Easc116 introduction
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Transcript of Easc116 introduction
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Geology is a young science
Geology = study of solid EarthRoots are in observations of
natural world
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Nicolaus Steno (1669)
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1669: Nicolaus Steno
Originated three basic principles:
1) Superposition
- in series of layers, oldest layer is on bottom
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Steno’s Basic Principles
2) Original Horizontality
- sediments (layers) are deposited parallel to Earth’s surface
- forces act on rx after they were deposited
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Steno’s Basic Principles
3) Lateral Continuity- sediment deposited to the edge
of its depositional environment- rock layers continue laterally for
a distance
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Lateral Continuity
Determined by field
mapping or drilling
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Principle of Uniformitarianism
1787: James HuttonPhysical, chemical, & biologic
laws unchanged through time- forces which appear small can
produce features very largeEx: Colorado River and Grand
Canyon
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Uniformitarianism
Important: Processes are the same, but the rates change
Ex: Earth’s harsh early atmosphere & lack of plants speeded erosion
Ex: Banded iron formations
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Physical Geology
Studies:
1)Earth Materials- minerals- rocks
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Physical Geology
Studies: - changes on
Earth’s surface
& interior
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Physical Geology
2) dynamic forces that cause change (both external & internal)
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THEME:
EARTH IS DYNAMIC!
(and)
Everything is connected
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4 parts to Earth’s system:
1) Atmosphere - carbon dioxide (CO2)
- free oxygen (O2)
- water vapor (H2O)
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4 parts to Earth’s system:
2) Hydrosphere – includes:
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4 parts to Earth’s system:
3) Biosphere – all life
4) Geosphere – planet
Earth’s structure = crust, mantle, core
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4 parts are interrelated:
Ex: Clear cutting a forest
Biosphere:
Atmosphere:
Geosphere:
Hydrosphere:
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4 parts are interrelated:
Ex: Volcanic eruption
Biosphere:
Atmosphere:
Geosphere:
Hydrosphere:
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Uniformitarianism
Important: Processes are the same, but the rates change
Ex: Earth’s harsh early atmosphere & lack of plants speeded erosion
Ex: Banded iron formations
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All parts are interrelated:
Ex: building a dam
Biosphere:
Atmosphere:
Geosphere:
Hydrosphere:
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Glen Canyon Dam
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Science
Attempts to understand, explain, and predict events
- collects data to discover patterns in natural world
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Geologists at Work
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Tools of Geology
Rock Hammer
Maps
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Detective Analogy
Geologists are solving a mystery
Scene of Clues Crime
the Crime Solved
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Scientific Process
Ask a question:
Why doesn’t my #!*#*! car start?
1) Collect facts by observation or measurement
Gas gauge, lights, radio, etc.
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Scientific Process
2) Explain how or why it happens(hypothesis)
Battery is dead3) Design experiment to test
validity of hypothesis Try to jump start battery
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Scientific Process
4) Accept, modify, or reject hypothesis after extensive testing
Theory – well-tested framework that best explains the observations
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Scientific Revolution
New information leads to a better explanation of observations
Occurs due to:a) new approach to the
question
b) new technology
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Scientific Revolution in Geology
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Continental Drift
1915:
Alfred Wegener
- hypothesized the supercontinent Pangaea (“all land”)
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Pangaea
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2 byo rx
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Both 2 byo & ½ byo rx
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Scientific Revolution
New information leads to a better explanation of observations
Occurs due to:a) new approach to the
question
b) new technology
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WWII
New technology = fathometer-used to map ocean floor
topography
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Harry Hess
1962:
Hypothesized sea-floor spreading
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Plate dynamics
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Plate map
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Plate Tectonics Theory
Plate – rigid slab of lithosphere
Plates move independently
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Types of Plate Boundaries
1) Divergent – plates pull away from each other
- caused by magma rising to create new seafloor
- “sea-floor spreading”
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Types of Plate Boundaries
2) Convergent – plates collide
Can be marked by:
a) deep-sea trenches
b) mountains
c) volcanic activity
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Types of Plate Boundaries
3) Transform
- plates slide laterally
- characterized by shallow EQ’s
Ex: San Andreas Fault
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Geologic Time
“Deep time”
Earth = 4.6 billion years old
Relative Dating – putting rocks/events in chronological order
1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.
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Geologic Time Scale
Paleozoic Era (“ancient life”)
“Age of Invertebrates”
- ended with largest mass extinction in Earth’s history
(over 90% organisms were extinct by 245 mya)
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Geologic Time Scale
Mesozoic Era (“middle life”)
“Age of the Dinosaurs”
- ended with extinction of dinosaurs (66 mya)
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Geologic Time Scale
Cenozoic Era (“recent life”)
“Age of Mammals”
Will the Cenozoic Era end?