Earth/Environmental - Introduction
-
Upload
lorizimmerman -
Category
Education
-
view
238 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Earth/Environmental - Introduction
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Introduction to Introduction to Earth/Environmental ScienceEarth/Environmental Science
1.1. GeologyGeology
Study of the Study of the origin, history, origin, history, and structure of and structure of the earththe earth
2.2. MeteorologyMeteorologyStudy atmosphere, Study atmosphere,
especially weather especially weather
& weather conditions& weather conditions
3.3. OceanographyOceanographyStudy of the ocean and its phenomenaStudy of the ocean and its phenomena
4. Astronomy4. Astronomy
Study of the Study of the
position, composition position, composition
of stars, planets & other objectsof stars, planets & other objects
EarthEarth’’s 4 Spheress 4 Spheres
Geosphere/
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
I.I. Observation - Observation - Interaction of our Interaction of our senses.senses.
A.A. The five senses The five senses include:include:1.1. SightSight
2.2. HearingHearing
3.3. Touch/FeelTouch/Feel
4.4. TasteTaste
5.5. SmellSmell
How do Scientists Gather How do Scientists Gather Information?Information?
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
B. Testing your powers of B. Testing your powers of observation:observation:
1.1. Use only your Use only your sense of sight to sense of sight to make make observations to observations to determine:determine:
A.A. Which (if either) of Which (if either) of the two center the two center circles is largest or circles is largest or smallest.smallest.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Is this a young Is this a young woman or an old woman or an old woman?woman?
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Our powers of observation are Our powers of observation are limited by our senses.limited by our senses.
C. C. InstrumentsInstruments – can be used to – can be used to improve or extend our powers of improve or extend our powers of observation. These devices have been observation. These devices have been invented by people to invented by people to extend the human senses beyond their normal limits, and thus enable us to make , and thus enable us to make observations that would otherwise be observations that would otherwise be impossible or highly inaccurate.impossible or highly inaccurate.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
II. II. InferenceInference
An interpretation An interpretation or a conclusion or a conclusion (educated guess) (educated guess) based on based on observations. observations.
They may or may They may or may not be true.not be true.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
A. For example, if you observed the A. For example, if you observed the appearance of more and more clouds that appearance of more and more clouds that were darker and darker in color, you might were darker and darker in color, you might
infer that:infer that:
It will rainIt will rain ThereThere’’s a storm s a storm
comingcoming
Read the statements in your notes and decide whether they are an observation or inference.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
III. MeasurementIII. Measurement
A.A. A measurement is a way of expressing an A measurement is a way of expressing an observation with greater precision. It observation with greater precision. It provides a numerical value for some property provides a numerical value for some property of the object or the event being observed.of the object or the event being observed.
1.1. All measurements consist of: All measurements consist of: (a) (a) Numerical Numerical valuevalue
(b) (b) Label (units)Label (units)
2.2. Properties that can be measured include; length, area, Properties that can be measured include; length, area, volume, mass, weight, temperature, density, time, etc.volume, mass, weight, temperature, density, time, etc.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
B. Linear Measurement (or B. Linear Measurement (or ““one dimensionaone dimensionall””) – ) – distance between two (2) pointsdistance between two (2) points
1.1. Instrument – Instrument – RulerRuler
2.2. Unit – MeterUnit – Metera)a) centi – 1/100 metercenti – 1/100 meter 100100 centimeters = 1 meter centimeters = 1 meter
b)b) milli – 1/1000 metermilli – 1/1000 meter 10001000 millimeters = 1 millimeters = 1 metermeter
c)c) kilo – 1000 meterskilo – 1000 meters 11 kilometer = 1000 meters kilometer = 1000 meters
Read and convert the model in your notes!
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
C. Mass – C. Mass – The amount of matter an The amount of matter an object possessesobject possesses
1.1. Instrument – Instrument – Triple-beam or electronic balanceTriple-beam or electronic balance
2.2. Units: (a) Units: (a) gramsgrams(b) (b) milligramsmilligrams
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
D. D. DensityDensity – – Concentration of matter in an object expressed in a ratio of mass percent
per unit volume
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Blinding You With ScienceBlinding You With Science
Density
Density and your understanding of it is the key to understanding almost everything in Earth Science! It applies to:
Ocean Currents
Separation of spheres
Force behind plate tectonics
Movement of air and wind
IV. ErrorsIV. Errors Since all Since all
measurements are measurements are made by senses or by made by senses or by extensions of senses extensions of senses (instruments), they (instruments), they cannot be expected to cannot be expected to be be ““exactexact””. Therefore . Therefore a small margin of error a small margin of error is expected.is expected.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
V.V. Nature of ChangeNature of Change The Earth environment is
in a constant state of change. These changes can be sudden, one time events (ex: Volcanic eruption) or cyclic (ex: Tides).
Dynamic Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium – – EarthEarth’’s tendency to try to s tendency to try to balance opposing forces.balance opposing forces.
VI. Methods of ScienceVI. Methods of Science
To answer questions, scientists use To answer questions, scientists use many approaches, but they all use many approaches, but they all use common steps – SCIENTIFIC METHODcommon steps – SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.1. Problem/QuestionProblem/Question
Develop a question or problem that Develop a question or problem that can be solved through can be solved through experimentationexperimentation
2. 2. Observation/ResearchObservation/Research
Make observations and research Make observations and research your topic of interest.your topic of interest.
3. 3. HypothesisHypothesis Possible explanation for Possible explanation for the problem. the problem. - Must be testable!- Must be testable!- Example: - Example: If soil temperatures If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth rise, then plant growth will increase.will increase.
4. 4. ExperimentExperimentDevelop a procedure to Develop a procedure to test your hypothesis. test your hypothesis. Must be measurable Must be measurable (quantifiable).(quantifiable).
55. . Collect & Analyze ResultsCollect & Analyze Results- - DataData is information obtained is information obtained from from an experimentan experiment- Can disprove or prove a - Can disprove or prove a hypothesishypothesis- Include tables, graphs & - Include tables, graphs & photographs, numbers, photographs, numbers, descriptorsdescriptors
6.6. ConclusionConclusion- Statement that accepts or - Statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis rejects the hypothesis
- Make recommendations for - Make recommendations for further studyfurther study
VII. Representing DataVII. Representing Data
GraphingGraphing- A visual representation of - A visual representation of data data collected in an collected in an experimentexperiment
1. 1. LineLine
Shows trends easilyShows trends easily
Experimental VariablesExperimental Variables1.1. IndependentIndependent Variable Variable
On theOn the XX axisaxis Intentionally manipulated variableIntentionally manipulated variable Ex: Time will be taken every 1 minute Ex: Time will be taken every 1 minute
beginning at T= 0beginning at T= 0
2.2. DependentDependent Variable Variable On the On the YY axis axis Factor that may change as a result of Factor that may change as a result of
changes made in the independent changes made in the independent variablevariable
Ex: Temperature of hot liquid after T= 20 Ex: Temperature of hot liquid after T= 20 minutes.minutes.
Direct Relationship - Both variables change in the same direction (both increase)
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Ex: The effect of temperature on volume of gas
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Inverse (Indirect) Inverse (Indirect) Relationship - Relationship - When one variable increases as the other decreases.
EX: Volume vs. Pressure on a gas
You would say as pressure increases, the volume of the gas decreases.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Cyclic changesCyclic changes: : involve events that repeat in time and space in an orderly
manner.
Ex: TidesEx: Tides
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
ExtrapolationExtrapolation• Making a prediction Making a prediction
about a future event about a future event based on the based on the graphed data.graphed data.
• The "trend" of the The "trend" of the data is extended data is extended past the last point past the last point given and an given and an estimate made of the estimate made of the
value.value.
2. 2. BarBar
Shows countsShows counts..
3. PieShows percent of a whole.
Created by: L.ZimmermanCreated by: L.Zimmerman
Graph Checklist
What Makes for a Good Graph?For a Good Graph, You Should Answer "Yes" to Every Question
Have you selected the appropriate graph type for the data you are displaying?
Yes / No
Does your graph have a title? Yes / No
Have you placed the independent variable on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis?
Yes / No
Have you labeled the axes correctly and specified the units of measurement?
Yes / No
Does your graph have the proper scale (the appropriate high and low values on the axes)?
Yes / No
Is your data plotted correctly and clearly? Yes / No