Earth Science Oceanography
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Transcript of Earth Science Oceanography
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Earth Science Oceanography
“Water World”
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เนื้��อหา1 .มหาสมทรของโลก2. สมดุลความร�อนื้ของ
โลก3. กระแสนื้��าในื้มหาสมทร4. คล��นื้5. นื้��าข��นื้นื้��าลง6. สมทรศาสตร�ใกล�ฝั่ � ง7. เอลนื้!นื้โญ ลานื้!นื้ญา
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แรงภายนื้อกท&�กระท�าต'อมหาสมทร เช่'นื้ ลม (คล��นื้ ความปั่ � นื้ปั่*วนื้ คล��นื้ในื้เสกลใหญ' การไหล
เว&ยนื้ การอ 'นื้ข��นื้เนื้��องมาจากดุวงอาท!ตย�และพล.งงานื้ความ
ร�อนื้จากภายในื้โลก การเย/นื้ลง การระเหย เนื้��องจากดุวงอาท!ตย�และลม หยาดุนื้��าฟ้1า (precipitation)
แรงจากดุวงจ.นื้ทร�และดุวงอาท!ตย�ท&�ท�าให�เก!ดุการข��นื้ลง (tidal potential)
แผ่'นื้ดุ!นื้ไหว แรงดุ�งดุ3ดุของโลก แรงเส&ยดุทานื้ แรงภายในื้ท&�ต'อมหาสมทร? ความแตกต'างของแรงกดุดุ.นื้ (pressure
gradients)
ความหนื้�ดุ (viscosity ) หร�อ แรงเส&ยดุทานื้ (friction)
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1. มหาสมทรของโลกบนื้ผ่!วหนื้�าโลกม&นื้��าปั่กคลมถึ�ง 708. %
ในื้บร!เวณท&�ม&แต'ผ่�นื้นื้��า ไม'ม&แผ่'นื้ดุ!นื้ในื้แนื้วขนื้านื้ก.บละต!จ3ดุ (zonal) เลย อย3'ระหว'าง 8
- 5900 เหนื้�อ และ - 5560
0 ใต� ท&�ละต!จ3ดุ - 4570
0 เหนื้�อ ม&แผ่'นื้ดุ!นื้มากกว'าแผ่'นื้นื้��า ท&�ละต!จ3ดุ - 7090
0 ใต� ม&แต'เพ&ยงแผ่'นื้ดุ!นื้ (แอนื้ทาร�คต!ก�า)
zonal : แนื้วตะว.นื้ออก-ตะว.นื้ตก ขนื้านื้ก.บละต!จ3ดุMeridional : แนื้วเหนื้�อ-ใต� ขนื้านื้ก.บลองจ!จ3ดุ
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Pacific Ocean
• The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans• body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the WesternHemisphere
•155.557 million sq km
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Atlantic Ocean
• The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceans
• body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean, and the Western Hemisphere
• 76.762 million sq km
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Indian Ocean• The Indian Ocean
is the third largest of the world's five oceans
• body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and Australia
• 68.556 million sq km
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Arctic Ocean • The Arctic Ocean
is the smallest of the world's five oceans
• body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north of the Arctic Circle
• 14.056 million sq km
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Arctic Ocean Bathy-metry (NOAA image). The ocean areas are all in blue with the darker blues the deeper areas. The green indicates lowlands and the browns indicate in-creasing altitude as the browns turn darker and get to greys. All the white on Green-land is permanent ice. Image has been edited to include the tree line (yellow) and the 10 isotherm (red).
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Southern Ocean • The International
Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans
• body of water between 60 degrees south latitude and Antarctica
• 20.327 million sq km
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Ocean Area (km2) Ave Depth
(m)
Deepest Depth (m)
Pacific 155,557,000 4,637 Mariana Tr. 11,034
Atlantic 76,762,000 3,921 Puerto Rico Tr. 8,605
Indian 68,556,000 3,963 Java Tr. 7,724
Arctic 14,056,000 1,205 Eurasia Basin
(Molloy Deep ) 5,450Southern
20,327,000 4,500 South Sandwich
Trench 7,235
The International Hydrographic Organization 2000
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Geometry Distribution
Tarbuck & Lutgens (1997)
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Marine Morphology สั�ณฐานใต้ทะเล
Continental margin ขอบทว&ปั่– Coastline ชายฝั่�� งทะเล– Continental shelf บ่�าทวี�ป– Continental slope ไหล�ทวี�ป– Continental rise ลาดทวี�ป Ocean basin floor พ��นื้ท�องสมทร– Abyssal plain ท��ราบ่ใต้ทะเลล�ก– Sea mount เขาใต้สัมุ!ทร Mid ocean ridge ส.นื้กลางมหาสมทร
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Garrison, p.90.
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Continental margin ขอบทว&ปั่Coastline ชายฝั่�� งทะเล• a line on a map indicating the disposition of a
coast
Continental shelf บ่�าทวี�ป• The width of the continental shelf varies
significantly The largest shelf—the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean stretches to 1500 km
• average depth being ~130 m• flat topography (0.1° gradient)
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Continental slope ไหล�ทวี�ป• separated from the continental slope by the
shelfedge or shelf-break
• Approximately 200 m depth
• The gradient of the slope (4° on an average) but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°
Continental margin ขอบทว&ปั่
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Continental rise ลาดทวี�ป• Extending as far as 500 km from the slope
• consists of thick sediments deposited
• Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1°
Continental margin ขอบทว&ปั่
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Ocean basin floor พ��นื้ท�องสมทร
http://www.nio.org/aroundus/Sagar/ocean_floor.jsp
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20http://www-aviso.cls.fr/html/applications/geophysique/geoid_uk.html
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mediterranean sea mostly enclosed sea that has limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds
ทะเลเมดุ!เตอเรเนื้&ยนื้ ม.กม&แผ่'นื้ดุ!นื้ล�อมรอบเปั่8นื้ส'วนื้มาก ม&ร'องนื้��า 2-3 ช่'อง บางคร.�งม&ช่��อว'า ทะเล(ยโรปั่)เมดุ!เตอเรเนื้&ยนื้ ถึ�าหยาดุนื้��าฟ้1าท&�เข�ามามากท�าให�การสมดุลของนื้��าเปั่8นื้บวก ดุ.งนื้.�นื้ ดุ�วยค�าจ�าก.ดุความนื้&� ท.�งทะเลอาร�คต!คและแคร!บเบ&ยนื้จ�งเปั่8นื้ทะเลเมดุ!เตอเรเนื้&ยนื้ เร&ยกทะเลอาร�คต!คเมดุ!เตอเรเนื้&ยนื้ และทะเลแคร!บเบ&ยนื้เมดุ!เตอเรเนื้&ยนื้
Mediterranean sea
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Mediterranean sea
The mediterranean seas of the Atlantic Ocean • The European Mediterranean Sea including the
Black Sea , the Sea of Azov, the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara
• Baffin Bay • The Baltic Sea
The mediterranean seas of the Indian Ocean • The Persian Gulf • The Red Sea
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Marginal Seas ทะเลร!มทว&ปั่ • A marginal sea is a part of ocean partially
enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos or peninsulas.Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds
• เปั่8นื้แอ'งนื้��าทะเลขนื้าดุใหญ' ท&�ต'อก.บมหาสมทรเปั่9ดุโดุยร'องนื้��าแคบๆหนื้��งแห'งหร�อมากกว'า ทะเลร!มทว&ปั่อ��นื้ๆ ท&�แยกออกจากมหาสมทรเปั่9ดุโดุยช่'องแคบ (straits) หร�อ หม3'เกาะ
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Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean • The Bering Sea (separated by the Aleutian
Islands) • The Sea of Japan (by the Japanese
Archipelago)
Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean • The North Sea (separated by Great Britain)
A marginal sea of the Indian Ocean • The Andaman Sea (separated by the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands)
Marginal Seas ทะเลร!มทว&ปั่
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2 . การขนื้ส'งความร�อนื้การโยกย�ายความร�อนื้ม& 3 ว!ธี& ค�อ การนื้�าความร�อนื้ conduction
การพาความร�อนื้ convection
การแผ่'ร.งส& radiation
ความร�อนื้ม& 2 ช่นื้!ดุ ค�อ• ความร�อนื้ส.มผ่.ส Sensible heat และ• ความร�อนื้แฝั่งLatent heat
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Heat transfer
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Heat transfer
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Houghton, p. 18
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Fig.1.4 a,b
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3 . กระแสนื้��าในื้มหาสมทรช่นื้!ดุของกระแสนื้��าในื้มหาสมทร กระแสนื้��าท&�ถึ3กข.บดุ.นื้ดุ�วยลม กระแสนื้��าท&�ถึ3กข.บดุ.นื้ดุ�วยความหนื้าแนื้'นื้ (เช่'นื้ turbidity current ก.บ
thermohaline circulation
กระแสนื้��าท&�ถึ3กข.บดุ.นื้ดุ�วยแรงดุ�งดุ3ดุของโลก กระแสนื้��าข��นื้นื้��าลง และกระแสนื้��าท&�ถึ3กข.บดุ.นื้ดุ�วยคล��นื้ (สองพวกนื้&�ม&ความส�าค.ญแถึวใกล�ฝั่ � ง)
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Six major circulation cells in the global ocean (modified from Garrison,1995).
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Sargasso Sea
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Currents-Horizontal
•Surface (Shallow Circulation)
•Driven by Winds
•Global Patterns
•Effect of Coriolis Force
•Ekman Spiral
•Effect of Landmasses
•Ekman Transport
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Coriolis force
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Ocean Surface circulation.Tarbuck & Lutgens (1997)
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•Gyres
•Major circular bodies
•Result from boundary currents being deflected by winds and Coriolis
•Clockwise in NHM
•Counter-clockwise in SHM
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Coriolis effect
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Gyres
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Western Boundary Currents
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Eastern Boundary Currents
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Subsurface-Patterns in the Atlantic
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กระบวนื้การทางมหาสมทร 1อ.ปั่สรสดุา ศ!ร!พงศ�
ภาคว!ช่าว!ทยาศาสตร�ทางทะเล คณะว!ทยาศาสตร�
จฬาลงกรณ�มหาว!ทยาล.ย โทร/โทรสาร
- -022185405
e-mail: [email protected]การอบรมคร3ผ่3�สอนื้ว!ช่าว!ทยาศาสตร�
โลก ระดุ.บม.ธียมปั่ลาย4 พฤษภาคม 2548 เวลา
10.30-12.00 นื้.