East asia and muslim empires test review
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Transcript of East asia and muslim empires test review
East Asia and Muslim EmpiresPeriod 4
1450-1750Test review
Stearns, Chapters 28 and 26
Recovery in ChinaMing ChinaPolitical Development
Mongols collapsed in 1368.
Hongwu established the Ming Dynasty.
Erase memory of Mongol occupation.
Confucian education and civil service reinstated.
Private merchants traded and manufactured porcelain,
silk, and paper.
Ming “Brilliant” Dynasty lasted until 1644.
Intellectual Development
Neo-Confucianism promoted
Yongle Encyclopedia promoted Chinese traditions.
Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduce European
technology and beliefs.
Wider production of printed materials. Novels written in
Chinese.
Largest cities in world
Hongwu controlled nobles with fear
and violence
Exploration
“Comeback Back” Tours (7 between 1405 -1433).
Massive naval and trade fleet headed by Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim eunuch.
Established tributary relations with regions throughout the eastern hemisphere.
Voyages ended in 1433 as Confucian bureaucrats claimed foreign interests had no value to China and
military resources should be directed towards protecting northern frontier from attack.
Recovery in China
Ming China
Indian Ocean Trade Route:
•Multi-Ethnic
•Mostly peaceful
•Depends on Monsoon winds
•Focus on port cities (enclaves) on coast
Zheng He compared to Prince Henry the
Navigator – started school for navigation
Japanese UnificationJapanese UnificationOda NobunagaOda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu
Emperor was a figurehead – no real power
Shogun held real power!
Emperor was a figurehead – no real power
Shogun held real power!
Highly regulated trade – Closed country edict
Threatened by Christianity and Spain in Philippines
Allowed the Dutch, Chinese, and Korea limited trade
Major Achievements:Japanese novels, Kabuki Theater, Literature, art, Castles, block printers.
Women’s rights restricted: lacked education, arranged
marriages,
Ottoman EmpireMehmet II
Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”• 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople and conquered the Byzantine Empire.• Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital. • The Topkapi Palace “Iron Gate”
Suleyman the Magnificent
Suleyman: (1520-1566) – The Greatest Sultan• Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts of Austria.• Turkish Naval Fleet rules the eastern Mediterranean• Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools and mosques.
The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy
SULTANSULTAN
Local Administrators& Military
Local Administrators& Military
Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors
MuslimsMuslims JewsJews
ChristiansChristians
Led by Sultan – Absolute power
Chief minister, or adviser, to the SultanGrandVizier
Viziers
GrandVizier
Viziers
Positions were based on merit, not birth.
Provincial Governors (Beys)And Military elite -
The Janissaries
Provincial Governors (Beys)And Military elite -
The Janissaries
Heads of Individual
Religious Millets
Heads of Individual
Religious Millets
Process of succession was not distinct –
could cause conflict
Who do you think had the real power?
Decline of Ottoman Empire
• Sultans lose power to Vizier’s and Janissaries
• Vague process of succession • Internal government corruption
• Empire became too large to control• Loss of loyalty – no more land to
conquer and give away
• Lack of military technology
• Economy suffered• Silk Road Trade
monopoly ended – European water
routes• Inflation due influx
of silver• Did not industrialize
– craft guilds
• The Siege of Vienna – Suleyman’s forces were
turned back in 1529•Lost the Battle of Lepanto
to Spain in 1571
Mughal DynastyBabur (r. 1526-1530)
• Military general who led his people to victory
• Writer, loved music and art
• Did little to administer the empire
Akbar (r. 1556-1605)
• Great military commander
• Expanded the dynasty to twice the size of what it was
• Reformed government
• Accepted Hinduism –
•allowed intermarriage, no tax on non-Muslims, Hindus allowed high gov’t positions, allowed Hindu temples to be built
• Created the Din-i-Ilahi
Major Achievements• Enormous army
• Cotton textiles – Demand for Asian goods becomes financed by New World silver
• Polo
• Artwork – influence from Europe
• Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Akbar’s Tomb
• Literature: Baburnama (literally: "Book of Babur“)
• Sikhism begins by Guru Nanak
DeclineAurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)
• Restored Jaziya, the tax on non-Muslims.• Razed temples, built mosques on their foundations. • Forbade building of new temples, banned music at court, abolished ceremonies
• Emperors neglect people
• Bureaucracy was corrupt
• Army backwards in technology and tactics
• High taxes on people
• Lack of tolerance for Hinduism
• Tried to conquer all of India
• Peasant uprisings
• European intervention