'. p

EASTERN STATES

ARCHEOLOG ICAI~ FEDERATION

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING

. HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT NOV. 4, 5, 6, 1977

ALABAMA NEW JERSEY CONNECTICUT NEW YORK DELAWARE NORTH CAROLINA GEORGIA OHIO KENTUCKY PENNSYL VANIA MAINE (2) RHODE ISLAND MARYLAND SOUTH CAROLINA MASSACHUSETTS TENNESSEE MICHIGAN VERMONT MISSISSIPPI VIRGINIA NEW HAMPSHIRE WEST VIRGINIA

'--~---,.------.--

Page Two

PROCEEDINGS

of the

EASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

September 1978

Corresponding Secretary Richard L. George Carnegie Museum Anthropology

Cntr. P.O. Box 28, Meridian Station Butler, Pennsylvania 16001

Editor Ronald L. Michael Anthropology California State College California, Pennsylvania 15419

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING

The annual meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation was held on November 4, 5, and 6, 1977, at the Hilton Hotel, Hartford, Connecticut. The host society was the Archaeological Society of Connecticut, Inc.

President Ronald A. Thomas presented an opening address on Friday morning followed by a welcoming address by Frederic Warner, president of the host society, who then chaired a general session. The first paper presented by Edmund Swigart was "Seasonality and Loca­tion Preff~rence for Western Connecticut Indian Sites." This was followed by "Petroglyphs of the Northeast" by Edward Lenik, "The Squibnocket Complex in the Lower Connecticut River Valley" by Douglas Jordan, "Demographic Changes in Western New York Between A.D.1550 and A.D.1650" by William Engelbrecht. Nicholas Shoumatoff then gave a paper on "The 1976 Delaware Expedition: Linguistic, Ethno-Botanical and Geneological Investigations among the Delaware and Related Algonkian Tribes of Oklahoma, Wisconsin, and Ontario," followed by "The Midden is the Message" by Louis Brennan.

On Friday afternoon a session called "Open Season on Sacred Cows: Conceptual Schemes in Northeastern Prehistory" was chaired by Dena Dincauze, who presented the first paper "Common Sense and Scientific Insight," followed by "Logic and Analogous Reasoning" by David Sanger, "Archaeological Strata vs. Cultural Process" by Jacob Gruber, "Shaking Down the New Paradigm" by Dean Snow, "Occupa­tional Episodes at Sites of the Late Archaic Stage: Olden Thoughts and New Data" by Richard Gramley, and "The Archaeological Context and Systematic Contex of Steatite Vessels" by David Thompson.

Executive Board Meeting

The Executive Board Meeting of the Eastern States Archaeological Federation was called to order on Friday evening at 7:20 P.M., November 4, 1977, by President Ronald Thomas at the Hartford Hilton Hotel, Hartford, Connecticut.

A roll call by Roberta Wingerson, Recording Secretary, indicated that a quorom was present.

President, Ronald Thomas discussed the activities of the past year, among which was the compilation of the history of ESAF by John Reid. It has been published and will be distributed to members. The Board directed and approved the budget of ESAF which included the publishing of the bibliography and the last 2 bulletins as a combined issue and the first 3 newsletters that were instituted this year. Volume 5 of Archaeology of Eastern North America (AENA) has been received from the printer and will be for sale in the publications room.

Treasurer, Edmund Swigart, discussed the financial report noting that we have had heavy publishing costs which have severely depleted our operating expenses. Individual memberships have fallen far below expectations, totaling only 61 for the year, perhaps because more publicity is needed. A balance of $2,792.77 is reported and outstand­ing bills amount to $ 3,000. Continued pUblication sales should offset a possible deficit.

The directory of ESAF officers and member societies was printed in June 1977 at a cost of $117.53 for 150 copies reported Richard George, Corresponding Secretary. There are presently 10,292 members in the Fedf:ration which is less than last year due to the loss of three member societies.

Membership Chairman, Howard McCord, reported that the Robert Abbey Museum and the Florida and Ontario societies have resigned their membership in ESAF. A letter from the Ontario society was read expressing f"mancial reasons for their withdrawal. It was reported that

PROCEEDINGS, 19~8

the Quebec society is now active and interested in membership and will be contacted by Howard McCord.

The report of the Business Office was presented by Faye Stocum, Business Manager, who delineated income and expenses which left a balance of $433.21.

Fublicity Chairman, Jack Hranicky, discussed the types of publicity he has sent out including releases to over 60 society newsletters with a com"Dined circulation of some 25,000. Western state societies were invited to participate in the publication display of this meeting, but therf: was no response. The possibility of placing advertisements in 2 profl~ssional journals is being considered.

David Thompson, Program Chairman, thanked Dena Dincauze for her help in preparing the program. Response to a call for papers was good. resulting in the receipt of 17 more papers than could be accepted.

President Thomas called for a discussion concerning the location of mee1ings in the future. It was determined that the popUlation center of membership is probably in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The present policy is to hold meetings in different states each year with meetings in a central location for 2 years and then followed by one in an outlying state. It was the feeling of the meeting that the present policy be contiinued. Members were asked to consider the possibility of a meeting in Mississippi in 1979.

Martha Otto commented on the program content and recommended that future programs be as much research and data oriented as possible. A discussion followed which reinforced this concept. The advantages and disadvantages of concurrent sessions were also discussed, and it was generally felt that it was not a desirable alternative. Louis Brennan urged that Saturday be set aside for general papers and Friday aftemoon for symposiums and that this be a directive for program chairman to follow. After more discussion concerning program, a motion was made by Louis Brennan that the program chairman be instructed to restrict Saturday morning and afternoon sessions for general papers and the remainder of the program to be left to the discmtion of the program chairman. The motion was seconded by Dale Kirby and passed.

An invitation was presented by Angie Stanzeski on behalf of the New Jersey Archaeological Society to hold the annual meeting in 1978 at the Mt. Laurel Hilton, Cherry Hill, New Jersey on November 2, 3, and 4th. It was moved to accept the invitation by Gary Wilkins and seconded by Dale Kirby and passed.

President Thomas called on Louis Brennan to· present the results of the meeting of the Publications Committee held prior to the Executive Board meeting. A change in policy was recommended as a result of the financial report presented by Ned Swigart concerning the high publica­tion Imsts this year of $7600. It was proposed that the present Bulletin be published in AENA, under the chairmanship of Ronald Michael. The Bulletin will then become a newsletter which will be sent to the entire membership and will include archaeological news and advertisement for AENA. The committee also recommended that the present editors of ESAF publications be reappointed.

Following a discussion it was moved by Howard McCord that the present publication policy be modified to print the present Bulletin as a part of AENA and that the Bulletin become a newsletter to be sent to thl~ entire membership. The motion was seconded by Jack Hranicky and passed.

The operating budget for 1978 was presented by Ned Swigart subjeGt to changes in the publication policy voted on at this Executive Board. meeting. Dale Kirby moved that the operating budget be adopted. It was seconded by Jack Hranicky and passed.

Ronald Michael presented new guidelines for state reports and abstracts which will be printed in the AENA publication.

Tbere being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 9:30P.M.

General Business Meeting

Following the Executive Board Meeting, the General Business Meeting was held at 9:35 P.M. on Friday evening November 4, 1977.

The minutes of the Executive Board meeting were read by Roberta Winge:rson, Recording Secretary, and accepted.

Pr~'sident Thomas announced that Paul Cresthill and Floyd Painter have agreed to serve on the Nominating Committee.

The following state society reports were presented: Alabama by Marjorie Gay, Connecticut by David Thompson, Delaware by William Aist, Kentucky by Joe Granger, Maine by Eric Lahgi, Robert Abbe Museum by Alice Wellman, Maryland by Paul Cresthull, Massachusetts by Carol Barnes, Michigan by Alice Noecker, New Jersey by Angie Stanze:ski, New York by Louis Brennan, North Carolina by R. Wilton Swansborough, Ohio by Marta Otto, Pennsylvania by Virginia LoPresti, Vermont by Dave Koier, Virginia by Dale Kirby and West Virginia by Gary Wilkins.

David Thompson and Roger Mueller were commended by Ronald Thomas for their efforts in making the 1977 convention so successful.

_ . . _._----_._--- --------_._-------- .

. iASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

There being no further business the meeting was adjourned at 10:20 P.M.

On Saturday morning a session on Cultural Resource Archaeology was chaired by David A. Poirier, who presented the first paper on "Antiquity Legislation." This was followed by "Disappearing Connect­icut" by Clark Strickland, "Intern Program in Cultural Resources Management: Goals and Strategies" by John Senulis and Gail Bro'Yn, "Are We Failing Our Test Pits1: A comment on Subsurface Sampling Procedures" by Kenneth Feder, "Data Recovery Problems at the Upper Factory Brook Sawmill" by John Wilson, "Challenging a Federal Agency: The Case of the Cranberry Sewers" by Janet Pollak and "Eleventh Hour Archaeology" by Jeffery Moran.

On Saturday afternoon members were offered a choice of tours to the American Indian Archaeological Institute, Newgate Prison and nearby historic sites, South Windsor Headquarters, and the Museum of the Albert Morgan Archaeological Society.

For those who did not wish to participate in the tours an informal session was held chaired by Ronald Thomas. The following papers were presented: "An Appraisal of Archaeological Investigations in Southern New England" by Kevin McBride, Jean Aiger, Terry Dale Bene, "Tall Ships" by Floyd Painter. "The Harness Mound" by Naomi Greber, "Peoples Relation to the Soil" by Dick .Regensberg, and "Subsistence Retrieval Techniques at 28 Mammouth County No. I" by John Cavallo.

The annual dinner was held on Saturday evening at 7:30 P.M. Michael D. Coe of Yale University was the dinner speaker. He presented a slide illustrated lecture on "Classic Maya Ceramics and The Maya Underworld."

On Saturday morning a session on State Research Review chaired by Alice Noecker was held.

The following is the registration by States at the 1977 annual meeting:

Conn. - 62 R.I. 17 N.Y. 45 Md. 6 Penn" 32 W.V. 1 Mass. 30 Ky. 2 N.J. 27 Onto 4

Del. N.H. Va. Ma. Vt.

9 N.C. 1 6 Tex. 2 9 Mich. 2 9 Ohio 2 6 Ala. 1

Respectfully submitted, Roberta Wingerson, Recording Secretary

CORRESPONDING SECRETARY'S REPORT

The 1977 Directory listing member societies and their officers and other information was assembled, mimeographed, and distributed in June 1977. The total cost of mimeographing 150 copies at Carnegie Museum's Anthropology Center was $73.71. It cost 28~ apiece to mail the Directories first class to society Presidents, Treasurers, Secretaries, and E.S.A.F. Representatives plus Federation officers and staff. Post­age, duplieating, and supplies cost $51.37 so that my total Directory expenses were $117.53. I have $3.63 left in cash and stamps worth $3.92.

Most of the societies returned the questionnaires sent for Directory information although it was necessary to telephone a few. Ontario and Florida aw no longer members and were not contacted. Total society membership for the 24 E.S.A.F. members was 10,292 which is 1,475 less than the 1976 total reflecting the decrease in society members.

Correspondence was generally involved with the Bulletin although a few misdirected letters were forwarded to appropriate E.S.A.F. officers. In February, I sent E.S.A.F. information for insertion in the American Anthropological Association Annual Report. Alice N. Wellman, who preceded me as Corresponding Secretary, supplied me with all informa­tion and supplies needed and I thank her. Also, I wish to thank Faye Stocum, Business Manager for her always quick response to my pleas for aid.

Respectfully submitted,

Richard L. George

TREASURER'S REPORT

While it would appear from looking at the beginning and final balance s of 1977 that ESAF did poorly financially during 1977, this is not the case. The $4,000 reduction in assets was more than offset by the payment for an AENA and part of a Bulletin which had been contracted in 1976 but billed or completed in 1977. Without these items ESAF would have operated approximately $500 in the black! This was largely the result of receipts from the Hartford conference. The financial details of the conference are as follows: Income of $2,749.70 versus expenditures of $1,820.02 for the conference itself, and incoml~ from book sales, including AENA, of $1,206.75 versus payments of 602.32. The conference, therefore, resulted in a net of

Page Three

approximately $1,500 to ESAF, a vital and most necessary cash contribution to the Treasury.

The bibliography cost $6,617.97. Sales have netted $1,498 to date and ESAF contributed an additional $1,000 during 1977 toward this total expense. The AlAI has been responsible for the payment of the remainder.

North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia have all been contacted on at least three occasions and in the case of North Carolina and Tennessee, six times, without success.

Financial Report January 1,1977 -November 1, 1977

ESAF ACCOUNT

Balance on hand

RECEIPTS

Bibliography Orders AlAI, ESAF

Conference Donation Dues (1976)

(1977) Memberships (Indiv.) (61) Newiiletter-Rebate Postalge-Rebate Publications (Sale)

Total Receipts Balance on Hand

Unpaid, 1976 and 1977 Unpaid, 1977

DISBURSEMENTS

Audit Fee AENA, (Vol. 3 & 4) Flyers AENA Officl~ AENA Posta,ge Bibliography Orders Bibliography Contrib. Bullel!in Conference Conft:rence Flyers Conft'rence-Pr. Exp. Constitu tion Directory Dues--Billing Newslletter Offiet:-Operation Office Supplies Offiet'r Supplies Publieity

Total Expenditures

Balanl;e on Hand 12/31/78

1977 Budget

1,450.00

2,675.00 400.00

1,900.00 700.00

6,000.00

11,675.00 13,125.00

1/1/77-12/31/77

6,703.35

1,498.00 3,956.45

88.00 1,850.00

590.00 50.00 15.00

6,025.42

14,072.87

20,776.22

North Carolina, Tennessee Georgia

3,900.00 6,579.86 350.00 345.00

150.00 400.00

1,338.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,800.00 2,810.15 1,850.00 2,422.34

300.00 154.00 20.00 40.00

40.00 50.00 98.71

26.00 250.00 467.35

2,401.00 1,700.00 200.00 124.29 440.00 280.70

40.00 12,561.00 18,034.05

2,757.17

1/1/76-12/30/76

297.87

2,508.57 1.75

1,783.00

510.00

5,000.00 9,803.32

10,101.19

100.00 300.00

1,685.28

10.00 111.72

1,000.00

190.84

3,397.84

6,703.35

REPORTS OF THE STATE SOCIETIES

ALABAMA by Marjorie Gay The new editors of the monthly newsletter, Stones & Bones, took

over in an efficient manner. Editor, Amos Wright, and Assistant Editors, Dorothy Luke and Bart Henson, with the help of other members of the Huntsville Chapter have mailed out the 8 page newsletter on time each month.

The total membership is 569. There are 8 chapters. A breakdown of the membership is: Associate 31; Family 87; Individual 270; Institu­tional 92; Sustaining 20; Joint Sustaining 19; Life 39; Joint Life 9; and Honorary Life was increased to 3 when at the December meeting, E. Milt Harris, a longtime editor of Stones & Bones, was unanimously elected to this category.

Al1hough retired to Orange Beach, David L. Dejarnette, Editor of the Journal of Alabama Archaeology, with help from Mrs. Dejarnette, has published 2 issues of the journal this year.

Volume XXIII, No.1, June 1977, contains the following: "Some Associations with Early Man Finds" by James B. Griffin; "A New Look at DeSoto's Route Through Alabama" by George E. Lankford III: "Selected Radiocarbon Dates from Alabama" by Eugene M. Futato; "Lyon's Bluff Site (220Kl) Radiocarbon Dated:: by Richard A.

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Page Four

Marshall; "Settlement and Subsistence: An Analysis of Middle Wood­land Sites on the South Fork of the Forked Deer River, West Tennessee" by John B. Broster and Lee Schneider; and "The Applica­tion of Macroscopic Analysis to the Classification of Chert from Archaeological Sites" by Crawford H. Blakeman, Jr .

Volume XXIII, No.2, December 1977, contains the following: "Late Woodland Chronology and Change in Central Alabama" by Marvin D. Jeter; '''Ceramics and Chronology' from Archaeological Excavations at the Cofferdam Site, 22L0599, Lowndes County, Missis­sippI" by Crawford H. Blakeman, Jr. , James R. Atkinson and G. Gerald Berry; "The Mobile Bay-Mobile Delta River Delta Region: Archaeo­logical Status Report" by Vernon J. Knight, Jr. and the 1977 Membership List.

Special Publication #2, "The Archaeological Sequence at Durant Bend, Dallas County , Alabama" by Dr. Roger Nance was published this year. Special Publication #1, "Fort Mitchell" by David Chase is still available.

The above 2 issues of the journal as well as those which are available back to the June 1974 issue are $4.00 each. Available issues prior to June 1974 are $1.00 each. Special Publication #1 is $2.00 and #2 is $4.50. Send a check made payable to the Alabama Archaeo­logical Society to David Dejarnette, Box 307, Orange Beach, AL 36561.

Three other publications are still available. Handbook of Alabama Archaeology, Part I, Point Types, price $7.35; Handbook of Alabama Archaeology Part II, Uniface Blade and Flake Tools, price $2.25 and Lively, Long, Josselyn-Pebble Tool Papers, price $3.00. Send your check made payable to the Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc. to Dejarnette at the above address.

On July 16, a "Conference on Prehistoric Pottery" was held as the summer meeting at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, with program chairman _ Michael Wells in charge. Although registration for the one day conference was $10 (no meals), over 30 people attended, several from Florida and Georgia. Four sessions were chaired by Dr. Roger Nance, Dr. John Walthall, Steve Wimberly, and David Chase. In addition, Tom Gunter of Birmingham, a professional potter, gave a demonstration on pottery throwing. The conference members tried their hand at the art. It is planned to publish the papers of the sessions in Stones & Bones at a later date.

The Winter Meeting was held at Auburn 'University, Auburn, on Dec. 10 & 11. On Saturday the following papers were presented: "Archaeology and the Planning Process" by W. Warner Floyd; "Cul­tural Resources Inventory" by Carey Oakley; "Archaeological Re­search: 1977 Investigations" by Charles Hubbert; "Stalking the Central Alabama Woodland" by John Cottier; "Recent Archaeological Research in SW Alabama" by Read Stowe; "An Interim Report on Lewis Jones Copena Ossuary" by Ken Turner: "An Archaeological Salvage Project Near Montgomery" by David Chase; "Coordination and Cooperation in Alabama Archaeology" by Mack Brooms; "Salvage Archaeology at lJE57: a Late Archaic Site, Birmingham" by Roger _Nance; "1977 Excavations in Gainsville Reservoir, Tenn-Tombigbee" by Ned Jenkins (Blaine Ensor preserited this in Ned's absence); and "Update of Fort Toulouse" by Jim Parker. After the noon banquet, Stanley South, Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Caro­lina, Columbia, spoke on "Pattern Recognition in Historical Archeol­ogy." On Sunday about 20 people attended a tour of Fort Toulouse directed by Mack Brooms and Jim Parker.

On May 3, 1977, a man who might be called the "Father of Mound State Monument" passed away. Dr. Walter B. Jones, a long time Alabama State Geologist gave freely of both his time and money for archaeological projects. Hundreds of the sites on file at Mound State Monument bear his signature.

He borrowed money from the bank, borrowed on his life insurance, mortgaged his home, and begged from influential people to purchase the "Allen Estate," now Mound State Monument. He knew that the property could be developed into an important tourist attraction, make an excellent archaeological research and teaching facility for the University of Alabama and still preserve the site. -

In memory of the work he accomplished in geology, a Walter B. Jones Scholarship Fund has been established in the Department of Geology at the University. The Alabama Archaeological Society has made a contribution and all members are urged to do so in memory of this great man, one of the "Firsts" in Alabama Archaeology.

The 1977 Alabama Archaeological Society Scholarship was awarded to Gloria M. Caddell, Office of Archaeological Research, University of Alabama. She is currently engaged in research dealing with prehistoric plant utilization from the Archaic through Mississippian times. She has analyzed plant remains from archaeological sites along the Tombigbee River in Wt~st central Alabama.

CONNECTICUT by David H. Thompson The Archaeological Society of Connecticut is about to publish

Bulletin No. 40 and has published Newsletter 132. Nancy Dickinson is

PROCEEDINGS, 19~8

the lilew editor of the Newsletter. The 43rd annual meeting was held at Central Connecticut State College. The after dinner speaker, James Deetz discussed "Afro-American Archaeology." The fall meeting on September 10th was devoted to a discussion of historic archaeology. The Archaeological Society of Southeastern Connecticut is now the seventh independent society to become federated with the Archaeo­logical Society of Connecticut under the new Constitution. The president of that society is John Pfeiffer of Old Lyme. The A.S.C. serve,d as the host society for the annual meeting of the E.S.A.F. in Hartford. Roger Moeller was the arrangements chairman and David H. Thompson was the program chairman.

DELAWARE by Wilmer F. Aist The Archaeological Society of Delaware held its annual dinner

meeHng October 8th at the University of Delaware Continuing Educa­tion Center, Newark DE. The Society has 109 individual and family members, 24 institutional members, and 3 active chapters. The society held 6 bi-monthly public meetings this year. The speakers and their prog;rams were Dr. David Orr, Regional Director, Mid Atlantic Region, National Park Service, "Neo-Classic Architecture in Industrial America; Dr. Norman Nielson, DuPont Experiment Station," Studies of Ancient and Antique Metals"; Dr. Thomas Pickett, University of Delaware, Geology Department," Thumbnail Sketch of the Geological History of Delaware"; Daniel Griffith, Delaware Bureau of Archaeology and Historic Preservation," Update of Delaware Archeology"; Dr. George Stuart, National Geographic Society," "Excavations at Coba, Becan and Xpuhil in Yucatan Mexico."

Five issues of the society's newsletter "Inksherds" were sent to the membership. The 1977 Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of Delaware was published and distributed.

The Kent County Archeological Society, an organization based in Dover, Delaware for the last 12 years, joined and became the third chapter of the Archaeological Society of Delaware. The newest chapter has 45 active members in Southern Delaware.

A large number of member volunteers worked weekends throughout the summer assisting the state archaeological staffs conduct compre­hensive surveys of 2 priority areas slated for urban and industrial development.

GEORGIA by S. Dwight Kirkland Tile Spring Meeting of the Society for Georgia Archaeology was

held at the University of Georgia, Athens, GA on May 7, 1977. A morning business session was followed by reports dealing with archaeo­logical methods and problems. Donald Smith of the University of Georgia Geochronology Laboratory talked on C1 4 sampling and dating problems. Dr. Jim Darrell of the Department of Geology, Georgia Southern College followed with, "Palynology and the Archeologist," an informative look at applications of pollen analysis. The subject of faunal analysis and recreation of prehistoric environments was discussed by Gary Shapiro, University of Georgia, Anthropology Department. The llession ended after a talk by Mark Williams, also of the University of Georgia Anthropology Department, on the magnetometer and its applications in site surveying.

The Annual Meeting of the Society for Georgia Archaeology was held at South Georgia College, Douglas, GA on October 14 and 15, 1977 .. Business items were considered on Friday evening along with reports from state agencies. Torn Eubanks, from the Office of the State Archaeologist, reviewed current programs handled by that office. Nain Ande:rson, of the Department of Transportation, reported on surveys conducted along several proposed highways. On Saturday the theme of the meeting shifted to South Georgia prehistory. The Coastal Plain Studi,~s I consisted of a series of reports dealing with work on the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. Dwight Kirkland delivered a report on survey work occurring on The Lower Georgia Coast. The East Dublin Survey, Laurens County, GA was presented by Marvin Smith, Uni­versity of Georgia Anthropology Department. Dennis Blanton gave a paper on salvage efforts at the Little Sandy Hammock Site in Bacon Counlly. Excavation and interpretation of materials from the Cemoche­chobee Site was discussed by Frank Schnell of the Columbus Museum of Arts and Sciences. This set of papers was followed by the Symposium on South Georgia prehistory. Paul Fish, University of Georgia, Anthropology Department, chaired discussion on papers mailed to the membership prior to the meeting. These papers at­tempted to test existing notions on South Georgia prehistory. The paper by Chester Depratter dealing with environmental changes on the Georgia Coast stimulated much discussion. Fred Cook's reevaluation of lower coast culture history prompted debate and presented new questions for future research. Data revealed in Frankie Snow's survey of thl: Big Bend Region of the Ocmulgee River helped to reduce the archat'ological vacuum in central south Georgia. Frank Schnell led discussion on a report by Betty Smith about Swift Creek Culture in Southwest Georgia. Karl Steinen's report on Weeden Island in south­west. Geo~gia was also discussed at length. These papers will be published In Volume V of Early Georgia. The Coastal Plain Studies II

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~STERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

followed with a report on the Colonel's Island field school, Glynn County Georgia. Karl Steinen outlined the work that had been completed there. The meeting cl<;>sed . with reports by several 'persons involved in the Wallace Shoals project 111 Greene C~unty, Georgia. .

Two issues of Early Georgia (Journal) and 4 ISsues of r:he. Profile (Newsletter) were published in the 1976-77 year. A substan~ial 1I1crease in membership was noted and welcomed. At several 10.catIons around the state local societies are functioning. One of the prunary concerns of the ~ciety in the coming year is to organize these loc~ societies into chapters to better utilize the resources of our membershIp.

MARYLAND by Paul Cresthull . The Archeological Society of Maryland, Inc. has 10 chapters With

300 members. It issues a monthly newsletter and 2 numbers per year of the journal, Maryland Archeology. .

The 14th Annual Meeting of the society was held at Catonsville Community College on Saturday, October 1, 1.~77. Th~ program included the following papers: George Reynolds, Excavations at the Carter's Grist Mill'" Tyler Bastian, "Review of Maryland Archeology;" R. Pennington Sm'ith, "Hilton Plan~tion;" Mac McI?aniel, "~ontr<;>lled Surface Collecting at Lowes Island; Paul Cresthull, Recordmg PrIvate Collections." .

The 12th Annual Spring Symposium in Archeology was held 111 Annapolis on Saturday April 16, 1977. The speakers and topics were: Russell G. Handsman, "A Prehistoric Palisaded Village at Oldtown, Western Maryland;" Dr. Clifford Evans , "Ethnoarcheology of the Nan Madol Ruins, Ponape Island, Caroline Group, Micronesia;" Dr. Leland Gilsen, "Archeological Resource Management in Maryland;" Dr. William M. Gardner, "Recent Excavations of Aboriginal S!!es near Piscataway, Southern Maryland;" and Donald G. Shomette, Underwater Recon­naissance at London Town, Maryland."

Members of the society participated in the 7th Annual Field Session in Maryland Archeology under the direction of Tyler Bastian, state archeologist. It was held near Rose Haven in southern Anne Arundel County from May 28-June 5, 1977. The site is an extensive Middle Woodland shell midden. Most of the artifacts are characteristic of the Selby Bay Phase (similar to Fox Creek). The objectives were to make a controlled surface collection, systematically test the site, and trench suspected features. Flotation samples were collected from lenses of undisturbed shell midden below the plow zone.

The 5th Indian Artifact Show sponsored by the Midshore Chapter was held on April 17th in Easton. The Northeastern Chapter, led by George Reynolds, mapped and excavated a colonial grist mill called Carter's Mill in Cecil County. Archeologist Ron Tirpak was hired to direct th(~ work by a group of underpriveleged students under the CETA program. Subsurface walls and floors of the old gtist mill were found. Greg Lang, Baltimore County Archeological Society, has been directing controlled surface collecting at the Yaruta Site which shows intermittent occupation from Late Archaic through Woodland.

Mr. and Mrs. Carrol Bennet have been cleaning and cataloging the collections of prehistoric artifacts belonging to the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore. To date, there are 46 individual collections which were donated to the society beginning back in 1880 and the total number of artifacts probably exceeds 10,000.

MAINE : The Robert Abbe Museum, by Alice N. Wellman The following officers were elected at the museum's annual meeting

July 27, 1977: President, Alice N. Wellman; Clerk, Susan S. Hadlock; Treasurer, Austin C. Carter. Alice Wellman was named E.S.A.F. dele­gate. Twelve new members were added to the museum rolls. Total membership stands at 72.

Museum operations for the year included the third season of work by Wendell and Susan Hadlock on accession records. Next year they hope to enlist Work-Study students from College of the Atlantic to help with cataloguing and staffing. About 48,000 people visited the museum between May 29 and October 10. They were welcomed by the Hadlocks, Edith Favour, and a staff of four part-time assistants.

No publications or fieldwork were undertaken in 1976-77. One final diorama was installed, several exhibits renovated. A fine bird's-eye maple canoe paddle was received from member Guy Mellgren, Jr., for the collection.

The museum looks ahead to its 50th Anniversary on August 14, 1978. If any of you are in the Bar Harbor region at that time, please feel free to join with us as we celebrate that occasion.

The museum membership voted to accept the option of institu­tional membership in E.S.A.F. offered at the Richmond meeting. It was felt that since the Abbe's focus is increasingly on interpretive exhibits and publications for visitors and less and less on field research, such a move would be sensible. The Maine Archeological Society will ably represent Maine's various field research interests. Additionally, the University of Maine at Orono anthropology department and archeology laboratory are growing in reputation and impact under the leadership of Dr. Da.vid Sanger and Robert G. MacKay. The Maine State

Page Five

MU:ieum's program in historic and prehistoric research is also growing wit)~ Dr. Bruce Bourque serving as chief researcher.

.It is with a certa.in twinge of regret that the museum takes up institutional membership. The Robert Abbe Museum of Stone ~e Antiquities was a charter member of the Eastern States ArchaeologIcal Federation back in the 1930's. The museum has sponsored some important field work in the intervening y.ears, an~ has been pleased to participate in the phenomenal growth of mterest 111 and support of the E.S"A.F. Even during the thirteen years that I have served as a dele:gate , seriousness of. intent, dedicat~n an~ trai~ing of members individually and collectively, and eveI-lmprovmg c~li?re of pr?gr~s and publications has been impressive. The humamshc. ~d. s':Ien.tific discipline of archaeology has come of age east of the MISSISSIPPI RIver, a de:velopment for which E.S.A.F. has been truly the prime mover.

MASSACHUSETTS by Carol Barnes On October 22, 1977, the Massachusetts Archaeological Society had

a membership of 1,050. We have 7 active chapters, each of which conducts its own program of meetings, research, and education. The socil~ty itself meets twice a year: once for a spring seminar and once for a fall business meeting. This year our April seminar was hosted by the W. Elmer Ekblaw Chapter, and was held in Worcester, MA. Its theme was amateur-professional relationships and the possibility of a certification program for society members. The annual business meeting in October was held at the Bronson Museum in Attleboro and hosted by the Cohannet Chapter. The theme of the afternoon/evening program was "Archaeology: A Search for Heritage."

The society Bulletin under the editorship of Dr. Dena Dincauze has addf:d some new features while trying to maintain the best of the old. The fall issue, Vol. 38(4), will be a comprehensive index of previous Bulletins. With the spring issue we will institute a new numbering sysWm so that each volume of the Bulletin will represent one calendar year,. The society has also published 2 newsletters under the editorship of Mary Hyde.

The Massachusetts Archaeological Certification Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Curtiss Hoffman has designed a program of requ:irements for certification of society members. Requirements for certification at the lowest, or provisional level, have been approved by the trustees, and discussion continues on requirements for higher levels.

MICHIGAN by Alice C. Noecker The Michigan Archaeological Society held its Annual Meeting at the

Studl~nt Union, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Sunday, April 17, 1977. President Barbara (Mrs. Will) Young presided as 8 chapters presented their annual reports. A dues increase was approved to cover increased costs of pUblication of the Michigan Archaeologist, which is now in Volume 23, under the editorship of Dr. James E. Fitting, and to bf:gin some new publications which we hope will encourage people with little or no background but their interest to join the society.

The following persons were elected to join Trustees Alice C. Noeciker and Donald W. Foster: President-elect, Lawrence Dorothy, First Vice-president, Charles Martinez, Second Vice-President, Donna Sanford, Secretary, Lorena V. Martin, Treasurer, Harold W. Thompson, and Trustee, Edward M. Green. The new President is Robert E. Woodhams.

The society was pleased to have the cooperation of Drs. Richard Armour and Donald P. Heldman of the Mackinac Island State Park Commission to provide a Field Training Program for its members. One or 2 :\f.A.S. members each week all summer worked on the excavations at Fort Michilimackinac under the direction of Dr. Heldman and his crew.

Perhaps the proudest achievement of the decade reached fruition when members of the society attended the groundbreaking ceremonies for the protective structure for the Sanilac Petroglyphs. The octagonal roofed structure will be completed this fall by the Michigan Depart­ment of Natural Resources. The structure will have plywood walls for winter protection and glassed walls for spring through fall interpretive activities. The new park should be open to the public in the spring. It has taken at least 14 years to provide proper recognition and protection to thi!1 treasure.

The Annual Fall Workshop was held Sunday, October 16, 1977, at the Student Union, Michigan State University. Hosted by the Upper Grand Valley Chapter, Elaine Davis, President. Theme of the Workshop was "Points and Pots," and it was a workshop in the true sense, with orientation lectures followed by a choice of discussion groups. Attend­ance .was more than 200 persons.

The, society's membership is more than 550.

MISSISSIPPI by Mary G. Neumaier As of October 1977, membership in the Mississippi Archaeological

AssocilLtion totaled just under 200, which is a large increase from the previous year. At present, there are 3 active chapters-the Gulf Coast, North Delta, and Winterville. There are subchapters containing less than 10 members each located at Jackson and Greenwood.

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The eleventh annual meeting of the organization was held in Biloxi in October 1976, and was attended by members and guests from Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. The theme of the meeting was "Tri-State Archaeology" and included papers presented by Richard Weinstein and Eileen Burden of Coastal Environments, Inc. of Baton Rouge, Louisiana; N. R. Stowe, University of South Alabama; and Richard Marshall, Louisiana State University, together with another representative of Louisiana, Dr. J. Richard Shenkel, University of New Orleans. In addition, Dr. Charles Egedy, who has worked several summers with excavation work in Israel, spoke on "Excavations at Aphek-Antipatris."

The twelfth annual meeting of the Mississippi Archaeological Associ­ation was held on October 15, 1977, at Mississippi State University. Richard A. Marshall, Director of North American Archaeology for the Cobb Institute of Archaeology served as Program Chairman for the meeting. Papers presented included a discussion by Charles Pyne, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Mississippi State University on "Nautical Fact and Fiction," "The Tibbe Creek Site Excavation" by John O'Hear, Archaeological Research Associate, Department of Anthropology, Mississippi State Univesity, and "Exploration in Conser­vation" by Ralph Smith, Conservationist of the Cobb Institute.

Elections were held for 1978 officers and the following will serve: C. H. Stone, Jr., President; June Williams, Northern Vice President; Ted Brown, Southern Vice President. Elected to the Board of Advisors were: Hairy Abernathy, Ralph Baltzer, Tom Davis, Mrs. Tim Batzli, Roman Neumaier, Richard Marshall, Dr. Richard Shenkel, Dr. Mary Sumners Rickard, Richard Weinstein, Ira Fowler, and Matt Dakin.

The newsletter of the association is published by 2 sources. One is Mississippi Archaeology, a journal-type pUblication, under the editor­ship of Sam McGahey, Department of Archives and History . and is published 4 times a year. A more informal type, Newsletter from the President's Desk, is published 6 times a year and contains the more current kinds of information regarding meetings and chapter informa­tion, and informal reports of members.

The Gulf Coast Chapter has held an exhibit for the last several years at the local shopping mall. This is a 3-day exhibit and is a display of salvage archaeology materials from primarily the Gulf Coast. It serves as a means of renewing interest with the members themselves and is instrumental in obtaining new members for the chapter.

One aspect of the work being done in the archaeological field is the student work, now in the fourth year of its activity. This club is formed of Junior High School students of the Ocean Springs, Missis­sippi, area. Beginning 4 years ago, with over 150 students, there are now 85 aetive members. The interest has been such that this year at the state meeting of the MAA, the membership voted into being a new student membership with the fee of $3 with all rights and privileges except the right to vote. C. H. Stone, Jr., State President, has been the leading personality in the club as instructor and director. It is hoped that in years to come the field of archaeology will be the recipient of youth growing to adulthood with a deeper sense of archaeological values and usefulness from these efforts.

NEW JERSEY by Angie C. Stanzeski The Archaeological Society of New Jersey with 450 members, with

six active chapters, held its First Annual Awards Dinner.in May 1977. Four Fellowship Awards were awarded for outstanding accomplish­ments in New Jersey archaeology. Those so honored were Edward 1. Lenik, C. A. Wesslager, Charles F. Keir, and Dorothy Cross Jensen (posthumously). Also, 3 carbon dates were awarded, 1 to Chris Hummer and 2 to Andrew Stanzeski.

The Unami Chapter reports their chapter is striving to upgrade field techniques through programs, in-the-field training, and on-going excava­tions at the L & H site in Marlboro. Also, they are endeavoring to assemble an archaeology dictionary for adult beginners.

The Southern New Jersey Chapter reports that they are currently striving to promote Archaeological awareness through the news media in their art~a. Efforts are also being made to survey sites and salvage endangered sites in Gloucester, Camden, Burlington, and Mercer coun­ties.

The Minisink Chapter is continuing its excavations on the Dark Moon site, Johnsonburg, and a rockshelter near Newton, both in Sussex County. A report concerning these sites is being prepared.

The Abnaki Chapter reports ongoing investigations at the Osborn farm site with a bi-furcate stratum. They are also investigating a series of post molds of undetermined origin in Salem County.

Dr. Lorraine E. Williams of the New Jersey State Museum reports that 1977 Archaeological research in the Upper Delaware Valley consisted of the analysis by Anthony J. Puniello of the results of the 1974 excavations of Late Woodland remains in the Valley which were aimed at differentiating components. Also, analysis of materials from 1975 excavations at a number of sites with Late Woodland material, including one site with in situ Owasco occupation and one site with deeply stratified Late Woodland zones are in progress. Brenda Lock­hard Springsted, Field Archaeologist for the Museum, also completed a

PROCEEDINGS, 1978

study of late 18th Century local stoneware and red earthenware ceramic productions at Ringoes Pottery. It will be published by the Council of Northeastern Historical Archaeology.

A request for emergency assistance from the E.P.A. and local authorities was honored by Richard A. Regensburg with valuable assistance from volunteers, Kurt Kalb, Debbie Fimble, Linda Foster, and Alissa Cohen. Test excavations were conducted to evaluate, for the National Register, an early 19th Century dam in Cranbury. The dam was part of the mill complex around which the town developed.

Also a study of the Middle Woodland material from the Abbott Farm collection was conducted in connection with National Historic Landmark documentation and an exhibit. Further analysis of the ceramics is in progress.

Edward J. Lfmik, Wayne Historical Commission, reports the activ­ities at the Archaeological Laboratory centered around several special events. A series of 3 colloquia were held for historians, archaeologists, and museum people. The major event of the year was a summer workshop on Prehistoric Technology. A field survey of the Rocket Test site in Franklin Lakes was completed and papers have been filed to have the site placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Archaeology Laboratory continued to provide illustrated slide lectures on the Van Duyne House and' Preakness Hills Rockshelter. Also, in cooperation with the A.S.N.J., a field guide "Week-ends in the Soil" was published and is now available.

John Cavallo and members of the Monmouth County Chapter repOl:t the discovery of a Paleo-Indian component within a multi­component site which they have been investigating for 3 years. To date a single multiple fluted projectile point and 20 other associated tools have been unearthed at Turkey Swamp. The significant aspect of these find~~gs is their association with charred faunal remains and 7 charcoal samples within one 10 ft. square. The site has yielded post molds in the Early Woodland component as well as Ware Plain and Vinette I potte,ry in a dateable context. Both macro and micro botanical remains have been extracted from Late Archaic to Early Woodland and Late Woo(Uand components through combined fine screening and water separation techniques. Richard A. Regensburg, under the direction and supervision of Joel Grossman, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, is currently investigating a multi-component site in Monmouth County which has to date yielded a possible stratified Paleo component.

Budd Wilson reports ongoing cultural research projects in Ocean County.

Jack Cresson reports that excavations on the Cherry Hill site have come to a close and the sit~ has been developed. The site produced some interesting data on seasonality and exploitation of the early and middJ!e Archaic Cultures in Southern New Jersey. However, site survey and rl~search are still ongoing in Camden and Burlington Counties.

Andrew Stanzeski reports that Coastal investigations are ongoing with focus on the Steel site in Cape May County (historic to Archaic) with special consideration being given to the possible Archaic com­ponent of the site. Adjacent to the site are 2 inundated shell middens. Preliminary analysis has focused on defining shell tools as well as the cultural relationships between open site middens and shell heaps.

TIle Under Water Council of Dive Clubs of New Jersey are presently involved in site survey and preservation of under water sites with emphasis on the archaeological aspect of diving.

Herbert C. Kraft is in the process of f'malizing his reports on the Upper Delaware which included the Minisink Island and Bell-Philhower sites.

Additionally, the A.R.C., S.H.U. has been engaged in numerous Cultural Resource studies, principally in northern and central New Jersey. These archaeological/historical surveys have provided some valuable insights concerning areas of the state not previously studied. A new archaeological exhibition relating entirely to New Jersey's pre­historJic heritage has been opened to the public in the Humanities Building at Seton Hall University.

NEW YORK by Louis Brennan State membership chairman reports the membership of the New

York State archaeological Association, as of Nov. 1, to be 1150 individual members, representing 990 memberships. A new chapter, Sebonac of Long Island, was admitted to NYSAA at the annual meeting on Long Island in April. This brings to 13 the roll of chapters, giving the triskedalians something to think about.

It has been a large year for New York archaeology publications. A major work, the most voluminous ever published on state prehistory, Recent Contributions to Hudson Valley Prehistory, by Dr. Robert E. Funk, state archaeologist, appeared early in the year. It was followed shortly after by Current Perspectives in Northeastern Archeology, festschrift in honor of retired state archaeologist Dr. William A. Ritchie, edited by Funk and Charles F. Hayes III. Beauchamp chapter issued Vol. I, No. I of a new, untitled journal of reports and Chenango chapter continued into its 17th year with its quarterly journal.

Th€~odore Whitney, its editor and principal contributor, reported in Vol. 17, No. I, a survey of fluted points and other Paleo-hunter

E~STERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

evidence found in the Chenango area that will be of interest to all students of the Paleo-hunter horizon. The 3 regular numbers of the NYSAA Bulletin totalled 128 pages, the largest published in one volume year. Papers of the Yager Conference on Upper Susquehanna Region Archaeology have been assembled for pUblication later this year; the conference takes its name from Yager Museum, Hartwick College, Oneonta. In addition several papers on New York by state archaeologists appeared in Amerinds and Their Paleo-environments in Northeastern North America, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, edited by Dr. Walter E. Newman and Dr. Bert Salwen. Secretary James Walsh put out two newsletters and Vol. 10 of the annual Handbook.

The program for the annual meeting, held at Southold, Long Island, April 22··24, was as follows:

Saturday morning, April 23. "The Alhart Site Revisited," George Hamell; "The Otsiningo Project," Dolores Elliott; "Pottery Variations on the Piping Rock Site," Louis Brennan and Roberta Wingerson.

Saturday afternoon. Symposium "Perspectives on Early Iroquoian Acculturation," chaired by F. J. Hesse. "The Seneca," Charles Wray; "The Cayuga," Robert N. DeOrio; "The Onondaga," Jim Bradley; "The Oneida," Peter Pratt; "The Mohawk," Don Lenig.

Dinnllr speaker, Dr. Ralph Solecki, "Archaeology on Long Island, Past, Present and Future: A Personal Perspective."

Sunday morning, April 24. "In Search of the Delawares," Nicholas Shoumatoff; "The Paleo-Indian Sites at Port Mobil, Staten Island, New York," Herbert C. Kraft; "The Terminal Occupation of the Algonquin Indians at Montauk," Edward Johanneman.

Officers for the current year are: president, Henry Wemple; vice­president, Charles E. Gillette; secretary, James P. Walsh; treasurer, Richard Labrake; editor and ESAF representative, Louis A. Brennan.

Dr. Robert E. Funk was accorded the Achievement Award (only the 7th such award) for his "Recent Contributions" book and Dr. Peter Pratt was named to Fellowship.

With the raising of the annual membership dues, by referendum approval, NYSAA has returned to financial stability.

NORTH CAROLINA by Tucker R. Littleton The Archaeological Society of North Carolina held 3 meetings

during 1977. The spring meeting was held in King Hall, University of North Carolina at Wilmington on April 23. President Phil Perkinson presided, and Dr. James Shinn of UNC-W welcomed those attending the me(~ting. Jacqueline Fehon, Chief of the Archeology Section, Division of Archives and History, announced the resignation of Dr. Steve Gluckman, former Chief of the Archeology Section, and invited those present to participate in a historic excavation at Raleigh. When the Seaboard Railroad building was moved from its Halifax Street location in Raleigh, an earlier building site was exposed which may prove to be the site of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad shops. Archives and History assumed responsibility for the excavation of the recently discovered foundations.

Dr. David S. Phelps, East Carolina University, was the first speaker on the program. He gave a slide and lecture presentation of his work in eastern North Carolina. Of particular interest were the large ossuaries which he has excavated in the recent past.

Dr. Thomas C. Loftfield, University of North Carolina at Wilming­ton, gave an interesting presentation on the subsistence patterns of North Carolina coastal Indians. He also discussed some of the findings of his more recent archaeological surveys and tests.

Davidl Moore, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, gave the final presentation dealing with current research at the Hardaway site. His presentation emphasized the tremendous damage to the site resulting from pothunting activities. He indicated that the Research Laboratories of Anthropology of UNC-CH will continue research on the Hardaway site until it is fully excavated. He illustrated his lecture with slides of in situ artifacts.

The Unifour Archaeological Chapter of the ASNC hosted the summer. meeting of the society at Marion on July 23. The meeting convened at the McDowell County Technical Institute and heard presentations by Dr. Burton L. Purrington, Appalachian State Uni­versity, Boone, and Trawick Ward, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Purrington spoke on the archaeology of Watauga County and surrounding counties, and Ward introduced the afternoon session to the current excavation which was being carried on at Mcv41 by UNCoCH. In addition to visiting the site where excavation was in progress, the members were also given a viewing of the display of Tom Butell's outstanding collection of western North Carolina artifacts.

The fall meeting of the ASNC was held in the auditorium of Archives and History, Raleigh, North Carolina, on October 15. Dr. William Price, Division c:>f Archiv~s and History, welcomed the group, and a short annual busmess session followed. Elections for the year 197~ were an~ounced as follows: Tucker R. Littleton, Swansboro, preSident; LeWIS A. Brown, Statesville, vice president; Elizabeth R. Perkinson, Raleigh, secretary; Douglas R. Woodworth, Ayden, editor;

Page Seven

and Mae Woods Bell, Rocky Mount, and Pressly R. Rankin, Jr., Ellerbe, new members of the Executive Board.

'The program opened with a slide and lecture presentation by Michael Trinkley of UNC-CH, who spoke on "A South Carolina Shell Rind: Some Fact and Fiction." Jacqueline Fehon explained to the group some of the responsibilities and activities of the Archeology Section, Division of Archives and History, and introduced other members of her staff who showed slides of the recent salvage work at Fort Branch, a Civil War fort near Hamilton. Dr. Joffre L. Coe, Director of the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, UNC-CH, gave a most informative slide and lecture presentation entitled "Piedmont Early Archaic, Foundations and Impact." Jack Wilson of UNC-CH, concluded the program with his slide and lecture presentation, "The Chowan River: Its Prehistory and History."

Members in the ASNC remained constant during 1977. Three ASNC Newsletters and Volumes XXV and XXVI of the Southern Indian Studies were published. The N.C. Fluted Point Survey was continued.

OHIO by Martha Potter Otto Although the Anthropology Section of the Ohio Academy of

Science has been the state's representative to ESAF, it has not sponsored any archaeological activities; however, individuals throughout Ohio have been active in the field during the past year. Among those reporting are:

Cleveland Museum of Natural History: David Brose has been involved in several large contract projects including work in Ceasar Creek Reservoir area and a power plant site in southwestern Ohio and a survey of a large industrial site in the northeastern part of the state. N'ami Greber spent the summer completing the excavation of the Edwin Harness mound, a major component of a large Hopewell earthworks complex in Ross County. Although the mound has been partially examined before, N'omi found a complex post hole pattern and other structural features intact.

Youngstown State University: Gary Fry completed the fourth season at the Wansack site just over the state line in Pennsylvania. Cultural material ranged from Early Archaic to Late Woodland, but the Midldle to Late Woodland occupations apparently were the most extllnsive. The most spectacular artifact recovered was a partial McFate Inciised vessel that is complete enough to allow reconstruction of the entire pot. John White completed 3 seasons work at the Eaton (Hopewell) Furnace in Struthers. White also worked at the Austin cabin complex in Austintown. Material dating to the 1840's and 1850's is as yet the earliest found.

University of Toledo: David Struthers, with the assistance of Michael Pratt, Regional Archaeological Preservation Officer, and the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research Club, has continued excavations that are filling in many gaps in the prehistory and early history of northwestern Ohio. The sites they have investigated range from a Late Archaic Red Ocher cemetery to Middle and Late Woodland habitations to historic cabin sites.

Kent State University: Mark F. Seeman and a crew of students excavated the Enderle site, 1 of 3 within the right-Qf-way of proposed State Route 2; the work was supported by highway salvage funds. Several prehistoric components were in evidence, but the most interest­ing material related to the period around A.D. 1780-1810 and may represent Wyandot or, more likely, Delaware occupation.

Dayton Museum of Natural History: Jay Heilman completed the seventh season at the Incinerator village site, an Anderson Focus Fort Andent occllpation in Dayton. This year's work was concentrated in the northw<lst quadrant of the village where 3 more houses were exposed, bringing the total number of houses unearthed to 13. Twlll1ty-five storage/trash pits located between the plaza and the houses were ex~ava~ed an,d their contents ~oated. There is a high probability that thIS site will be restored ill the future, complete with an int(lrpretation center.

Ohio Historical Society: Martha Otto, with the help of a crew of volunteers, began the excavation of the Schottenstein mound located within a Columbus housing development. The sherds of plain, grit­te~lper~d pc:>ttery, th~ fragments of a pipestone pipe, and a stemmed pomt Identify the site as Adena. Otto also directed the Society's contract. arc~aeology P!ogram with the emphasis on archaeological surveys ill highway proJects. Ray Baby continued the excavations at Seip Mound State Memorial in Ross County. The crew of students fr~l1n Ohio State ~niver~ity .uncovered a small, irregular house pattern With large stone-filled PitS ill a line diagonally across the floor. Bert Drennen, the staff archaeologist with the Ohio Historic Preservation 9ff:ice, continued to direct the 9 regional archaeological preservationists ill their efforts to inventory sites within the state.

PENNSYLVANIA by Virginia Lopresti The 48th Annual meeting of the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeol­

ogy, Inc., was held at Gannon College, Erie, PA on May 13 & 14, 1977. It was called to order by the President, Stanley Lantz. The

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Page Eight

biggest item of business was the raising of ~ue~ to $8.00 per year f~r individual members to cover the cost of punting of the Pennsylvama Archaeologist for 1978.

Among the papers presented at the meeting were "Potters: Their Distribution, Longevity, and Social Economic Status" by Ronald L. Michael "Presenting the Challenge of Archaeology to Secondary School'Students" by J. Stiner, "The Ethnohistory of the Eriez Indians" by Charles Kolb, "The Rock Shelter-an Archaeological site type in the Appalachian high plateau region" by James Herbstritt, "Obsidian Dating" by Nancy Marshall, "Excavations at 36CW60 and 36CW39" by Charles Jenkins and "Technology of Hardriess" by Elmer Erb. The after dinner speaker was Ronald Thomas, who presented a review of past accomplishments in amateur-professional cooperative projects in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Arkansas.

The new officers elected were President Ira Smith, III-William Penn Memorial Museum, Harrisburg, first vice president James Herbstritt, second vice president Robert LaBar, Erie. Secretary Helen Wilson, Pittsburgh, Treasurer Roger Moeller-American Indian Archeological Institute, Washington, CT. The new Directors are James Randolph, Waynesburg, and Virginia Lopresti, Stockertown. The new president went to work immediately and called an after dinner meeting of the officers and committees. A meeting is scheduled at University Park on November 19, 1977. The Society has 14 Chapters and 900 members.

Chapter 1 now holds their meetings at Carlow College in Pittsburgh. They finished work at the McJunkin site (36ALl), and it is now a playground. Chapter 2 is rather inactive at present, but some work is still continuing at Governor Prinz Park. The Eriez Chapter hosted the 1977 meeting and continued investigation of the Sunderheim site (36ER68). Jude Kirkpatrick was director at this multicomponent site and was assisted by students from Gannon College, Erie.

Chapter 8 has been meeting at the Lycoming County Historical Society. They have completed excavation of the Bull Run site (36LY119) after 2 seasons of work. It was a salvage operation in the path of major highway construction in Loyalsock Township, Lycoming County, about a mile west of Loyalsock Creek. A stockaded Shenks Ferry village (Stewart Phase) was partially destroyed by canal construc­tion in the 1830's. It was a single row stockade that was erected on a site previously occupied by Clemsons Island-Owasco, Orient phase of the Terminal Archaic and several Laurentian cultures. Three radio­carbon samples have been submitted from the 18,000 ft.2 excavation. Among the surprises were Marcy Creek plain and Ware plain pottery found in association with both Orien.t and Susquehanna Broad points. There were at least 2 Lecroy points.

Chapter 10 has been holding regular meetings but have not been doing any excavation. Chapter 11 has spent the summer in site survey and recording work. Kings College is in the process of excavating an Early to Middle Woodland site. Charter members of Chapter 12 are investigating an Archaic Site along the Delaware River. The Forks of the Delaware Chaper 14 had a successful 15th Anniversary Dinner with John Witthoft as speaker. Their Overpeck site report is just about ready to 00 submitted for pUblication, and the chapter is ready to work on a point typology of the Delaware valley. Members continued to work on 36NM14, 36NM15, and the Jacobsburg Village site. An 1826 coin and an intact 1858 calabash flask rewarded their efforts. Chapter 16 reports severe flooding in their area during the summer of 1977 (Johnstown) but they were able to do some salvage work at Bedford Village. The Amockwi Chapter (17) continued work on the Ohio View site and at Fort McIntosh.

James Randolph of the Paul R. Stewart Chapter 19 received the Archy Award and won the atlatl contest while the chapter received the Site Survey Award at the annual state meeting. Among the sites the Stewart chapter excavated during the year were 6 woodland village sites and 3 campsites. Chapter 20 (Somerset County Archaeology, Inc.) will host the 1978 meeting at Seven Springs on May 5, 6, 7. They worked again at Camp Sequanota on archaeology and helped to excavate an historic house. They assisted Carnegie Museum in doing site surveying in the area. Chapter 21 made 21 site recordings during the summer. They are exploring the possibility of hosting the 1979 meeting. Chapter 22 has added 60 members in its first year of existence. They continued to excavate at Hannastown.

The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission were forced to cut back on some programs in 1977. The major project was finding the stockade line of Fort Louden (Franklin County)-a French and Indian war site. Three people worked 5 weeks under the tutelage of Dr. Barry Kent on property already owned by the commission. They are currently working on the 19th century sawmill at Washington Crossing State Park with the hope of restoring it. Dr. Marshall Becker finished work in the Governor Prinz Park excavation at Essington, with West Chester State College students assisting in the work at this late 17th century Swedish Settlement. Ronald Thomas was commissioned to develop a cultural resources management plan of all the museums under the Pensylvania Historical and Museum Commission. James Herbstritt completed an extensive report on Eastern Prehistoric sites survey before moving to the Carnegie Museum. Vance Packard con-

PROCEEDINGS, 1 cj 78

tinued his extensive program in registering and preserving historic buildings and areas.

Slippery Rock State College has an excavation of a Woodland site in Butler County near Wolf Creek. It is a multicomponent site . designated 36BT82 and was supervised by Stanley Lantz. Renata Wolynec super­vised students from Edinboro State College at Fort Le Boeuf (36ER65). Clarion State College excavated a multicomponent site known as the State Road Ripple site under Dr. Gustav Konitzky. David Koehler and Paul Heberling in connection with Juniata College exca­vated at the Bedford Village site. It is bemg reconstructed as a tourist site.

The Carnegie Museum of Natural History conducted an excavation of the Penelec site (36WA82), a multicomponent site of the Allegheny Riv~:r under the supervision of Stanley Lantz. The same institution und'~r the administration of Richard George worked the Bonnie Brook site (36BT1). James Herbstritt was Field Archaeologist on this Monon­gah~:la site which was totally excavated. The University of Pittsburgh continued excavations at the Meadowcroft Rockshelter (36WH297) und'~r the supervision of Dr. James Adovasio. The National Geographic Society has provided $24,500.00 for the 5th and final year of the study. The National Science Foundation provided $60,000.00 for laboratory analysis of the materials recovered. The University is continuing an extensive survey in the Cross Creek drainage area. Historic survey work along the ' Ohio and its tributaries in the Pitts­burgh area is being conducted by Dr. James Richardson and Ron Carlisle. Verna Cowin is supervising the excavation of the Avella Mound (36WH415).

California State College conducted a Summer Field School at Nemacolin Castle, an 18th and 19th century historic site in Browns­ville .. They also did phase 2 testing at Fort Burd, a 1759 military fort. Thell located numerous historic and prehistoric sites when they sur­veyed 34 miles along Interstate' 70 for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. The work was all directed by Dr. Ronald L. .Michael.

Dr. W. Fred Kinsey from Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, has been involved in innumerable environmental impact studies includ­ing 2 pipeline surveys and a preliminary study in York County.

Dr. James Hatch reports from the Pennsylvania State University on the Fisher Farm site. Five weeks in 1976 and 9 weeks in 1977 were spent excavating in the Bald Eagle Valley in Centre County. The site was continuously occupied from the Clemson Island culture to the She~lks Ferry period. The 2 radiocarbon dates are A.D. 1100 and A.D. 1670. One outstanding feature was a nicely segregated village pattern of oval and rectangular structures that are Shenks Ferry. Behind the village site is a paddle shaped structure which is suspected of having a smoking and drying function because of the location of the storage pits surrounding it. Three features are outstanding in the front or creek side of tile occupation area. 1. is a stone tool manufacturing area with numl~rous chips and broken blanks. 2. There are clusters of burials. 3. A former stream bed runs diagonally across the area. The depth of this former drainage is beautifully stratified. The lower portion is definitely Clemsons Island and the top level is definitely Shenks Ferry. In the middle is a mixed component. The future plan is to carefully excavate this section in order to obtain 10 radiocarbon dates. The field had been plowed 3 weeks before the initial excavation and an extensive surface hunt was made. Every fire-cracked rock was mapped, an architectural reconstruction was made, and the digging was structured to it. One extensive surface collection was available for study. On every feature numerous cultigens and collectibles were recovered, so far 25 to 30 bl) tanica1 spe cie s.

The American University concluded its work at the Shawnee Mini!:ink site (36MR43). It is concluded that about 150 end scrapers were recovered from the paleo level. Before the site was backfilled, core samples were taken, and it is estimated that only about 1/3 of the site has been excavated so far.

RHODE ISLAND by Edward D. Cook The Narragansett Archaeological Society for the past several years

our membership has been close to 75. Indoor meetings are held on the second Tuesday of the month

during the winter and spring. The June, September, and annual Octo'ber business meetings are held at the current field site on the second Saturday of the month. The annual dinner meeting is held on the second Wednesday of November.

Late in the fall, the program committee makes arrangements for the following year . Members frequently give programs or have acquaint­ances that are willing to contribute to the evening's entertainment. We find that a varied program, not necessarily archaeologically oriented, encourages a greater attendance and is attractive to guests.

The program for 1977 follows: January, Comer Rounds, a member: Lectulre with slides-"Last City of the Incas," March, A sound color film produced by Shell Oil Co.: "The Early Americans," April, Everett C. Paice: Travelogue with slides Europe and Scandinavia, November, Annual Dinner Meeting: Dr. Eileen Maynard: "Cultural Survival Among the Sioux Indians."

fn\STERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

VIRGIN ISLANDS by A. E. Figueredo The Virgin Islands Archaeological Society, Inc., was founded on 30

January 1974, with an initial membership of 34 persons. In accordance with our laws and customs, its purpose is to serve as the professional society for the area, including also participation by amateurs and students. Typically, local archaeology (both prehistoric and historic) has been its major concern, but, in general, it is meant to be the corporation that regulates the work of archaeologists from the Islands, so that its interests and Code of Ethics are far-reaching in principle.

The Journal of the Virgin Islands Archaeological Society was intended to be a quarterly review. This became impossible; partly due to the scarcity of publishable material , but also because of financial considerations. It is issued once a year and has appeared regularly since 1974. A fifth number, corresponding to 1978, is in press currently. Kenneth C. Dick, a distinguished Egyptologist, diplomat, and man of letters, is editor. There is also an assistant editor and a pUblications committee; the normal duties of these gentlemen include a monthly News/etter. Provisions have been made for a more comprehensive program of publications.

There are only 2 society chapters, one on St. Thomas and another on St. Croix. The St. Thomas Chapter (which is the older of the 2) has a tradition of monthly meetings and lectures. The St. Croix Chapter has been founded formally earlier this year, and is trying actively to build its membership in order to match that of the St. Thomas Chapter. It is to be hoped that eventually each of the larger islands will have at least one chapter formalized.

The Virgin Islands Archaeological Society, Inc., reached its peak of membership in 1975, with 1 Fellow paid up as a Life member, 17 ~e~o~s paying ann~a~y, 48 active members, 28 joint memberships (56 mdividuals), 2 sustammg members, 15 student members, 7 institutional members, and 10 paid library subscriptions (a total of 146 members). Lately, there has been a dramatic drop (perhaps corresponding to the economic and other difficulties in the Islands), so that there are now 2 Honorary members, 1 Life member, 4 Fellows paid up as Life members, 14 Fellows paying annually, 20 active members, 14 joint memberships (28 individuals), 1 sustaining member, 2 student mem­bers, 7 institutional members, and 5 paid library SUbscriptions (a total of 78 members).

Armed with a progressive Code of Ethics and a viable organization our society expects to continue the ptomotion of insular archaeological research and .to provide for its pUblication. Part of our program is to co-operate With other archaeological societies and institutions on a ~egional basis. It is for this reason that we see our recen t membership m the Eastern States Archeological Federation as an important step in the righ t direction.

VIRGINIA by Howard MacCord The .Archeological Society of Vi.rginia 1977 membership totals

1070, With 14 local chapters. The society's annual meeting was held at t.he College of William and Mary in Williamsburg on October 8 and 9 1977. ~ee. issues of the QUarterly Bulletin were published, includmi one ~hICh I~ a. double number. We also published 4 Newsletters. No SpeCial. PublicatIOns were put out this year, although work was begun on an mdex to Volumes 26-30 of the quarterly bulletin. This should be published as a spec!a1 publication early in 1978. Officers for the years 1977-78 are: President-M. D. Kerby, Midlothian; Vice-President­Russell E. Darden, Courtland; Secretary-Mrs. V. W. Sherman, Williams­burg; Treasurer- H. A. MacCord, Sr., Richmond; Editor-Mrs. Lauren HarrIson, Hartwood.

Excavations continued through the year at the Hatch site in Prince George .County, with ~unding provided. by an anonymous donor. The excavation stat:f conSIsts of 3 full-time employees, working with volunteers. D,!I1ng ~e year numerou~ structural features and pits have been found, mcludmg 5 human bUrIals and 22 dog burials. The site shows. about 9000 years of intermittent occupation, with the latest sometIme after A.D. 1607. The Project Director is L. B. Gregory of Spring Grove.

Other excavation projects done by the Society's chapters and members are:

The Browning Site, Washington Co. The Hogue Site, Tazewell Co. The Ingles Site, Montgomery Co. The Sisson Site, Floyd Co. The Hall Site, Montgomery Co. The Philpott Site, Henry Co. The White Bank Site, Chester-

field Co.

Wolf Hills Chapter E. E. Jones, Jr., Bluefield New River Chapter Upper New River Chapter Roanoke Area Chapter Patrick Henry Chapter Appomattox Chapter

Members of the Society assisted in surveys and excavations done under the auspices and direction of other agencies, and these include: The Currituck Site, Curituck Governor's Land Sites, James

City Co.

Chesopiean Archeological Assoc. Virginia Research Center for Ar­

chaeology (VRCA)

Buzzard Rock Site, Roanoke Bessemer Site, Botetourt Co.

.Thunderbird Site, Warren Co. Flannery Site, Scott Co.

VRCA VRCA

Page Nine

Catholic University of America Virginia Dept. Highways and Trans-

portation

In addition to the projects listed above, other archeological work was done in the state, although the society played little or no part in it. These include:

Gathright Dam Surveys and Exca­vations, Bath & Alleghany Cos.

Ba.:k Creek Surveys, Bath Co.

Stratford Hall Excavations, Westmoreland Co.

Flc·werdieu Hundred, Prince George Co.

SUJveys and test excavations in Gloucester Co.

Surveys and Salvage, Alexandria Survey of part of Rappaltannock

River Valley Survey of Mt. Rogers Recreation

Area, Grayson Co. Excavations at Carter's Grove,

James City Co.

Iroquois Research Institute, Under contract with U.S. Army Corps. Engrs.

James Madison University under contract with Virginia Electric & Power Co.

R. E. Lee Memorial Association

Department of Anthropology, Col­lege of William and Mary

County Archeologist, CETA pro­gram

City Archeologist Virginia Research Center for Ar­

chaeology Emory and Henry College

Colonial Williamsburg, Inc.

. Plans for 1978 envision the society continuing in the pattern of dOlllg !pme work itself but largely working with and under the direction and guidance of the professional archeologists as!p ciated with institutions and agencies active in the field of archeology.

WEBT VIRGINIA by Daniel Fowler The West Virginia Archeological Society is presently composed of

284 members in all classes and 5 chapters spread across the state. Duriing the past year the Little Kanawha Chapter became the latest affiliated addition of its kind to the Society.

The Kanawha Valley Chapter continued on an active pace during ~e past year. Activities included. establishment of an archeological library through t~e gene!ous contnb~tion of collected books by Sigfus Olaf.son; sponsorIng radiocarbon datmg of samples from the Young Mound (175 B.C.), the James Creek Site (3330 B.C.) and a transitional zone at the Hansford Site (1090 B.C.); survey of rock shelters in southern Kanawha County; and continued salvage work at Edgewood Rockshelter and the Hansford Site.

The E~ River Secti(;lll of the Kanawha Valley Chapter is composed of .approxlmately 20 high school students. This group participates in glVlng sch?ol programs and in limited archeological survey.

The Little Kanawha Chapter was formed with 8 charter members but lIas grown during the year to 22 full members and 3 associat~ members. The <:hapt.er partici.!?ated both in reporting archeological sites to the. West VugmIa GeologIcal Survey, and in organizing a limited excavatIOn program. The excavations were carried out at a Fort Ancient village site south of Parkersburg, WV. Dr. E. Thomas Hem­ming:; aided. in laying out excayation units and acquainting chapter members With proper archeological field and excavation procedures. S~veral squa;es were excavated and 4 features (3 hearths and a storage Pit) were discovered. Although a large artifact sample was recovered analysis of the collection is not yet complete. '

The Huntington Chapter continued excavations at the Weed Rock­shelter, near Le Sage, WV, after obtaining a radiocarbon date of 3330 ± 250 years B.P. for a sample removed during the previous seasons' work; Anotlter field project involved a salvage and survey work at the FoxflJ:e Campground, where numerous Archaic artifacts were recovered.

Th.e Kanuwara Chapter (Wheeling Area) resumed explorations for V:an Metre's Fort with work concentrating on the delineation of a picket wall and blockhouse. Another site where work continued was the. McCol:loch (160H20), where there are at least 5 burial mounds and a village SIte which may be tltreatened by proposed strip mining of the area.

Th·e Uppe~ MO~lOngalte.la Valley Ch.apter was reorganized during the rear. The .maJor fIeld project began WIth relocating several rockshelters In the White Day Creek drainage, which were · noted in early historical text.s of Monongalia <;ounty. One of the shelters was selected for initial testIng. and. as a project .to. train members in proper field techniques. Dr. H.mmmgs, Gary Wilkms, and R. P. Stephen Davis Jr have assisted and provided guidance in this project. Although fue project w~s only recently begun, a significant find has already been recorded With vv~ll-preserved re~~s of what is presumed to be an Indian m~c~ssm. The leather IS m good shape and much remains of the fiber stltchm.g of the moccassin.

The society's annual meeting was held October 15, 1977, at St.

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Page Ten

Albans. Papers were presented by ~emmings, Fowle:, Wikins, CWV Geological Survey), Robert MaslowskI. and C~e!yl Smlt~ (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), Alan Cooper (Lmsley Military InstItute), Dewey Sanderson (Marshall University), Paul Dietrich (Kanawha Chapter), and Edward Hussey (Little Kanawha Chapter). The banquet speaker was Dr. Jefferson Chapman (University of Tennes~ee) who pre~nte~ a slide-illustrated talk on the extensive archeologIcal work and Implica­tions of the Tellico Project.

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

AN APPRAISAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND

JEAN S. AIGNER, KEVIN McBRIDE, AND TERRY DEL BENE

Southern New England is considered by many to be an area of marginal archaeology importance. 'This attitude has had an effect on the amount and quality of the work performed in the area. Southern New England archaeologists are only beginning to adopt a number of sophisticated archaeological techniques. Focusing on environmental reconstruction and lithic analysis, it is evident that analytical tech­niques were not exploited to the fullest in past investigations. Until the quality of work in the area improves, there can be little doubt that Southern New England prehistory will appear tremendously backwards to the outsider. If we are ever to place the prehistory of Southern New England in its proper perspective, there must be substantial changes in the kinds of questions being asked and the applications of analytical techniques.

"COMMON SENSE" AND SCIENTIFIC INSIGHT

DENA F. DINCAUZE

"Common sense" is not a universal yardstick for measuring human rationality. It is, rather, a congeries o~ culturally-de~ined h~bit~ ~f reasoning, derived from shared assumptIons and partIcular ImgUlstIc metaphors which shape the world-view of separate cultures or sub­cultures. The intellectual history of Northeastern archaeology demon­strates how determinate has been the role of "common sense" and conventional wisdom in defining the epistemology of the discipline. Certain basic assumptions about appropriate methods and problems have been held in common by at least 3 generations of researchers. Concepts borrowed from other disciplines-history, geology, biology­have been applied to archaeological problems with little concern ror the appropriateness of their scale or their logic. Problem formulatIon has tended to cling timidly to (1) weak "tests" of migration legends, (2) ethnic identification of assemblages and sites, or (3) culture­historical sequences not infrequently defined in terms of "stages:' which can be traced back to L. H. Morgan. The results of thIS intellectual stagnation have been numberless replications of simple research strategies which resulted in the collection of limited classes of data, which were then analysed according to traditional formulae. The inductive conclusions derived from the analyses have, not surprisingly, been taken to confirm both pre-existing models and disciplinary "common sense." There are serious tautologies in this approach.

The logical structure of science, on the other hand, is characterized by earnest efforts to achieve insights which are objective-as free as possible from both personal and cultural bias. To achieve objectivity, scientists must often eschew the ethnocentric limitations of conven­tional speech, and invent words and concepts which help them to partition reality in new ways. This fragmentation of phenomena which are conventionally viewed as simple and "obvious" in everyday speech is at once the strength of the scientific method, the source of its creativity, and the cause of its estrangement from non-practitioners. The scientific method as a mode of inquiry is more demanding than "common sense," but it is the only way to avoid tautologies which restrict our insight into human behavior in the past or present.

Practitioners of archaeology in the Northeast must develop a heightened awareness of their hitherto unquestioned assumptions, a skepticism of simple answers and glib analogies, a sensitivity to the information content of contradictions and, above all, an openness to fresh perspectives upon the human past and on methods for studying it.

PROCEEDINGS, 19178

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN WESTERN NEW YORK BETWEEN 1550 A.D. AND 1650 A.D.

WILLIAM ENGELBRECHT

Pottery rim sherds were examined from eight 16th. and early .17th century village sites south of Buffalo, New York. The Sltes are behev.ed to have been occupied by the Erie and to represent the successIve sou~!lward movement of two contemporaneous communities located 7 to 10 miles apart. Brainerd-Robinson Coefficients of Agreement were calculated between these sites using computer coded ceramic attributes. From these coefficients, the following chronological ordering was inferred: Buffum, Goodyear, Eaton, Newton-Hopper, Green. Lake, Simmons, Ellis, and Kleis. This chronological ordering agrees WIth that arriv,ed at by the late Professor Marian White.

Coefficients of ceramic homogeneity were then calculated for each of the sites. It was found that the latest sites (Ellis and Kleis) were the mos1 heterogeneous ceramically. At least some of the ceramic varia­bility present on these sites seemed due to the presence of Seneca ~d Cayuga style pottery. This impression was strengthened by an examIna­tion of coefficients of agreement which were calculated between the Niagara Frontier Sites and ~ome Sene~a and Cay~ga Sites:

At least 4 different mterpretatJons of thIS ceramIc patte~ are possible: 1) Seneca and Cayuga pots were traded to the NIagara Frontier, 2) Seneca and Cayuga women were captured and taken back to tlle Niagara Frontier, 3) Niagara Frontier women borrowed Seneca and Cayuga pottery styles after having visited those areas, and 4) Seneca and Cayuga women voluntarily moved to the Niaga;a I.'rontier, either upon marriage or as a result of the movement of therr km gr~up to the area. On the basis of available evidence, the fourth explanatIon seems the most likely, thougll it is by no means demonstrated. Future research has the potential for clarifying this question.

ARE WE FAILING OUR TEST PITS?: A COMMENT ON SUB-SURF ACE SAMPLING PROCEDURES

KENNETH FEDER

A major problem exists in the lack: of communication apparent betwl~en archaeologists, engineers, and governmental agencies illvolved ill contract archaeology.

While archaeologists are seeking to develop the killds of subsistence/ settlement models which would enable us to predict, with some degree of accuracy site location and density, these are not yet operational ill term!: of c~ltural resources management. Beyond this, sampling pro­cedures based on what we think we know about site location are considered to be "archaeology by intuition," and a detriment to the resources. The circularity of only looking for sites by testing those killds of areas which have proven archaeologically rich in the past is apparent. Site density, as we now know it ill the Northeast, is probably more a product of where recent people have disturbed the land through farming and development than an accurate representation of site location preference.

TIle example of the "missing" Middle Archaic. in New England is illstructive. Here it can be seen that a whole universe of sites was unknown because these occupations occurred ill areas where we thought we knew sites did not occur: away from the major floodplains, along smaller tributary streams.

The kinds of models we need for site location and density predktion have been proposed by Jochim in his work, Hunter-~the!er Subsistence and Settlement. Hopefully, the development and utilizatIon of such land use models as now being attempted by the Connecticut Archaeological Survey will facilitate our decisions concerning sampling strategies ill individual contract projects.

What we need, above all, are open avenues of communication between archaeologists and others involved ill contract work. Only in this way can "contract archaeology" truly become the management of our cultural resources.

OCCUPATIONAL EPISODES AT SITES OF THE LATE ARCHAIC STAGE: OLDEN THOUGHTS

AND NEW DATA

RICHARD MICHAEL GRAMLY

Models of social structure, population size, and settlement pattern for hunters, gatherers, and fishers are based in part upon ethnographic studie;\ of remnant groups livillg in margillal, higll-Iatitude regions of North America. The applicability of these models to the archaeological record of more southern areas, and to the eastern United States ill particular, is questionable.

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flASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

Studies of the few Late Archaic sites in ~e No.rtheast with thoroughly analyzed dietary samples of la:ge sIZe (v~., Lamoka, Martha's Vineyard stations) ind.icate ~hat resI~en~ was ~Ither perma­nent or interrupted for only bnef penods. T~IS eVld~nce IS opposed to the oft-cited view that most Late ArchaIC statIOns were merely seasonally occupied by small groups. Speculators about the nature of Late Archaic occupation in coastal New York have adhered to. the "traditional" view, but in reality excavations have be~n too small eI~her to reveal population size or to demonstrate seasonalIty of occupat~on:

Data from recent excavations at Pipe~tave Holl<;>w ~Mt. Smal Harbor Long Island) a 2%-acre site attnbutable pnmarily to the Lamok~ culture, sugg~st that occupation there was permanent ~d, further, that there is a need to rethink honored model~ of sOCIal structure, etc. for certain groups of hunters, gatherers, and fIshers.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STRATA VS CULTURAL PROCESS

JACOB W. GRUBER

In borrowing the principle of stratification from geology, nineteenth century archaeology added an indispensable tool for historical. re~)fl­struction to its interpretive kit. Stratification, however, c.arries With It a simplified view of change. in ~hich sequence, often mterrupted. se­quence, can be viewed as hIStOrIcal or cultural process. When combmed with a parallel emphasis upon the construction of types which assumes a temporal isolation for idealized lithic or ceramic forms, the stratifica­tion bias in the Northeast-an area noted for its general scarcity of stratified sites-leads to an oversimplification of the history and nature of the human occupation of the area as well as the relationships which existed between the settling populations here and elsewhere. Moreover, the emphasis upon the development of sequences, often on the evidence alone from surface sites, on the assumption that such sequences are indeed histories, obscures problems of cultural process for the, understanding of which archaeological materials in the North­east can make significant contributions. Stratification is but a single archaeological tool; it carries with it its own bias. To put too great a reliance upon its use can inhibit and has inhibited the exploration of other useful areas of the anthropological context of archaeological materials.

THE SQUIBNOCKET COMPLEX IN THE LOWER CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY

DOUGLAS F. JORDAN

Ritchie defined the Squibnocket Complex from excavations on Martha's Vineyard to include the projectile point types Wading River, Squibnocket Stemmed, and Squibnocket Triangle. The Complex has been generally accepted as a single "monolithic" cultural unit. At the same time, he observed and commented upon the fact that the stratigraphic distribution of the triangular form and of the 2 stemmed forms was not identical, and specifically conjectures about the deriva­tion of the earlier triangUlar variety from Vosburg Laurentian types. Evidence from Woodchuck Knoll, a floodplain site in central Connecti­cut, throws some doubt upon the unitary and integral character of the complex, and some further light upon the origins of the Squibnocket Triangle.

Woodchuck Knoll is a small stratified site with scant but significant evidence suggesting chronological separation between the use of the triangular and the stemmed forms of the Squibnocket Complex pro­jectile points. Initial analysis demonstrates the clear priority of the Squibnocket Triangle beneath the Squibnocket Stemmed with only slight overlap. Attempts to document this in absolute terms by means of radiocarbon dating have been disappointing. Furthermore, Ritchie's original conjecture about derivations have received further support by the presence of Vosburg Complex projectile points from still deeper within the site. Contact between the latter and the Small Stemmed Projectile Point (Atlantic Slope) Tradition may be postulated.

SITE DENSITY AND ELEVENTH HOUR ARCHEOLOGY: A NEW ENGLAND EXAMPLE

GEOFFREY P. MORAN AND PETER F. THORBAHN

This paper examines 4 interrelated issues confronted during on­going investigations of a proposed highway project in southeastern New England.

1. Research Designs and Site Density: Random auger transects at 10-meter intervals have located 27 sites within a 14 mile corridor, a site density 4 times greater than existing locational model predictions.

Page Eleven

2. Field Methods: The same field methods are useful for locating buth historic and prehistoric sites. Sev~ral historic sites have very l?w vi!libility and would have been missed Without careful subsurface-testmg strategy. . if' d

3. On-Site Gravel Pits: Several land owners began or mte,;!s Ie loam or gravel removal operati<;>ns o~ their proper~y before It .was acquired for highway constructIOn, drrectlY Impacting located SItes. Existing antiquities legislation is inadequate to protect cultural re-sources against this category of secondary impact. .

4. Standing Structures vs. Subsurface Resources: StandIng. struc­tures and/or subsurface-historical resources often fail to receIve the sarne attention as prehistoric re~our~s in a proj.ect area .. To a .large extent, this is the result of a bIaS m SHPO revItlw for hJghly-vISi?le above-ground resources. There is a need to staff state archeologIcal programs at the same level as historical and architectural programs.

THE LAST OF THE SQUARE-RIGGED WINDJAMMERS

FLOYD PAINTER

Many people today are striving to preserve the relics of our historic past and we archaeologists are busily uncovering foundations of brick and', 'stone, the earthworks of old forts, and other vestiges of days 10nJl gone. Whole communities are restoring old buildings that relate to therr local history and in these they take great pride. Around the world archaeological research, preservation and restoration is taking place at an ever increasing pace for we realize that the bulldozers of modern progress and technology will soon destroy these symbols of our heritage.

Ruined tamples, historic homes, old fortresses, even old iron foundries have an air of mystery and sometimes romance, but these structures, these artifacts of our ancestors all pale in comparison to the rarest and most romantic of all the symbols of our adventurous past, a square;igged sailing ship. Less than 30 of these winged ships are still afloat in our modern world. The others lie sunken on the rocks of tim(l.

Ships are artifacts too and no other artifact conjures up more visiuns of adventure, romance, and faraway places and climes than does an old square-rigged windjammer. They were ships with wings, so to speak, and they served the most adventurous spirits of the world far longer than any present-day form of transportation. With these winged ship I! our ancestors circumnavigated the globe and explored the naviga­ble far corners of the earth. They served adventurers and pilgrims, pirates and missionary priests, traders and slavers, whalers and seekers of gold, and they brought our forebears to the New World.

Today, many governments, institutions, and private individuals are financing the restoration and preservation of these old ships. They have kept or restored them to sailing condition and staffed them with sea cadets and permanent crews of seasoned veterans of sail. All this at a cost of untold millions of dollars. With a little effort and travel one can visit many of these winged coursers of the deep as they travel from port to port stirring memories of our romantic past.

Pay a visit to a tall square;igged ship-she will stir your blood. The sight of great swelling sails, and the sound of wind strumming the rigging are never to be forgotten.

ANTIQUITY LEGISLATION

DAVID A. POIRIER

Although the legislative seed for cultural resource management has its foundation in 17th century Anglo-American consciousness, active preservation of America's cultural heritage remained subservient to other national considerations until the establishment of several Civil War memorials in the late 1890's. The Antiquities Act of 1906 marks the federal government's abandonment of its piecemeal preservation policy in favor of a cohesive management plan for cultural resources on federal lands, as well as, functioning as the springboard for all subsequent preservation efforts. Congress strengthened the federal preservation policy with respect to cultural resources, and mandated the authority of the National Park Service as the lead agency for federal preservation efforts, through its enactment of the Historic Sites Act of 1935. This legislation reflected Congress' recognition that adequate identification and protection of the Nation's heritage could only bl~ accomplished by uniting the efforts of the federal government with those of state and local governments, preservation organizations and concerned citizens.

The Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960 provides for the recovery and preservation of historical and archaeological data which "otherwise might be irreparably lost or destroyed" by flooding or other construc­tion activities associated with dam or reservoir projects. The Historical and Archaeological Conservation Act of 1974 serves to amend the original Reservoir Salvage Act such that federal action for the identifi-

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Page Twelve

cation and preservation of archaeological data will be undertaken with respect to any alteration of the terrain caused as a result of any federal construction project.

The pivotal preservation legislation with respect to cultural resource protection is the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, This legislation, which establishes a broad policy of historic preservation including the active encouragement of state and local efforts, came about as the result of the federal government's acknowledgement of the inadequacies of the pre-1966 preservation program in the face of an increasing extension of highway sprawl, Urban Megalopolis and the like. Section 101 directs the Secretary of the Interior to expand and maintain a National Register of Historic Places; establishes a State Historic Preservation Office within each state and territory which functions as a liaison agency between the federal and state governments with respect to both general preservation programs and project specific cultural resource review planning coordination; and, establishes a matching grant-in-aid program with respect to cultural resources listed on the National Register.

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 and Advisory Council regulations 36 CFR 800, "Procedures for the Protec­tion of Historic and Cultural Properties," outlines the procedural process to be undertaken by federal agencies with respect to their cultural resource responsibility to identify and assess their project's affect on cultural resources listed on or eligible for the National Register.

For the legislative planning process to function properly for the protection and conservation of archaeological resources, cooperation must be established and strengthened between profeSSional and avoca­tional archaeologists and with the respective State Historic Preservation Office. All archaeologists must remain as active, good-faith participants in order to insure the continuation of the responsible conservation and protection of our nation's archaeological resources.

PEOPLE'S RELATIONSHIP TO SOIL

R. A. REGENSBURG

The use of soils in determining subsistence and settlement for particular prehistoric groups is being hypothesized. A thorough under­standing of the soils and the additional parameters such as orientation and percentage so far has proven to be successful. The region of study is Burlington County, New Jersey and the period of study is the Late Archaic. A number of new sites have been added to advance the understanding of land use by the Archaic Indians.

If one has a fair knowledge of a particular culture such as Koens-Crispin, Savich Farm sites, could the archaeologists find other occupational sites of this culture? Do hunting and gathering peoples go beyond the 2 basic requirements, i.e., high ground next to water_

The author proposes that 1 or 2 possible soil types were preferred for fall and winter sites both of which had fine sands to allow for rapid drainage. Coarse sands and gravel tend to become frost or ice laden in the temperate regions. These are the Pemberton and Tinton soil series which are both rare and which are Aeolian derived.' They only represent a total of 1.3% each or 6,000 acres out of 524,000 acres. It was noted that the soils survey rated these 2 soils not good for hickory or walnut, but the adjacent soils were rated number one, i.e., the Holmdel & Freehold series.

the 2 above mentioned sites were located on the south or southwest side of a major stream and were flanked by minor spring-fed trickles. The area to the south was open to a large hickory-walnut forest area. These are apparently 2 other important parameters considered by the Archaic cultures, i.e., the law of minimum energy for maximum return.

The method of investigation used was tracing the outline of the rare Pemberton and Tinton soils series on soil maps and projecting and then tracing these outlines on USGS maps. The author also employed realtor's aerial photos to observe current land function. These maps allowed observance of topographical stream systems and soil distribu­tion. The total amount and percentage of every soil type in a radius of one mile or 2,000 acres surrounding the 2 known sites was calculated. The author then selected 12 similar areas in the county.

The author had to establish diagnostic cultural objects and to create an importance rating system. The tools consisted of the usual atlatl weights, _th~ chi~ped and ground adze (of a rare argillite material), Koens-Cnspm pomts, shaftsmoothers, a particular stone flaking baton, and the t~ree-quarter grooved axe in that order of importance.

The Sltes selected were visited, collected upon if possible, and surface collections were examined if they existed. So far the author has systematically sampled 10 of the 12 locations. One site was in pasture for 30-40 years, and the other is now forested with a house on it. The other 10 sites produced the predicted cultural material. The surround­ing areas were also examined to test the hypothesis and proved negative, giving support to the concept. The artifacts co llected were all

, ____ -J... ____________ _

PROCEEDINGS, 19'78

of the diagnostic types or categories except for atlatl weights, but they wenl found in the collections.

That soils can be used as a criteria for determining settlement patterns has thus far proved to be a valid and rewarding approach. However, the entire spectrum of the popUlation requirements, i.e., the seasonal round, have to be considered in conjunction with the selected soil types. The hypothesis is still being tested and hopefully other cultural phases will be identified and their settlement then deduced from these same maps.

LOGIC AND ANALOGOUS REASONING

DAVID SANGER

In this paper the theoretical utility of types and phases is examined. Explanation in archaeology, it is suggested, is firmly rooted in ethno­graphic analogy, if not for precise analogues of behavior, then for general descriptive categories, such as settlement, subsistence, and religion. If archaeologists are to use ethnographic analogy then they should be aware of what moaern social anthropological theorists have to say about culture process. In particular, the insular, synchronic, normative model is being challenged. This paper suggests that the theoretical premise behind types and phases represents the normative and synchronic culture model, and for this reason does not provide the best possible approach for prehistoric culture' analysis. It concludes with the hope that archaeologists will re-consider the utility of types and phases, be aware of their limitations, and open up dialogue with sociitl anthropologists to seek a better analogy.

INTERN PROGRAMS IN CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: GOALS AND STRATEGIES

JOHN A. SENULIS GAIL BROWN

In the 5 year interval between 1972 and 1977, the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission has changed from a semi-autono­mou:! state advisory board to a state agency. The Commission's program in archeology reflects this shift and the response to federal legislation. The Commission began as a contract agency SUbcontracting arch!lologists from academic institutions. At this time 100% of the funding was from external sources. Archeological interns were trained to Ntrieve data by traditional excavation techniques. In 1975 the program shifted to a 3 level program in cultural resource management: iden1ifying, evaluating, and managing archeological properties. The current intern program is 100% internally funded and emphasizes train:ing students with previous excavation experience in the basic elements of cultural resource management. The program has undergone a shift in emphasis from data retrieval at a single site through excavation to data retrieval at numerous sites in a given area with excavation as one of many techniques. Interns previously responsible for f,xcavation units at one site must now be responsible for multiple excavation units at many sites. The change in responsibility has nece!:sitated changes in the training of interns.

SHAKING DOWN THE NEW PARADIGM

DEAN R. SNOW

Although a quarter of a century has passed since it was introduced, archaeology has yet to absorb and adjust to the implications of radiol~arbon dating .. Many of the terms we still use began as working hypofueses designed to make up for our lack of independent chrono-10giCi,1 control. Continued use of the old frame of reference even though we now have that independent chronological control often le.ads us into implicitly assuming what we should now be trying to disco':er. I call for the abandonment of such things as stage concepts, especially those that masquerade as periods, as well as the use of phases and traditions that are defined by single artifact classes as if they were whole cultural systems. Some specific examples are cited and sunk.

DISAPPEARING CONNECTICUT

CLARK J. STRICKLAND

Arneri~a is ~enerating "cultural resources" at an astounding rate. The phYSlcal eVidences of modern material culture in the built environ­ment range from drive-in restaurants, banks, and churches to monu­mental public bUildings, from lush golf courses to commercial skate­board runs. But it is fair and correct to say that the past of our own

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leASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION

particular culture, and the evidences of earlier peoples are being obscured by modem development. Connecticut, as it was and as it is, is disappearing.

But the passing of Connecticut's links with the past does not always go un-noticed. It is national policy to identify "cultural resources," and to insure that Federal Programs do not wantonly destroy information vital to an understanding of America's past, and thus, its present. The program is called the National Register of Historic Places. A key problem in administering this program of identification and protection is the old bugaboo of definition.

Definitions are often reached by trying to fit things into them. Consensus historic and architectural resources such as grand colonial homes and public buildings are being joined by Victorian mansions, mill towns, railroad stations, bridges and windmills for buildings and districts. Definitions, such as they are, are expanding. But archeologists have not met the challenge in the same way.

Definitions have not been hammered out, levels of significance have not been established. An even more essential re~nsibility of the archeologist is to insure that portions of Connecticut s and the nation's cultural patrimony are not lost because of a lack of communication.

Until barely one year ago, the State Historic Preservation Officer did not have an archeologist on his staff, despite the fact that the State Historic Preservation Officer was required to review all projects using Federal funding or licensing to determine if those projects would destroy cultural resources. It is no surprise then, that no archeological sites relating to Connecticut prehistory are emolled in the National Register of Historic Places. The historical archeological sites on the National Register are there not through the efforts of archeologists, but because of the interest of historians.

Archeology, and in particular, public archeology, which really means tax financed archeology, is rapidly growing. But many archeolo­gists have failed to assess the importance of various finds of cultural ~ateri~ls, as thou~ to suggest t~at everything is worthy of preserva­tIOn, e1ther by movmg the offendmg project or by paying a handsome sum of.'conscience mo~ey to salvage the material. Much more thought, comP3!lson, and analys1s must be seen in the area of public archeology.

It IS therefore essential that archeologists working in Connecticut co-QRerate in what is an on-going, massive project of identifying and locattng cultural resources. We are approaching a definition and an understanding of what historic and architectural resources are but we are just beginning to address the problem with respect to ar~heology.

The State Historic Preservation Office needs your help. Only by ~~~ing inf?rmation an~ b~!ng sure we all understand the problems can dIsappearing Connect1cut be kept from becoming "destroyed Con­

necticut."

SEASONALITY AND LOCATION PREFERENCES FOR WESTERN CONNECTICUT INDIAN SITES

EDMUND K. SWIGART

Current evidence from 79 sites would continue to indicate a wat~r-relat~d cultural orientation. Twenty-four of 29 sites adjacent to naVIgable flvers and lakes are found at a confluence of the major body of wate.r with a non-!1avigable stream whereas only 13 of 42 small ~on-nav1gable stream SItes are at such a location. Larger water body s~tes are lI:lso half as far apart and contain far more components per Slte. All sItes are found predominantly on the west and north shores. Thus the location of sites is also heavily influenced by where potable water, transportation, trade routes and shelter are available.

!n te~ms of the use of t~e environment to support Late Woodland IndIans. m western Connecticut, current analysis indicates that deer is the major meat 8?urce (90.9~) an~ that deer and perhaps other large mammals were killed largely m wmter. With considerable numbers of preserved nuts and seed~ and with turtles, shellfish, fish and small mamma~s, I?any ';If .WhICh are unavailable in winter, a year-round occupatIOn IS also mdIcated.

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND SYSTEMIC CONTEXT OF STEATITE VESSELS

DAVID H. THOMPSON

. In the arti~le "Archaeological Context and Systemic Context," M1chael B. Schiffer (1972:156-65) has raised the question' How is the ~chaeological record, i.e., archaeological context, formed 'by behavior m a cultural system, i.e., systemic context? He has constructed a flow model. to view the life history of artifacts etc. through the following analytical I?rocesses; Procurement; Manufacture; Transport; Use; Main­~enance; DIscard; Lateral cycling (the termination of an element's use m one se~ of activities and its resumption in another); and Recycling (the routing of an element at the completion of use to the manu­facture process of the same or different element).

Page Thirteen

This model is applied to 5 steatite vessels from an Orient com­ponent at Grannis Island on the Quinnipiac River near New Haven, Connecticut, as well as to others cited in the Northeastern literature. The heuristic value of the model is evident in the questions which may be asked at each analytical process. Quarries may have had near-by occupation sites where the vessels were finished. There is a need for neutron-activation analysis to determine quarry locations and infer transportation routes. There are different sized and shaped vessels within assemblages which may have had different uses when preparing and consuming food, as opposed to stylistic differences. Cracked vessels were maintained by drilling and lacing. It is hypothesized that dirty vtlssels were maintained by scraping encrusted food from the bottom. Eventually the bottom would be worn thin, break, and the vessel discarded. This should be tested by a statistical correlation of the follOWing attributes: thickness of vessel profile and striations due to maintenance, as opposed to manufacturing. Worn out vessels were laterally cycled as grave goods. Broken vessels were recycled as smaller vessels, scoops, beads, etc.

The Orient phase of 3000-2500 B.P. marks the termination of the Archaic adaptive system, and, the end of the socioeconomic system which produced, distributed, and used steatite vessels. With the intro­duction of the Early Woodland occupations which were shifting toward the coast, kn';lwledge of the interior sources of steatite may have been lo:;~. There still could have been a few vessels not yet worn out from mamtenance remaining in occupation sites, but as these were discarded there would have been a greater need for a suitable replacement: Howe~er, pottery does not. necessarily make a superior cooking vessel. Expenmental archaeology 1S needed to determine how steatite and clay vess~ls function over open fires. Schiffer's model should be applied to Stallings Island, Marcey Creek, and other early ceramics and then compared to steatite vessels in order to better understand the nature of technological change.

Schiffer, Michael B. 1972 "Archaeological Context and Systemic Context," American

Antiquity 37(2): 156-65.

NEW DATA ON SCIOTO HOPEWELL SITE GROUPINGS

N'OMI GREBER

Two seasons of salvage excavations at the remnant of the classic H.opewell Edwin Harness Mound, Ross County, Ohio, have not only Ylel~led charcoal for dating and other materials to be analysized for envlro~mental and s.ubstence data, but also the pattern of the struc­tures m use at the SIte before the mound was built. There were 3 main strul:tures gen.erally arranged north-south. The 2 northern ones were rectli11g~1ar WIth rou~ded corners and were joined by a passageway. The thud southern .cucular one was directly conjoined to the middltl rectangular one. ThlS pattern corresponds to that found under the 2 largest mounds :-vithin the !lear-by Seip Earthworks. This correspon­dence, along Wlt~ ~t~er pIeces of detailed construction and burial patterns,. fur~her jUstif1es the hypothesized social connections between the p~ehlstoI1c peoples associated with Seip and Harness both of which are tn-part earthworks. '

DATA RECOVERY PROBLEMS AT THE UPPER FACTORY BROOK SAWMILL

JOHN S. WILSON

. Th.e Il;lral millwright in early 19th century America derived much of h1S te\~hntcal knowledge from source~ unlik~ today's engineering texts. At bt,~!, he followed manuals WhICh relIed heavily upon "rule of th~mb procedUres. At ~orst, he. had only his own experience as a gUide. The result of such uregular mformation flow in a fairly technical craft has se1<i?m ~een. con~idere~. The excavation of the Upper Factory Bro.ok Sawmill. SIte, m MIddlefIeld, Massachusetts, provided an oppor­tumty to examtne these effects.

Thll site .included t~e remains of a dam, headrace, mill foundation and wheelplt, and. tailra.ce. Excavation included sectioning of the headrace c~al and mtensIVe excavation within the wheelpit. Depth of the vyheelp1t .below water table necessitated special equipment and te?~mques un~que. to the excavation of wet sites. A mud pump was utIlized. to mamtam water level within the wheelpit below that of the excavatIOn levels. The exit pipe from this pump was used to water­screen , mud removed from the wheelpit. Actual excavation of the wheelp~t was per~ormed using trowels. This enabled plotting of proveni­ence. for all artifa.cts and features, and also preserved the wheelpit's stratigraphy, rev~almg ~ flood horizon of coarse gravel. .

The anaerob1c envuonment within the wheelpit preserved remains

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Page Fourteen

of wooden machinery and structural components. Preservation was sufficient to enable identification of genera and species utilized. Particular types utilized included eastern hemlock, white ash, American beech, and black cherry.

Analysis of the iron and wooden remains in the wheelpit, as well as the general features of the site indicated that, in a general sense, the mill was typical of its period, the 1820's. However, several dis­crepancies in design and workmanship when compared with idealized

PROCEEDINGS, 1 ~'7S3

mills of this type or standing examples indicate that the builder(s) were not familiar with published millwright manuals and were deficient in their "folk" training in comparison with other practitioners. The poor design of several features of the machinery must have resulted in frequent breakdowns and excessive wear on parts. The analysis of this site indicates that the general technological advancement in America during the early 19th century proceeded at a differential rate, particu­larly in rural areas not adjacent to major industrial centers.