Earthquake Hazard for Nonstructural Elements

Earthquake-Resistant Design (ERD) Philosophy that is currently agreed upon internationally for buildings requires that,

- Minor earthquake shaking is resisted with NO damage to SEs and NSEs;- Moderate shaking with MINOR damage to SEs, but SOME damage to NSEs; and- Severe (and infrequent) shaking with damage to SEs, but with NO collapse of SEs

But , It is insufficient for SEs for NSEs of both normal buildings Thus, a REVISED ERD Philosophy is required for normal buildings as

- Minor earthquake shaking resisted with NO damage to SEs and NSEs,- Moderate shaking with NO damage to SEs and NSEs, and-Severe shaking with damage to SEs but with no structural collapse, and with no permanent damage to NSEs;

for critical & lifeline buildings as- Minor earthquake shaking resisted with NO damage to SEs and NSEs,- Moderate shaking with NO damage to SEs and NSEs, and- Severe shaking with MINOR damage to SEs, and all NSEs available for immediate use in the aftermath

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

REVISED

REVISEDfor critical andlifeline buildings

Lifeline & Critical Buildings

Hospitals,

Schools,

Administrative centres,

Fire service and police stations,

Community halls

A ward room in Loon community hospital, wrecked by the earthquake

https://www.ifrc.org/es/noticias/noticias/asia-pacific/philippines/mounting-health-concerns-in-the-aftermath-of-the-bohol-earthquake-as-hospitals-destroyed-63670/

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/05/my-entry-1.html

Architectural non structural Elements

- Partitions , Ceilings and Soffits - Computer access floors - Curtain wall, Windows and Glazing- Permanent Ornamentation- Claddings

Other non structural Elements

- Also mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) components such as HVAC units, ducts, conduits, and pipes- furniture, fixtures, and equipment - and other building contents.

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

Photo courtesy of Degenkolb Engineers

Photo courtesy of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates

Appropriately braced partial height stud partition

Failure of inadequately braced partial height partitionsPARTİTİONS

Partıtıon free to slıdeat top but restraınedlaterally

Reference: https://www.fema.gov/earthquake-publications/fema-e-74-reducing-risks-nonstructural-earthquake-damage-chapter-6321#2

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

Reference: https://www.fema.gov/earthquake-publications/fema-e-74-reducing-risks-nonstructural-earthquake-damage-chapter-6321#2

Reference: https://www.fema.gov/earthquake-publications/fema-e-74-reducing-risks-nonstructural-earthquake-damage-chapter-6321#2

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

Plywood overlay Reinforced concrete overlay

Reference: National Research Council Canada http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ctu-

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

Reference: CUREE , Nonstructural Earthquake Damage 2009

CEİLİNG

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

Reference: CUREE , Nonstructural Earthquake Damage 2009

GLAZİNG

WİNDOWS AND GLAZİNG

Tempered glass Laminated glass

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

MASONARY PARAPHETS

Reference: National Research Council Canada http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ctu-

Reference: CUREE , Nonstructural Earthquake Damage 2009

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Unexpected-Quake-Risks-In-California-Public-Schools-291100881.html

Light fixtures :The lights can be sharp and heavy and can directly fall on the head

Toppled cabinets, 1994 Northridge Earthquake.: Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, FEMA 77

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

Fitting bookshelves with edge restraints or elastic cords to keep books from falling

Building Utility Elements

Fuel Tanks and Distribution

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

Gas or fuel supply pipe

Reference : Field Manual FEMA 74-FM / September 2005 prepared by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc

Reference : Introduction to Earthquake Protection of Non-Structural Elements in Buildings, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority ,C. V. R. Murty Rupen Goswami A. R. Vijayanarayanan R. Pradeep Kumar Vipul V. Mehta

Toppling of gas cylinders

Pullout of electrical control panel