlybetsuni別に

notquiteima-ichiいまいち

notverymuchamariあまり

notyetmadaまだ

NovemberJū-ichi-gatsu十一月

nowhiringboshū-chū募集中

numberoneichi-ban一番

number;#~ban番

Ooceanumi海OctoberJū-gatsu十月

ofcoursemochironもちろん

officeclerkjimu-in事務員

oftenyokuよく

ohāああ

OKOkkēオッケー

okaydaijōbu大丈夫

OkinawaOkinawa沖縄

oldfurui古い

oneichi一onehourichi-jikan１時間

onemoretimemōichi-doもう一度

onetimeichi-do一度

oneunithito-tsu一つ

oneweekis-shūkan一週間

oneyearichi-nen一年

onlydakeだけ

onlychildhito-ri-kko一人っ子

oolongteaūron-chaウーロン茶

oppositehantai反対

oppositesidehantai-gawa反対側

orangeorenjiオレンジ

orderchūmon注文

otherpartyaite相手

othersidemukō向こう

outerwearuwagi上着

outsidesoto外overthereasoko;mukōあそこ; 向こう

PPachinko(pinballgame)pachinkoパチンコ

painfulkurushi’i;itai苦しい; 痛い

paintinge絵pantspantsu;zubonパンツ; ズボン

parktomemasu;tomeru;kōen止めます; 止める; 公園

parkingchūsha駐車

parkinglotchūsha-jō駐車場

particleforlocationofactivitydeでparticleindicatingsubjectgaがparticleofcontrastwaはparticleofempathynēねえ

particleofquotationtoとpartneraite相手

PASMOpasumoPASMO

passwordpasuwādoパスワード

pastrypanパン

PCpasokonパソコン

pedestrianbridgehodō-kyō歩道橋

pedestriancrossingōdan-hodō横断歩道

pepperkoshōコショウ

persevereganbarimasu;ganbaruがんばります; がんばる

personhito人personinahigherpositionjōshi上司

personofwhatnationalitynani-jin何人

petpettoペット

phonedenwa電話

photocopierkopīコピー

photographyshashin写真

pinematsu松pinkpinkuピンク

pizzapizaピザ

planyotei予定

plasticbottlepettobotoruペットボトル

platesara;o-sara皿; お皿

playasobimasu;asobu遊びます; 遊ぶ

please(offering)dōzoどうぞ

pleasegivemekudasaiください

plumume梅policeboxkōban交番

politeteinei;go-teinei丁寧; ご丁寧

pooratheta下手

porkbuta-niku豚肉

porkcutlettonkatsuとんかつ

practicerenshū練習

printerpurintāプリンター

privaterailroadshitetsu私鉄

probably(informal)darōだろう

problemmondai問題

Professorsensei先生

prohibitedkinshi禁止

purplemurasaki紫putiniremasu;ireru入れます; 入れる

putonkaburimasu;kaburu(onhead)/kimasu;kiru(clothes)/hakimasu;haku/(onlowerbody)かぶります; かぶる/着ます; 着る/はきます; はく

Qquestionshitsumon質問

question-markerkaかquicklyhayaku早く

R

rabbitusagiうさぎ

rainame雨ramenrāmenラーメン

ramenshoprāmen-yaラーメン屋

readyomimasu;yomu読みます; 読む

readingdokusho読書

Really?Hē?へえ?

recommendsusumemasu;susumeru勧めます; 勧める

recommendationosusumeおすすめ

recruitingboshū募集

recyclerisaikuruリサイクル

redakai;aka赤い; 赤

refrigeratorreizōko冷蔵庫

regrettablezan-nen残念

relativesshinseki;go-shinseki親戚; ご親戚

reliefanshin安心

rememberoboemasu;oboeru覚えます; 覚える

requestonegaiお願い

rescuetasukeru助ける

reservationyoyaku予約

restyasumimasu;yasumu休みます; 休む

restaurantresutoranレストラン

restaurantbarizaka-ya居酒屋

returnkaerimasu;kaeru帰ります; 帰る

riceballonigiriおにぎり

ricebowlchawan茶碗

rightmigi右ringringuリング

ritualexpressionbeforeeating/drinkingitadakimasuいただきます

roadmichi道rosebaraバラ

runninghashirimasu;hashiru;ran’nin’gu走ります; 走る/ランニング

RussiaRoshiaロシア

Ssacrilegiousmottainaiもったいない

sadkanashi’i悲しい

sake(alcohol)sake酒saladsaradaサラダ

SalisburySteakhanbāguハンバーグ

salmonsake鮭saltshio塩sameonaji同じ

sandwichsandoサンド

sashimisashimi刺身

SaturdayDo-yōbi土曜日

savelifetasukeru助ける

sayi’imasu;iu言います; 言う

scaredkowai怖い

schedulesukejūruスケジュール

schoolgakkō学校

seaumi海seasonkisetsu季節

seatseki席SeattleShiatoruシアトル

seaweednoriのり

seconddayofthemonth,twodaysfutsu-ka二日

second-yearstudent,sophomoreni-nen-sei二年生

secretaryhisho秘書

sectionchiefkachō課長

SeeyouItterasshai(responsetoIttekimasu)行ってらっしゃい

Seeyoulater(leavinghome)Ittekimasu行ってきます

selfintroductionjikoshōkai自己紹介

seniorcitizenshiniaシニア

seniorinrankme-ue目上

seniormemberofgroupsenpai先輩

SeptemberKu-gatsu九月

serviceareasābisueriaサービスエリア

servicecountersābisukauntāサービスカウンター

sevenshichi;nana七sevenunitsnana-tsu七つ

seventhdayofthemonth,sevendaysnano-ka七日

ShanghaiShanhai上海

ShintoshrineJinja神社

shipfune船shirtshatsuシャツ

shoeskutsu靴shopmise店shoppingkaimono買い物

shoppingmallmōruモール

shortbreakkyūkei休憩

shoulderkata肩shrimpebiエビ

siblingskyōdai;go-kyōdai兄弟; ご兄弟

sickbyōki病気

side~gawa;yoko～側; 横

sightseeingkankō観光

singutaimasu;utau歌います; 歌う

singinguta歌singledokushin独身

sitsuwarimasu;suwaru座ります; 座る

situationba’ai場合

sixroku六sixunitsmut-tsu六つ

sixthdayofthemonth;sixdaysmui-ka六日

skeweredchickenBBQyaki-tori焼き鳥

skisukīスキー

skirtsukātoスカート

SkypeSukaipuスカイプ

sleepnemasu;neru/yasumimasu;yasumu寝ます; 寝る/休みます; 休む

slowosoi遅い

slowlyyukkuriゆっくり

smallchi’isai小さい

small(soup)bowlowanお椀

smartphonesumahoスマホ

smokesuimasu;sū吸います; 吸う

snacksokashiお菓子

sneezekushamiくしゃみ

snowyuki雪sosōそう

sobarestaurantsoba-yaそば屋

soccersakkāサッカー

sockskutsushita靴下

sofasofāソファー

someonedarekaだれか

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sorrygomen(casual);gomennasai(casual,gentle)ごめん; ごめんなさい

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speakhanashimasu;hanasu話します; 話す

spiritedgenki元気

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stationeki駅stationbuildingeki-biru駅ビル

stationerybunbōgu文房具

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streetmichi道strongtsuyoi強い

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studybenkyō勉強

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SundayNichi-yōbi日曜日

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talkhanashimasu;hanasu話します; 話す

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teachersensei先生

teacher(inaschool)kyōshi教師

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tenjū十tenminutesjup-pun十分

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tenthdayofthemonth,the;tendaystō-ka十日

tenunitstō十textmessagemēruメール

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thirddayofthemonth;threedaysmik-ka三日

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thirstykarakaraカラカラ

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thisweekkon-shū今週

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wantedboshū募集

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Kkaかquestion-marker;XorYka-dō華道JapaneseflowerarrangementKa-yōbi火曜日Tuesday~ka～日counterfordaysofthemonthkabanかばんbagKabuki歌舞伎KabukiTheaterkaburimasu;kaburuかぶります; かぶるputon;wear(onhead)kachō課長sectionchiefkado角cornerkādoカードcreditcardkaerimasu;kaeru帰ります; 帰るgohome;returnkafeカフェcafé~kagetsu～ヶ月counterformonthskagi鍵key;lockkagu家具furniture~kai～階counterforfloors/storieskaidan階段staircasekaigairyokō旅行tripabroadkaigi会議conference;meetingkaimasu;kau買います; 買うbuy

kaimasu;kau飼います; 飼うkeep(animal)kaimono買い物shoppingkaisha会社companykaisha-in会社員companyemployeekakarichō係長subsectionchiefkakarimasu;kakaruかかります; かかるcost;takekakimasu;kaku書きます; 書くdraw;writekame亀turtlekami髪hairkamoshirenaiかもしれないmaybekan缶cankanai;oku-san家内; 奥さんwifekanashi’i悲しいsadkankō観光sightseeingKankoku韓国KoreaKanpai乾杯Cheers!kanzō肝臓liverkao顔facekappuカップcup(tea;coffee)karaからfromkara-age唐揚げfriedchickenkarada体bodykarakaraカラカラdry;thirstykaraokeカラオケKaraokekarēカレーcurrykasa傘umbrellakashiko-mari-mashitaかしこまりましたcertainly;willdokata肩shoulderkaze風邪cold,akazoku;go-kazoku家族; ご家族familykedoけどbutkega怪我injurykeiei経営managementkeiei-sha経営者businessowner;entrepreneurkeigo敬語honorificlanguagekēkiケーキcake

kekkon結婚marriagekenjō-go謙譲語humblelanguagekesa今朝thismorningkeshō-hin化粧品cosmeticskētaiケータイcellphoneki木treeki’iroi;ki-iro黄色い; 黄色yellowkikimasu;kiku聞きます; 聞くask;listenkiku菊chrysanthemumkimasu;kiru着ます; 着るputon(clothes);wearkimasu;kuru来ます; 来るcomekimochi気持ちemotions;feelingkimono着物kimonoKimura木村Kimura(familyname)kin-niku筋肉muscleKin-yōbi金曜日Fridaykin’en禁煙nosmokingkingyo金魚goldfishkinō昨日yesterdaykinshi禁止forbidden;prohibitedkippu切符ticketkirai嫌いdislikekisetsu季節seasonkissaten喫茶店coffeeshopkita北northkita-guchi北口northexitko;kodomo子; 子供childkōこうinthisway~ko～個counterforconcreteitemskōban交番policeboxkōcha紅茶blackteakochiraこちらthese;thiswaykōen公園parkkōhai後輩juniormemberofagroupkoi鯉Koifishkoibito恋人girl/boyfriend

kokoここherekōkō高校highschoolkokono-ka九日ninthdayofthemonth;ninedayskokono-tsu九つnineunitskomarimasu;komaru困ります; 困るhavedifficultyKon’ban’waこんばんはGoodeveningKon’nichi’waこんにちはHellokon-gakki今学期thistermkon-getsu今月thismonthkon-iro紺色navykon-shū今週thisweekkon-yaku婚約engagementkonban今晩tonightkonbiniコンビニconveniencestorekonchū昆虫bugs;insectskonoこのthisXkonoatoこの後afterthiskonpyūtāコンピューターcomputerkonsarutantoコンサルタントconsultantkōnu-in公務員civilservantkopīコピーphotocopierkoppuコップcup;glasskōraコーラcolakoreこれthiskōsai交際datingkoshi腰lowerbackkoshōコショウpepperkōtoコートcoatkotoba言葉language;wordkotoshi今年thisyearkowai怖いafraid;scaredKu-gatsu九月Septemberku-ji九時nineo’clockku;kyū九ninekubi首neckkuchi口mouth

kudamono果物fruitkudasaiくださいpleasegivemeKudasaimasenka.くださいませんか。CouldyoupleasegivemeX?kukkīクッキーcookiekūkō空港airport~kun～君casualtitleforboysandsubordinateskuni国countrykuroi;kuro黒い; 黒blackkuruma車carkurushi’i苦しいhurt;painfulkusa草grass;weedkushamiくしゃみsneezekusuri薬medicinekutakutaくたくたtiredkutsu靴shoeskutsushita靴下sockskuyokuyoクヨクヨworryabouttrivialmatterskyabinettoキャビネットcabinetkyō今日todaykyōdai兄弟brothers;siblingsKyōkai教会Christianchurchkyōmi興味interestkyonen去年lastyearkyōshi教師teacher(inaschool)kyūkei休憩shortbreakkyūkyū-sha救急車ambulance

MmāまあIguess;wellmachigaemasu;machigaeru間違えます; 間違えるmakeanerrormachimasu;matsu待ちます; 待つwaitmadaまだ(not)yet;stilmadeまでto;untilmadeniまでにbymado窓windowmae前before;front

magarimasu;magaru曲がります; 曲がるmakeaturnmago;o-mago-san孫; お孫さんgrandchildmai-shū毎週everyweekmai-toshi毎年everyyearmai-tsuki毎月everymonth~mai～枚counterforflatthingsmainichi毎日everydaymanējāマネージャーmanagermangaマンガcomicsmanshonマンションcondominiummataまたagainMata!また！Again!;C’mon!matsu松pinematsuri;o-matsuri祭り; お祭りfestivalmazuiまずいbadtasting;doesn’tworkme目eyeme-shita目下juniorinrankme-ue目上seniorinrankmegane眼鏡eyeglasses~mei;~mei-sama～名；名様counterforpeoplemei;meigo-sanめい; めい御さんniecemeishi名刺businesscardmēkuメークmake-upmēruメールemail;textmessagemesomesoメソメソwhimperandcrymichi道road;streetmidori緑greenmigi右rightmik-ka三日thirddayofthemonth;threedaysmikanみかんmandarinorangemimi耳earminami南southminami-guchi南口southexitminasanみなさんeveryone(polite)minnaみんなall;everyonemirukuミルクmilk

mise店shopmisoみそmisomiso-shiru味噌汁misosoupmit-tsu三つthreeunitsmizu水water(cold)moもeither;toomōもうalready;nolonger;moremōichi-doもう一度onemoretimemōsuguもうすぐsoonmochironもちろんofcourseMoku-yōbi木曜日Thursdaymondai問題problemmonorēruモノレールmonorailmōruモールshoppingmallmottainaiもったいないsacrilegious;wastefulmottoもっとmoremui-ka六日thesixthdayofthemonth;sixdaysmukamukaムカムカhavingasurgeofangermukō向こうtheotherside;overtheremune胸chestmurasaki紫purplemuryō無料freeofchargemusuko;musuko-san息子; 息子さんsonmusume;musume-san娘; 娘さんdaughtermut-tsu六つsixunitsmuzuka-shi’i難しいdifficult

Nnāなあisn’tit(casual)naifuナイフknifenaka中insidenakimasu;naku泣きます; 泣く/鳴きます; 鳴くcrynakunarimasu;nakunaruなくなります; なくなるdeceasenama生draftbeernamae名前namenandemoなんでもanything

nan-gatsu何月whatmonthnan-ji何時whattimenan-mei-sama何名様howmanypeoplenan-yōbi何曜日whatdayoftheweeknana-tsu七つsevenunitsnandeなんでwhy(casual)naniiro何色whatcolornani-go何語whatlanguagenani-jin何人personofwhatnationalitynano-ka七日seventhdayofthemonth;sevendaysnaremasu;nareruなれます; なれるgetaccustomednarimasu;naruなります; なるbecomeNaritaKūkō成田空港NaritaAirportnaruhodoなるほどIsee;thatmakessensenatsu夏summernatsu-yasumi夏休みsummervacationnatsuka-shi’i懐かしいfeelnostalgicnēねえisn’tit;particleofempathynekkuresuネックレスnecklaceneko猫catnekutai;taiネクタイ; タイnecktienemasu;neru寝ます; 寝るsleep~nen～年counterforyearsnetsu熱fevernettoネットInternetniにforthepurposeofX;at(particleoflocation)ni二twoNi-gatsu二月Februaryni-hon二本two(longthings)ni-nen-sei二年生second-yearstudent;sophomoreniaimasu;niau似合います; 似合うbecoming;lookgoodNichi-yōbi日曜日Sunday~nichi～日counterfordaysofthemonthNihon日本JapanNihongo日本語Japaneselanguagenikonikoニコニコmile

niku肉meat~nin～人counterforpeoplenishi西westnishi-guchi西口westexitnoのit’sthecase;one(pronoun)noborimasu;noboru登ります; 登るclimbnodo喉throatnomimono飲み物drinksnomimasu;nomu飲みます; 飲むdrinknoriのりseaweednorikaemasu;norikaeru乗り換えます; 乗り換えるtransfernorimasu;noru乗ります; 乗るgeton(avehicle)norimono乗り物transportation;vehiclenugimasu;nugu脱ぎます; 脱ぐtakeoff(clothes,shoes)nyūgaku入学enteringschoolnyūsuニュースnews

Oo-hiruお昼lunch;noono-jō-sanお嬢さんdaughteroba;oba-san叔母; 伯母auntoboemasu;oboeru覚えます; 覚えるcommittomemory;rememberochaお茶greentea;teaōdan-hodō横断歩道pedestriancrossingodekakeお出かけgoingoutodorimasu;odoru踊ります; 踊るdanceOhayōおはようGoodmorningoi;oigo-san甥; 甥御さんnephewoishi-sōおいしそうappetizing;lookdeliciousoishi’iおいしいdeliciousoji;oji-san叔父; 伯父uncleOkaerinasaiおかえりなさいWelcomehomeokaneお金moneyokashiお菓子snacks;sweetsōki’i大きいbigokimasu;okiru起きます; 起きるgetup;wakeup

Okinawa沖縄OkinawaokkēオッケーOKokorimasu;okoru怒ります; 怒るgetangryOmatase-itashimashitaお待たせいたしましたThankyouforwaitingOmedetō!おめでとう!Congratulations!omiyageお土産gift;souveniromochaおもちゃtoyomoimasu;omou思います; 思うthinkomoshiroi面白いinterestingonaji同じsameonakaお腹stomachonē-sanお姉さんeldersisteronegaiお願いrequestongaku音楽musiconī-sanお兄さんelderbrotheronigiriおにぎりriceballonna女female;womanonsen温泉hotspringorenjiオレンジorangeorimasu;oriru降ります; 降りるgetoffoshareおしゃれfashionable;stylishosoi遅いlate;slowosokunaru遅くなるbecomelateosusumeおすすめrecommendationotakuお宅yourhome(polite)otō-sanお父さんfatherotoko男male;manotona大人adultotōto;otōto-san弟, 弟さんyoungerbrotherototoshiおととしyearbeforethelastotsukare(casual);otsukare-samaお疲れ; お疲れ様thanksforyourworkowanお椀small(soup)bowlowari終わりendingoyasumiおやすみgoodnightoyogimasu;oyogu泳ぎます; 泳ぐswim

PpachinkoパチンコPachinko(pinballgame)panパンbread;pastrypantsuパンツpantspasokonパソコンlaptoppasumoPASMOPASMO(ICcardforprivaterailroad)pasuwādoパスワードpasswordpekopekoペコペコhungryperaperaペラペラfluentinalanguagepettoペット;ペットボトルpet,plasticbottle(PET)pinkuピンクpinkpizaピザpizzapurintāプリンターprinter

Rrai-gakki来学期nexttermrai-getsu来月nextmonthrai-shū来週nextweekRainラインLinerainen来年nextyearraku楽comfortable;easyrāmenラーメンramenrāmen-yaラーメン屋ramenshopran’nin’-guランニングrunningranchiランチlunchreizōko冷蔵庫refrigeratorrenshū練習practiceresutoranレストランrestaurant~ri～人counterforpeoplerikon離婚divorcerimujinリムジンlimousineringoりんごappleringuリングringrisaikuruリサイクルrecycleroku六sixRoku-gatsu六月June

RoshiaロシアRussiaryō寮dormitoryryōjikan領事館consulateryokō旅行travelryōri料理cook;dish(food)ryōshin;go-ryōsin両親; ご両親twoparentsryūgaku-sei留学生foreignstudent

Ssa-dō茶道Japaneseteaceremonysabishi’i寂しいlonelysābisueriaサービスエリアserviceareasābisukauntāサービスカウンターservicecounter~sai～才; ～歳counterforhumanagesaikō最高bestsakana魚fishsake酒sakesake鮭salmonsaki先aheadsakkāサッカーsoccersakkiさっきalittlewhileago;justnowsakura桜cherrysamui寒いcoldsanさんMs,Mrsan三threeSan-gatsu三月Marchsan-nen-sei三年生junior;third-yearstudentsandoサンドsandwichsankyūサンキューthankyousanpo散歩walksara;o-sara皿; お皿platesaradaサラダsaladsarai-getsu再来月monthafterthenext;weekafternextsarainen再来年yearafterthenextsararī-manサラリーマンwhitecollarworkersashimi刺身sashimi

satō砂糖sugar~satsu～冊counterforboundthingssayo(u)naraさよならgoodbyese;senaka背; 背中backseikatsu生活livingseki咳coughseki席seatsen千thousandsen-gakki先学期lasttermsen-getsu先月lastmonthsen-shū先週lastweeksenpai先輩seniormemberofagroupsensei先生professor;teachersensen-getsu先々月monthbeforethelastsentaku洗濯laundrysentaku-ki洗濯機washersensen-shū先々週weekbeforethelastsētāセーターsweatershachō社長companypresidentShanhai上海Shanghaishashin写真photographyshatsuシャツshirtShi-gatsu四月Aprilshi;yo;yon四four~shi～しand(listingreasons)ShiatoruシアトルSeattleshiawase幸せhappiness;happyShichi-gatsu七月Julyshichi;nana七sevenshigoto仕事workshiken試験examshimashitaしましたdidshimasu;suruします; するdoshimekiri締め切りdeadlineshinbun新聞newspapershingō信号trafficlight

shiniaシニアseniorcitizenshinimasu;shinu死にます; 死ぬdieShinkansen新幹線bullettrainshinpai心配worriedshinseki;go-shinseki親戚; ご親戚relativesshinsetsu親切kindshinzō心臓heartshio塩saltshiriai知り合いacquaintanceshirimasu;shiru知ります; 知るfindout;knowshiro;o-shiro城; お城castleshita下below;undershitagi下着underwearshitetsu私鉄privaterailroadshitsumon質問questionshitsurei;shitsurei-shimasu失礼; 失礼しますexcusemefordoingsomethingrudeshō-gakkō小学校elementaryschoolsho-dō書道JapanesecalligraphyShōgi将棋Japanesechessshokudō食堂diner;dininghallshōyuしょう油soysauceshū;shūkan週; 週間weekshujin;go-shujin主人; ご主人husbandshukudai宿題homeworkshumi趣味hobbyshūshoku就職gettingemployedshusshin出身hometown;whereoneisfromsōそうinthatway;sosobaそばbuckwheatnoodlesobaそばinthevicinity;nearsoba-yaそば屋sobarestaurantsobo;obā-san祖母; おばあさんgrandmothersodachimasu;sodatsu育ちます; 育つgrowupsofāソファーsofasofu;ojī-san祖父; おじいさんgrandfather

sōji掃除cleaningsōji-ki掃除機vacuumcleanersokkusuソックスcasual(school)sockssokoそこtheresonoそのthatXsoreそれthatnearyousorekaraそれからandsoto外outsidesotsugyō卒業graduationsugoiすごいamazingsuguすぐsoonSui-yōbi水曜日Wednesdaysuiei水泳swimmingSuikaSuicaSuica(ICcardforJR)suimasu;sū吸います; 吸うinhale;smokesuītsuスイーツsweetsSukaipuスカイプSkypesukātoスカートskirtsukejūruスケジュールschedulesukīスキーskisuki好きlikesukimasu;sukuすきます; すくbecomeemptysumahoスマホsmartphonesumimasenすみませんI’msorry;thankyousumimasu;sumu住みます; 住むlive;takeupresidencesūpāスーパーsupermarketSupeinスペインSpainSupein-goスペイン語SpanishlanguageSupein-jinスペイン人Spanishpersonsupōtsuスポーツsportssupūnスプーンspoonsushi寿司sushisushi-ya寿司屋sushirestaurantsusume-masu;susumeru勧めます; 勧めるrecommendsutēkiステーキsteaksutemasu;suteru捨てます; 捨てるdiscard;throwaway

sūtsuスーツsuitsuwarimasu;suwaru座ります; 座るsitsuzushi’i涼しいcool

Ttabakoタバコcigarette;tobaccotabemasu;taberu食べます; 食べるeattabemono食べ物foodtaburettoタブレットtablettadaただfreeofchargetadaimaただいまI’mhometahachi二十歳twentyyearsoldtaihen大変difficult;verymuchtaishikan大使館embassytaishitakotonai大したことないnotabigdealtaiteiたいていmostofthetime;usuallytakai高いexpensive;hightake竹bambootakushīタクシーtaxitamaniたまにeverynowandthen;sometimestamago卵eggtame-goタメ語casuallanguage(betweenequals)tanjōbi誕生日birthdaytanoshi’i楽しいenjoyable;funtasukeru助けるrescue;savelifetatemono建物buildingte手handtēburuテーブルtableteinei;go-teinei丁寧; ご丁寧careful;politeteishoku定食completemealtemae手前thissideten-in店員storeclerktenisuテニスtennistenki;otenki天気; お天気weatherTenpura天ぷらTempuratera;o-tera寺; お寺Buddhisttemple

terebiテレビTVtoとand;particleofquotationtō十tenunitstō-ka十日thetenthdayofthemonth;tendaystoho徒歩byfoottōi遠いfartoireトイレtoilettokaとかX,Yandotherstokei時計clock;watchtoki時timewhentokidoki時々sometimesTōkyō-eki東京駅TokyoStationtomemasu;tomeru止めます; 止めるpark;stoptomodachi友達friendtonari隣neighboring;nexttotonkatsuとんかつporkcutlettori鳥bird;chickentori-niku鶏肉chickentoriaezuとりあえずfornow;tostarttorimasu;toru取ります; 取る/撮ります; 撮るtaketoshokan図書館library~tsu～つunit(counterforthings)tsuāツアーtourtsūgaku通学commutetoschooltsugi次nexttsuitachi一日firstdayofthemonthtsuītoツイートtweettsukaimasu;tsukau使います; 使うusetsukaremasu;tsukareru疲れます; 疲れるbecometiredtsukimasu;tsuku着きます; 着くarrivetsūkin通勤commutetoworktsukue机desktsukurimasu;tsukuru作ります; 作るmaketsumaranaiつまらないboringtsume爪nailtsumetai冷たいcold(totouch)

tsurai辛いfeelhardship;miserabletsūyaku通訳interpretertsuyoi強いstrong

Uuchi家myhomeuchiawase打ち合わせmeeting(forplanning)ude腕armudonうどんUdon(noodle)ue上above;topukiukiウキウキhappy(anticipatinggoodnews)umaremasu;umareru生まれます; 生まれるbebornume梅plumumi海ocean;seaunten運転drivingunten-shu運転手driverureshi’i嬉しいdelighted;gladūron-chaウーロン茶oolongteausagiうさぎrabbitushiro後ろback;behindusoうそlieuta歌singing;songutaimasu;utau歌います; 歌うsinguwagi上着jacket;outerwear

WwaはasforX;particleofcontrastWā!わあ!Whoa!wahshoku和食Japanesefoodwainワインwinewakaremasu;wakareru別れます; 別れるbreakup;splitwakarimasu;wakaruわかります; わかるunderstandwaraimasu;warau笑います; 笑うlaughwarui悪いbadWaseda早稲田Wasedawasuremasu;wasureru忘れます; 忘れるforget

watarimasu;wataru渡ります; 渡るcrosswatashi私I;mewētoresuウェートレスwaitress

Yyaki-niku焼肉KoreanBBQyaki-soba焼きそばstir-friednoodlesyaki-tori焼き鳥skeweredchickenBBQyaku約approximatelyyakushimasu;yakusu訳します; 訳すtranslateyakyū野球baseballyama山hill;mountainyappariやっぱりafterall;asassumedyarimasu;yaruやります; やるdo(casual)yasai野菜vegetableyasashi’i優しいeasy;kind-heartedyasui安いcheap;inexpensiveyasumi休みabsence;break;dayoffyasumimasu;yasumu休みます; 休むrest;sleep;taketimeoffyat-tsu八つeightunitsYatta!やった！Woohoo!;Yippee!yoよItellyou(particleindicatingnewinformation)yō-ka八日theeighthdayofthemonth;eightdaysyo-nen-sei四年生fourth-yearstudent;senioryogaヨガyogayok-ka四日thefourthdayofthemonth;fourdaysyoko横sideyokuよくalot;often;wellyomimasu;yomu読みます; 読むreadyon-kai4階fourfloors;fourthfloor~yori～よりthankyou(complimentaryclose)yoroshikuよろしくnicetomeetyou;thankyouinadvanceyōshoku洋食Westernfoodyot-tsu四つfourunitsyotei予定planyowai弱いweak

yoyaku予約reservationyūbe夕べlastnightyubi指finger;toeYūchūbuユーチューブYouTubeyuki雪snowyukkuriゆっくりslowlyyūmei有名famous

Zzan-nen残念feelsorry;regrettablezasshi雑誌magazinezenzen全然notatallzubonズボンpants:trousers

AUDIOTRACKLIST

LESSON1:GreetingsandEverydayExpressions

LESSON2:MeetingPeopleDialogue1:HowDoYouDo?Dialogue2:AreYouAmerican?Dialogue3:Self-IntroductionDialogue4:WhoisThatPerson?

LESSON3:ScheduleandDailyActivitiesDialogue1:BusToursDialogue2:PracticingJapaneseDialogue3:LunchTimeDialogue4:Texting

LESSON4:EatingandDrinkingDialogue1:VisitinganIzaka-yaDialogue2:AtaRamenShopDialogue3:TraditionalCuisineDialogue4:FavoriteFood

LESSON5:WhereisIt?Dialogue1:GoingShoppingDialogue2:DrivinginTownDialogue3:IntheDepartmentStoreDialogue4:TakingaBreakinaCafé

LESSON6:LeisureActivitiesandHobbiesDialogue1:InvitationtoKabukiDialogue2:VacationsDialogue3:GoingSightseeingDialogue4:AtaNomi-Kai(After-workDrinking)

LESSON7:GettingAroundDialogue1:CommutingDialogue2:MeetingatHachiko,theDogStatueDialogue3:TakingaTaxiDialogue4:GoingtotheAirport

LESSON8:FamilyandPersonalHistoryDialogue1:BirthdayDialogue2:PersonalHistoryDialogue3:FamilyDialogue4:Marriage

LESSON9:OpinionsandFeelingsDialogue1:AGoodIdea

Dialogue2:BeingSickDialogue3:EmotionsDialogue4:Politeness

LESSON10:Do’sandDont’sDialogue1:PasswordDialogue2:NoSmokingDialogue3:RecyclingDialogue4:Clothing

HowtoDownloadtheAudiosofthisBook.

1.YoumusthaveanInternetconnection.2.ClickthelinkbeloworcopypastetheURLtoyourwebbrowser.

http://www.tuttlepublishing.com/easy-japanese-downloadable-cd-content

Forsupport,[email protected].

http://www.tuttlepublishing.com/easy-japanese-downloadable-cd-content


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