EAST ASIA (chapter 9)
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Transcript of EAST ASIA (chapter 9)
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EAST ASIA(chapter 9)
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EAST ASIA
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MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF EAST ASIA
WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM ONE OF THE WORLD’S EARLIEST CULTURE
HEARTHS INTENSIFYING REGIONAL DISPARITIES POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EAST,
SITUATED IN RIVER BASINS
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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA
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REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER XIZANG (TIBET) XINJIANG MONGOLIA JAKOTA TRIANGLE
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REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER- EASTERN HALF; THE CORE XIZANG (TIBET)- TALL MOUNTAINS AND HIGH
PLATEAUS; SPARSELY POPULATED XINJIANG- VAST DESERT BASIN AND
MOUNTAIN RIMS; A CULTURAL CONTACT ZONE
MONGOLIA- A DESERT, BUFFER STATE THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE
JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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EAST
ASIA
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XIZANG (TIBET) A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
SPARSELY POPULATED
CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720
BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES
FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION
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XINJIANG
COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA
A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE
POPULATION MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF
THE POPULATION BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND
NATURAL GAS UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES
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HONG KONG
MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT
BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR 7 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S
COUNTRIES 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO
CHINA HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG
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MONGOLIA STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED
2.6 MILLION INHABITANTS PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE
1600s UNTIL 1911 BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE, wedged btw
the former USSR (Russia) and China. ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CHINA TOTAL AREA OF CHINA IS ABOUT 3.6
MILLION SQ MI LONGITUDINAL EXTENT IS COMPARABLE TO
THE U.S.; LATITUDINAL RANGE FROM NORTHERN QUEBEC TO CENTRAL CARIBBEAN
BORDERED (SURROUNDED) BY OCEAN, HIGH MOUNTAINS, STEPPE COUNTRY, AND DESERT
VAST AND VARIED TOPOGRAPHY
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CLIMATE COMPARISONINCLUDES THE LARGEST AREA OF HIGHLAND CLIMATE IN THE WORLD
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Warm
Cold
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Dry
Wet
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COLONIALSPHERES
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ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS
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CHINESE PERSPECTIVES ONE OF THE WORLD’S GREAT
CULTURE HEARTHS CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION FOR
OVER 4,000 YEARS VIEW OF CHINA AS THE CENTER OF
THE CIVILIZED WORLD EASTERN VS WESTERN BIAS –
Romans, Greeks vs. Chinese USED TO BE INWARD
LOOKING/CLOSED SOCIETY
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KONGFUZI (CONFUCIUS) CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND
TEACHER, 551- 479 BC CONFUCIANISM TOOK ON SPIRITUAL
PROPORTIONS AFTER HIS DEATH FOCUSED ON THE SUFFERING OF ORDINARY
PEOPLE DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE
AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES
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EXTRATERRITORIALITY Page 469 A DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL
LAW (the basis of “Diplomatic Immunity”). EMPLOYED IN CHINA DURING THE LATE 1800s AFFORDED IMMUNITY FROM LOCAL
JURISDICTION CONSTITUTED AN EROSION OF CHINESE
SOVEREIGNTY DISTINCT ENCLAVES EVOLVED
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CHINA’S POPULATION 1.323 BILLION; 118 MALES /100 FEMALES ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.6% (1970s - 3%) DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 Years (males), 73 Years (females) ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 358 PEOPLE/SQ MI PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,612 PEOPLE/SQ MI
ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND
DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (see next slide)
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POPULATION DENSITY
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CHINA’S LARGE CITIES
BEIJING (CAPITAL) SHANGHI (LARGEST CITY) TIANJIN (PORT CITY) CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN CHINA: SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
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URBAN CHINA 41% URBANIZED LARGEST CITIES ARE
INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE (see Page 459)
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AIR POLLUTION CONGESTION WATER POLLUTION
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REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM 1950s-1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE
PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM
BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL
LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED, AND FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED
INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES
EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY”
DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES – EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH
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AGRICULTURAL
REGIONS
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ENERGY RESOURCES
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SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION – along the coast
(pg 492)
INVESTOR INCENTIVES LIKE: LOW TAXES
EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS
SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES
HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED
PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)
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CHINA’SECONOMIC
ZONES
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THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE CHARACTERISTICS
Great cities Enormous consumption of raw materials State-of-the-art industries Voluminous exports Global links Trade surpluses Rapid development
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•Transportation •Cities
JAPAN
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JAPAN’SCORE AREA
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MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers Reinstated the emperor and began to transform
Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power
Adopted aspects of the British model. See movie “The Last Samurai”.
Launched a systematic study of the industrialized world
Focus was on industrialization and education system
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EXPANSIONIST JAPAN Taiwan 1895 Korea 1910 Pacific Islands Post WW I Manchuria 1931 China 1937 Hong Kong 1939 Southeast Asia 1941
1945 –1952: Allied Occupation
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POPULATION COMPARISONS
297
128
49230
50
100
150
200
250
300M
ILLI
ON
S
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INDIA JAPAN
70+60-6950-5940-4930-3920-2910-19
0-9
AGE MALE FEMALE
20 10 0 10 20Percent of Population
POPULATION PROFILES
MALE FEMALE
30 15 0 15Percent of Population
30
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DECLINING JAPANESE POPULATION Population: 127.9 million Birth rate: 9 births/1,000 Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 Growth rate: 0.1% Life expectancy: 78 yrs (M), 85 yrs (F) Urbanization: 78%
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KOREA
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KOREA The size of Idaho but with a population of
73 million (both Koreas) Turbulent political history
Was a dependency of China Was a colony of Japan Divided into 2 Koreas along the 38th parallel by
Allied Powers > WW II (1945) Cease-fire line established in1953
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NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS NORTH KOREA
55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – mainly with former Soviet Union and China
SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe
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THE KOREAS
POPULATION 23,100,000 48,700,000 GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3 GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,930
AGRICULTURE RESTRICTIVE GOOD (as % of GNP) 25 % 8 % (% work force) 36 % 21 %
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LAND USE PATTERNSRugged MountainsIndustrial AreaMain Rice ProducingSecondary Rice ProducingFree Trade Zone
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SEOUL Capital of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s) 9.6 million people Located in the northwest corner of South
Korea The urban-industrial center
Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic goods
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TAIWAN
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TAIWAN, ROC Historical background:
A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled
from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC), NOT the same as the Peoples Rep. of China.
Territory - approximately 14,000 Square miles Population – 22.8 million 78% urbanized
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FOUR ECONOMIC TIGERS
“TIGER”FormerState
Date of
Split
• SINGAPORE MALAYSIA 1965
• HONG KONG CHINA 1841
• TAIWAN CHINA 1949
• SOUTH KOREA KOREA 1952