Earth Science. Geopshere ppt
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Transcript of Earth Science. Geopshere ppt
Four Systems
of
Our
Earth
6th Sense Thursday February 12th
Q: Where do rocks come from?
Composition of Earth Earth Has 4 main systems that interact:
Earth’s systems
Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Geosphere
water life land/rockAir/gases
Composition of Earth Earth Has 4 main systems that interact:
The Atmosphere The Hydrosphere The Biosphere The Geosphere
The solid earth (rock) Continental earth, and solid earth (continental crust)
under water and the oceans (oceanic crust)
What are rocks made of?
Minerals are not made by people; they are …
…naturally occurring substances.
Name four properties (or clues) that scientists use to identify minerals.
Color, luster, streak, and hardness
Property of mineral: color The color of a rock can be a clue to what it
is made up of. Sometimes the color can help you figure out what it is, other times it can fool you.
Copper is reddish Sulfer is yellowish
Sometimes the color can help you figure out what it is, other times it can fool you.
WHICH ONE IS GOLD? WHICH ONE IS PYRITE, OR BETTER KNOWN AS FOOLS GOLD.
Did you guess? As you can see…
Color may be misleading. GOLD FOOLS GOLD
Which property means the way the light bounces off the mineral?
What words can be used to describe a mineral’s luster?
Glassy, dull, shiny, greasy
Property of mineral: streak
Streak is the color of the powdered mineral
Property of mineral: hardness
How tightly the atoms are bonded together in the rock…. How HARD or soft is the mineral?
What are three testers that can be used to determine a mineral’s hardness?
fingernail, penny, nail
TYPES OF ROCKSClassified by how they
Are formed.
IGNEOUS ROCKS(melted rock from inside
The Earth cools)
SEDIMENTARY(sediment collects in
Layers that form rocks)
METAMORPHIC(rocks form from
Pressure and temp)
EXTRUSIVEMelted rock cools
Melted rock that reachesThe surface is called lava.
INTRUSIVEMagma forced up but Doesn’t reach surface
Magma—melted rock that Doesn’t reach the earth.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous RocksAny rock that forms from magma or
lava
MAGMA--
LAVA—reaches Earth’s surface
Never reaches Earth’s surface
Origin of Igneous
Classified according to where they are found.
Extrusive rock— formed from lava that erupted onto the Earth’s surface. Fine grained. (ex. Basalt)
Intrusive rock— formed when magma hardens beneath the Earth’s surface. Coarse grained. (ex. Granite)
EXTRUSIVE ROCKS (lava) Extrusive Rocks Form 2 ways
Volcanoes erupt and shoot out lava and ash. Large cracks in Earth’s crust (fissures), can open
up. Lava oozes out onto ground or into water.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sediments form RockSediments form Rock
Form from particles deposited by water and wind.
Sediment—small, solid pieces of material that come from rocks or living things.
Water, wind, and ice can carry sediment and deposit it in layers.
Examples of Sediment
Mud Pebbles Shells Bones Sand grains Leaves stems Living remainsOver time, any remains from living may slowly harden
and change into fossils trapped in the rock.
Sedimentary rocks form in 3 ways:
Detrital Rocks
Made up of grains of minerals or other rocks.
The weight of the sediments squeezes them into layers.
Sedimentary rocks form in 3 ways: Organic rocks— formed from fossils (the hard
parts of dead organisms like bones/ shells
Sedimentary rocks form in 3 ways:
Chemical Rocks
Seawater filled with minerals evaporates. As water evaporates, layers of minerals are left behind.
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Clastic (Detrital Rocks)Clastic (Detrital Rocks) Forms when rock fragments are squeezed
together. (ex. Sandstone)Organic RocksOrganic Rocks Forms where remains from plants/ animals
are deposited. (ex. Coal and limestone)Chemical RocksChemical Rocks Forms when minerals that are dissolved in a
solution crystallize.
The breaking down and wearing away of rocks is called…
The movement of sediments from one place to another is called…
Erosion Destructive forces break up and wear away
present rock. Heat, cold, rain, waves, grinding ice Running water or wind loosen and carry away
the fragments of rock.
Deposition
The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it.
The eroding water or wind slows and deposits the sediment. If carried by water, rock fragments and other
materials sink to the bottom of a lake or ocean.
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0604/es0604page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Compaction
Its been moved away and now dropped. Heavy thick layers of sediment build up The weight presses down on the layers Compaction—process that presses
sediments together. Each year, new sediments fall creating new
layers. The layers are often visible
Cementation
The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together.
Where loose sediments become solid sedimentary rock Minerals dissolve in water and then seep into
spaces between sediment.
Review:Processes that change sediment into sedimentary rock
1. Erosion
2. Deposition
3. Compaction
4. Cementation
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/flash/es0602_p02_rockcycle.swf
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks Heat and pressure deep in the Earth can
change any rock into a metamorphic rock. Heat from mantle Pressure due to depth. Minerals can change into
other minerals.
Classifying Metamorphic Rocks Arranged by the grains that make up the rocks. Foliated—grains arranged in parallel layers/ bands
(slate, schist, gneiss) Nonfoliated—Mineral grains are arranged
randomly (marble and quartzite)
The Rock Cycle
Rock Cycle
A series of processes on Earth’s surface and inside the planet that slowly change rocks from one kind into another.
Earths constructive and destructive forces (and plate tectonics) move rocks through the rock cycle.
Quiz: http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram2.html http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html
http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/rocks_general.htm
Rock Cycle SongRock Cycle Song (Sing to the tune of "Row, Row, Row Your
Boat")
SEDIMENTARY rock Has been formed in layers
Often found near water sources With fossils from decayers
Then there's IGNEOUS rock Here since Earth was born
Molten Lava, cooled and hardened That's how it is formed
These two types of rocks Can also be transformed
With pressure, heat and chemicals METAMORPHIC they'll become.
Memorize this!!!
Bibliography
http://www.emints.org/ethemes/resources/S00000504.shtml
http://www.emints.org/ethemes/resources/S00000299.shtml
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/erosion_deposition.html
http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/sedimentaryrocks/SedimentaryRocks.htm
REVIEW POINT Major Concepts
Identify and describe the 4 major systems that interact on Earth.
Explain how water might be involved in all 4 systems.
Explain how the Sun is important to life on Earth